HPLC法分别测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷与盐酸小檗碱含量

目的：建立测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：芍药苷含量测定采用C18（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（15：85），检测波长为230nm。盐酸小檗碱含量测定采用C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．033mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（32：68），检测波长为265nm。结果：芍药苷在3．0—48．3μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1．0000），平均回收率为98．1％，RSD为0．5％；盐酸小檗碱在1．0～16．4μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.0000），平均回收率为98．9％，RSD为1．0％。结论：本方法简便、可靠、准确。     

白芍樟帮与其他炮制品芍药苷和芍药内酯苷含量测定

目的：用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）法测定白芍及其炮制品中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷的含量，探讨不同炮制方法对白芍中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷含量的影响。方法：色谱柱：Diamonsil C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：乙腈-0．05％磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱，流速：1．0ml·min^-1。，检测波长：230nm，柱温：25℃。结果：芍药内酯苷和芍药苷浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，线性范围分别是：芍药苷25～125μg·ml^-1，r=0．9998（n=5），芍药内酯苷20-100μg·ml^-1，r=0．9997（n=5）；平均回收率（n=9）芍药苷为97．76％，RSD为1．56％，芍药内酯苷为96．82％，RSD为1．94％。各炮制品两成分含量较白芍片均有不同程度的降低，其中樟帮煨品和樟帮酒炒品较高，炒焦品最低，两成分含量均具有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论：含量测定方法快速、准确、重复性好，各炮制品含量测定结果均较生品有所降低。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同厂家六昧地黄浓缩丸中的5种成分的含量

目的：建立一种同时测定六味地黄浓缩丸中丹皮酚、芍药苷、马钱苷、没食子酸、尿囊素5种活性成分含量的方法，比较不同厂家六味地黄浓缩丸的质量差异。方法：应用高效液相法进行测定，流动相为乙腈-0．1％甲酸梯度洗脱；流速为0．5mL·min^-1；检测波长为242nm；进样量5μL；柱温30℃。结果：10个厂家的六味地黄浓缩丸中，尿囊素含量为0．4187～0．9809mg·^-1g；没食子酸含量为0．8942～1．6412mg·g^-1；马钱苷含量为0．9005～1．9614mg·g^-1；芍药苷含量为0．1097～0．9948mg·g^-1；丹皮酚含量为1．2123～5．9576mg·g^-1。结论：不同厂家六味地黄浓缩丸存在差异。     

苏南山肚痛丸的质量标准

目的：建立苏南山肚痛丸的质量标准。方法：采用TLC法鉴别陈皮、血竭、甘草、丹参；采用HPLC法测定芍药苷的含量。结果：薄层色谱中斑点清晰，易于观察；芍药苷线性范围是6．3-105μg·ml^-1，r=0．9999，平均回收率为102．5％，RSD为0．4％（n=6）。结论：方法简便、专属、准确，可作为本品的质量控制。     

同时测定血府逐瘀丸中4种成分的含量

目的：建立同时测定血府逐瘀丸4种有效成分的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用Kromasil ODS色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-0．25％醋酸水溶液进行线性梯度洗脱，流速为1．0mL·min-1，检测波长265nm，进样量20μL。结果：羟基红花黄色素A的线性范围23．85～119．3μg·mL-1，芍药苷的线性范围140～644μg·mL-1，阿魏酸的线性范围10．25～47．15μg·mL-1，橙皮苷的线性范围130～598μg·mL-1；平均回收率（n=3）均大于96．6％，RSD均小于2．0％。结论：该方法简便、准确，重现性好，能更加全面控制该制剂的质量。     

HPLC法测定小儿康颗粒中芍药苷的含量

建立HPLC法测定小儿康颗粒中芍药苷的含量。采用Phenomenex Luna C18色谱柱，以乙腈-0．1％磷酸（13：87）为流动相，流速：lmL·min^-1检测波长：230nm。芍药苷在21．48-107．4μg·mL。范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9996；加样回收率为100．0％。RSD=1．3％（n=6）。方法简便可行、准确，能有效控制小儿康颗粒质量。     

HPLC法测定舒络片中芍药苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定舒络片中芍药苷的含量。方法：采用ZOBAX SB—C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-异丙醇-醋酸-水（18：1：1：80）作为流动相，流速0．8ml·min^-1，柱温：40℃，检测波长230nm。结果：芍药苷在0．26～0．77μg范围内呈线性关系，r=0．9998，平均加样回收率为99．82％，RSD为2．12％。结论：该方法简便，重复性好，可用于舒络片中芍药苷的含量测定。     

HPLC测定调经祛斑片中芍药苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定调经祛斑片中芍药苷的含量。方法：色谱柱：Diamonsil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液，梯度洗脱，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长230nm。结果：芍药苷线性范围为0.1288～3．22μg，r=0．9994；平均回收率为101．7％，RSD=1．4％。结论：该方法准确、简便、易行，重复性好，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中4种黄酮类成分的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷4种黄酮类成分的含量。方法：采用Diamonsil C18柱（5μm，200mm×4．6mm）柱分离，以甲醇～0．2％磷酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱，洗脱程序为：0—35min，甲醇34％；35～44min，甲醇38％；44～60min，甲醇48％。在283nm下进行测定。结果：柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为9．0～180．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5），0．8～16．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998，n=5），15．4～308．0μg·mL^-1。（r=0．9998，n=5），20．0～400．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）；平均回收率分别为100．0％，99．2％，100．5％，101．2％（n=9）。结论：本方法简便、快捷，结果准确、可靠，重复性好，可作为舒胆胶囊的质量控制方法之一。     

反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中3种黄酮苷的含量

目的：建立反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷的含量。方法：采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB—C18反相色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-1．5％醋酸溶液（20：80）为流动相，流速0．8mL·min^-1，检测波长280nm，柱温为室温。结果：在18min内柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷达到良好分离，并在4．0～254．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999），2．3—141．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9989），1．3～172．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）浓度范围内呈良好线性关系；加样回收率（n=6）分别为99．2％，99．2％，99．7％。结论：本方法简便、快速，适合于大柴胡汤的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.