Oxidative stress and inflammation predict cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis activates the kallikrein-kinin system, increasing bradykinin. Bradykinin promotes inflammation but also stimulates endothelial release of tissue-plasminogen activator and inhibits platelet aggregation. Understanding the detrimental and beneficial effects of endogenous bradykinin during hemodialysis has implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease in the hemodialysis population. To test the hypothesis that bradykinin contributes to the inflammatory and fibrinolytic responses to dialysis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study comparing the effect of the bradykinin B
2 receptor blocker HOE-140 with vehicle on markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrinolysis, and coagulation in nine hemodialysis patients without coronary artery disease. Bradykinin receptor antagonism did not affect the mean arterial pressure or heart rate response to dialysis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) peaked postdialysis; HOE-140 blunted the increase in MCP-1 (5.9 ± 5.9
versus 25.6 ± 20.1 pg/ml,
P = 0.01). HOE-140 also abolished the increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) antigen observed at the end of dialysis. In contrast, HOE-140 significantly accentuated the effect of dialysis on
F2-isoprostanes and P-selectin. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous bradykinin contributes to increases in MCP-1 and PAI-1 antigen after hemodialysis via its B
2 receptor. Factors that increase the production of bradykinin or decrease its degradation may enhance the inflammatory response to hemodialysis.ESRD patients face a 3.4-fold risk of cardiovascular events compared with the general population,
1 and chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients face a 100-fold higher risk of cardiovascular death compared with the general population in patients age 45 yr or younger.
2 Traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis do not account for the increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
3 On the other hand, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation predict cardiovascular events in CHD patients.
2,4During hemodialysis, contact of the blood with the dialyzer and dialysate activates the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and induces a systemic inflammatory response characterized by complement activation, leukocyte activation, and the generation of cytokines.
5 For example, hemodialysis increases leukocyte expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, and circulating concentrations of IL-6.
6,7 Increased inflammation may, in turn, contribute to derangements of the fibrinolytic system in CHD patients. Cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 stimulate expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the major physiologic inhibitor of fibrinolysis
in vivo.
8 Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) concentrations and activity increase transiently during hemodialysis, whereas circulating PAI-1 concentrations are increased in the CHD population.
9–11Activation of the KKS during hemodialysis could have favorable or deleterious effects on inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular events. On the one hand, bradykinin causes vasodilation and stimulates the release of t-PA from the vascular endothelium via bradykinin B
2 receptor-dependent mechanisms, and infused bradykinin inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy subjects.
12–14 On the other hand, bradykinin also stimulates activation of nuclear factor κB and cytokine expression via the B
2 receptor.
15,16 Understanding the contribution of endogenous bradykinin to the inflammatory response to hemodialysis has important implications for the prevention of atherothrombotic events.Specifically, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) decrease mortality in patients at risk for cardiovascular events in the general population,
17,18 but studies in the CHD population provide conflicting data and often do not discriminate between the effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
19–22 The only prospective, randomized clinical trial did not show a beneficial effect of ACE inhibition in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
23 Whereas ACE inhibitors and ARBs decrease angiotensin II formation or action, ACE inhibitors also potentiate the effects of bradykinin.
24–26 Indeed, during hemodialysis with a polysulfone membrane, plasma bradykinin concentrations are higher during treatment with an ACE inhibitor compared with during treatment with an ARB.
27 In light of differences in mechanism of action between ACE inhibitors and ARBs, understanding the contribution of endogenous bradykinin to the proinflammatory effects of hemodialysis could affect the use of these agents in the CHD population.This study tested the hypothesis that activation of the KKS and the formation of endogenous bradykinin contribute to hypotension, increased inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and increased fibrinolysis in response to hemodialysis. To accomplish this, we compared the effect of continuous infusion of the bradykinin B
2 receptor-specific antagonist HOE-140
versus vehicle on the acute responses to hemodialysis.
相似文献