神经内窥镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法．分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法梗阻性脑积水原因分别为第三脑室后部肿瘤5例，中脑顶板胶质瘤2例，Chiari畸形2例，另12例为不明原因引起的导水管梗阻或狭窄。同位素^99Tcm-TPA脑池显像显示为非脑脊液吸收障碍性阻塞性脑积水。神经内窥镜从侧脑室经蒙氏孔进入第三脑室，在乳头体前方第三脑室底最薄处造一瘘口与脚间池相通。结果术后随访12～26个月，所有患者脑积水症状均缓解，脑室体积缩小。结论神经内窥镜行第三脑室底造瘘治疗非脑脊液吸收障碍性脑积水是一种有效的微创手术。     

神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水

目的总结应用神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水的经验。方法采用神经内镜对54例合并脑室内感染的脑积水病人进行治疗，在结合抗生素冲洗的同时，分别行透明隔造瘘术、第三脑室底脚间池造瘘术、脉络丛凝固术及内镜引导下脑室外引流术．结果脑积水及炎症控制49例，死亡5例，随访22例无复发。结论运用神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水病人．能明显缩短病程，提高治愈率。     

脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗小儿鞍上蛛网膜囊肿的疗效

目的探讨神经内镜下脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗鞍上蛛网膜囊肿(SAC)的疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年6月~2018年1月采用神经内镜下脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗的25例SAC的临床资料。25例术后随访6~19个月,平均(10.32±2.37)个月。结果25例手术时间为53~105 min,平均(72.01±18.37)min;术中出血≥80 ml 9例(36.00%);术后住院时间4~14 d,平均(7.36±2.57)d。术后3~6 d发生发热4例、硬膜下积液5例、头皮下积液2例,对症处理后改善。术后MRI复查显示囊肿明显缩小,脑积水明显缓解,随访期间未见SAC复发。结论神经内镜下脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗SAC安全且有效。     

脑室内肿瘤合并脑积水的神经内镜治疗

目的探讨神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤合并脑积水的方法与技巧。方法回顾性分析10例脑室内肿瘤合并脑积水的临床资料,其中肿瘤位于侧脑室5例,第三脑室4例,脑室内多发肿瘤1例。均在神经导航指引下行内镜手术,同时行第三脑室造瘘术9例,透明隔造瘘术1例。结果肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除1例,仅行活检1例。术后颅高压症状均缓解,发现不同程度发热3例,无癫间疒发作及其他严重并发症。术后脑脊液磁共振电影成像(Cine MRI)显示所有病人脑脊液循环动力学均不同程度改善。随访3～24个月,平均10.6个月,死亡1例,无肿瘤复发;复查MRI显示脑室体积轻度缩小2例,无明显变化8例。结论神经内镜手术既可切除肿瘤,又能重建脑脊液循环,可作为脑室内肿瘤合并脑积水的首选治疗方法。应根据脑室形态和肿瘤位置、大小、性质等在导航引导下选择个体化的手术入路切除肿瘤。     

鞍上囊肿的内镜治疗

目的总结20例鞍上囊肿的临床表现、手术方法及疗效。方法术前均行CT和M RI检查,明确鞍上囊肿的诊断以及中脑导水管是否存在梗阻。手术中探查导水管上口情况,根据有无梗阻,行内镜下脑室囊肿造瘘术或脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术。结果16例术前诊断和术中探查证实存在导水管梗阻,行脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术;4例无导水管梗阻,行脑室囊肿造瘘术。术后随访3￣6个月,19例术后症状明显改善,1例无明显变化。结论鞍上囊肿主要表现为脑积水症状;内镜下行脑室囊肿造瘘术或脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗鞍上囊肿疗效较好。     

神经内窥镜手术治疗小儿脑积水

目的介绍一种治疗导水管狭窄性梗阻性脑积水的新方法.方法经侧脑室-室间孔-三脑室置入神经内窥镜,于三脑室底与脚间池之间造一瘘孔.结果 9例近期疗效好,前囟张力正常,2例改行脑室腹腔分流术.结论神经内窥镜下三脑室底脚间池造瘘是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创手术.     

49例脑积水脑室-腹腔分流术失败原因分析及改进

脑积水是由于各种颅脑疾病导致脑脊液循环通路受阻、脑脊液分泌过多或吸收障碍所致脑室系统脑脊液增多的常见临床疾病之一,可以导致颅压升高,危及生命.脑室-腹腔分流术是目前治疗脑积水常用的手术方法之一,但分流术常由于各种手术并发症导致手术失败.我科自1995年1月至2005年5月对262例脑积水患者行脑室-腹腔分流术,术后49例出现并发症导致手术失败,现总结如下.     

脑室镜或脑室镜-腹腔镜联合应用治疗脑积水

目的探讨脑室镜或脑室镜一腹腔镜联合应用对不同性质脑积水的治疗方法及效果。方法采用脑室镜或脑室镜和腹腔镜联合应用技术，对37例脑积水进行治疗。其中透明隔造瘘术共20人次；脉络丛电灼术共18人次；第三脑室底造瘘术共17人次；脑室内囊肿造瘘术共10人次；分流管脑室端调整术共8人次；脑室镜与腹腔镜联合应用下侧脑室-肝膈间隙分流术5例（均为成年患者）；鞍区囊性肿瘤并发脑积水的脑室镜手术5例；松果体区病变并发脑积水的脑室镜手术3例。结果随访6—25个月，37例中31例有效，其中21例梗阻性脑积水全部有效，16例交通性脑积水10例有效，6例无效。无严重并发症。结论采用脑室镜或脑室镜和腹腔镜联合应用技术可使极大部分脑积水得到控制，使手术成功率明显提高，减少了诸如分流管堵塞、感染等并发症。     

导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水的内镜治疗

目的 探讨导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水手术治疗的指征及并发症预防.方法 神经内镜下共治疗32例巨大脑室脑积水患者,其中25例行经额入路第三脑室底造瘘术,1例行经额小脑上池囊肿造瘘术,5例行枕下入路内镜下后颅窝囊肿切除、囊腔枕大池造瘘,1例行经枕下入路导水管成形术.结果 术后随访1-4年,32例具有行走不稳、尿失禁、智商下降、精神运动发育迟缓的患者中,26例症状明显改善,6例症状未继续进展.6例术前存在高颅压症状患者术后症状改善,除1例出现硬膜下积液外,无其他严重并发症发生.结论 巨大脑室脑积水并非内镜手术治疗禁忌,凡影像检查确定为导水管梗阻所致的巨大脑室脑积水,均应积极手术治疗,改进手术方法 可以避免严重并发症的发生.     

内镜第三脑室造瘘手术技术探讨

目的 探讨内镜第三脑室造瘘术（ETV）处理非交通性脑积水的手术技巧。方法 回顾性分析58例非交通性脑积水病人接受的58次ETV手术及其近期随访的临床、影像资料。结果 平均随访9.8个月。至复查时脑积水临床改善49例（84.5%)，无变化7例（12.1%)，恶化2例（3.4%)。51例获得影像学随访，41例（80.4%）脑积水改善，第三脑室缩小；15例（29.4%)脑积水无变化；2例（3.9%)脑积水加重，行脑室-腹腔分流手术。发生并发症8例（13.9%)8种14次，多为暂时性，2例（3.4%)为永久并发症，无手术死亡。结论 ETV处理非交通性脑积水效果较好。为进一步减少并发症的发生，术应熟悉脑室系统解剖，熟练内镜器械操作；正确选择头位、入颅点、内镜方向和造瘘口位置；务必探查脚间池，打开Liliequist膜；退镜后封闭皮质隧道；妥善止血，无菌操作。     

Preliminary study of shunt related death in paediatric patients.

Hydrocephalus is a condition commonly encountered in paediatric and adult neurosurgery and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting remains the treatment of choice for many cases. Despite improvements in shunt technology and technique, morbidity and mortality remain. The incidence of early shunt obstruction is high with later failures seen less frequently. This review aims to examine mortality associated with mechanical failure of CSF shunts within Queensland. Neurosurgical and Intensive Care databases were reviewed for cases of mortality associated with shunt failure. Eight cases were identified between the years of 1992 and 2002 with the average age at death 7.7 years. Deaths occurred on average 2 years after last shunt revision. Seven of the eight patients lived outside the metropolitan area. Shunting remains an imperfect means of treating hydrocephalus. Mortality may be encountered at any time post surgery and delays to surgical intervention influence this. Alternative measures such as third ventriculostomy or the placement of a separate access device should be considered. In the event of emergency, a spinal needle could be used to access the ventricle along the course of the ventricular catheter.     

导水管狭窄导致正常压力脑积水的第三脑室底造瘘术

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗导水管狭窄所致正常压力脑积水(normal pressure hydrocephalus，NPH)的有效性。方法对23例年龄12～71岁的自发性脑积水患者通过术前核磁电影成像法检查及腰穿测压评估，在确诊为导水管狭窄所致的正常压力脑积水后采用神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术，术后进行腰穿测压评估及疗效随访。结果19例患者术后腰穿压力较术前下降大于30mmH2O；显效17例，有效1例，暂时性有效1例，无效4例。结论神经内镜下的第三脑室底造瘘术治疗导水管狭窄导致的正常压力脑积水是一种安全、有效的手术方法，术前正确评估脑积水状况是手术成功的关键；核磁电影成像对确定导水管狭窄导致的NPH具有明显诊断价值。     

Endoscopic ventriculostomy of the third ventricle in adults. Own experience

Only few reports can be found on endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the Polish literature, and the majority of other reports concern paediatric or mixed population. This has induced the authors to report their experience with ETV in adults, reporting the results and discussing the usefulness and effectiveness of this procedure, causes of complications and failure. ETV was carried out in 20 patients aged over 18 years in a two-year period, beginning in 1999. In 13 cases (64%) the cause was external compression of CSF system by tumour leading to hydrocephalus. In 3 cases aqueduct stenosis was producing hydrocephalus, in 3 cases arachnoid cyst, perisellar or situated in posterior part of the third ventricle, was the cause, and in one case colloidal cyst of the third ventricle. The outcome were analysed according to clinical and radiological criteria finding that the ETV was successful in 90% of cases by clinical criteria, and in 88% by radiological criteria. Only unimportant clinical complications were reported without major consequences. It is concluded that ETV is a very useful method for hydrocephalus treatment in adults, especially if caused by blockade of CSF pathways by tumour or arachnoid cysts in the vicinity of the third ventricle.     

Long-term results of hydrocephalus with myelomeningocele

This paper reviews long-term follow-up studies of 78 hydrocephalic patients with myelomeningocele. Seventy-eight (95%) out of 82 patients with myelomeningocele had hydrocephalus. CT, MRI, CT cisternography, and monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) with infusion methods were performed to evaluate the indication of shunt insertion or shunt independency. These hydrocephalic patients consisted of the following two groups: (1) Early treated group. Sixty-four cases received initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion operation within 2 years of life. Sixty-three patients had a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) or a ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt. All the patients of this group showed progressive signs and symptoms of increased ICP due to hydrocephalus. The mean age at the initial shunt placement was 10 weeks. The mean value of Evans' index before shunting was 47%, which corresponded to moderate ventriculomegaly. 48% of this group showed slit-like ventricles on postoperative CT scans, where 52% had normal or only mildly dilated ventricles subsequent to shunting. There were two instances (3%) of the so-called "slit ventricle syndrome" and one instance of "isolated fourth ventricle", who had undergone multiple shunt revisions. Shunt revisions were performed on fifty-two occasions in this group. The mean number of shunt revisions per child was 2.8. Sixty among 64 patients of this group were suitable for evaluating shunt dependency with long-term follow-up period. Forty-two out of 60 patients were considered to be shunt dependent, who underwent multiple shunt revisions after 6 months of age. These patients had signs and symptoms of increased ICP, neurological deterioration, and enlarged ventricles when their shunts were blocked. There were four cases of slowly progressive (shunt dependent) hydrocephalus, who did not show clinical signs and symptoms of shunts malfunction in spite of progressive ventriculomegaly and abnormal findings of CT cisternography and ICP monitoring. Only two patients (3%) proved to be shunt independent. Consistently their ventricles were mildly dilated. These results suggest a very low incidence of true arrest of hydrocephalus after shunt operation. (2) Late treated group. Fourteen cases were diagnosed or treated for hydrocephalus after 7 years of age. Six out of fourteen patients had remarkable hydrocephalus whose Evans' index exceeded 51%. The mean value of Evans' index was 48% in this group. Six patients had progressive signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus and were shunted. ICP monitoring and studies of CSF dynamics revealed abnormal findings in ten out of 14 cases in spite of preservation of good intelligence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

显微手术治疗第三脑室肿瘤

目的探讨显微手术治疗第三脑室肿瘤的手术入路和技术。方法采用显微手术和不同的手术入路切除第三脑室肿瘤36例,其中15例采用胼胝体入路（10例室间孔入路,5例经穹窿间入路）,8例采用幕下小脑上入路,8例采用终板入路,5例采用额上同入路。7例术后脑积水,其中3例行脑室一腹腔分流（v—P分流）、1例行第三脑室底造瘘术,1例侧脑室扩大的局限性脑积水行透明隔造瘘术,2例放弃治疗。结果全切除肿瘤22例、次全切除8例、部分切除6例。术后3个月随访结果：良好33例,差1例,死亡2例;远期随访结果（3个月至7年）：良好26例,死亡8例。11例术后需要激素长期替代治疗。结论第三脑室肿瘤手术难度较大,但选择适合的手术入路和熟练的显微手术技术可以取得满意的疗效。     

Childhood choroid plexus papillomas: operative complications

Methods Eight children (below 12 years of age) operated on for intraventricular choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) were retrospectively reviewed to identify the factors responsible for their high postoperative morbidity and mortality. Seven of these patients were aged between 2 months and 2 years and 1 was aged 12 years. Six CPP lesions were in the lateral ventricles and the remaining 2 were in the anterior third ventricle. All children presented with features of raised intracranial pressure. Due to gross hydrocephalus with severe manifestations at admission two patients required CSF diversion before definitive surgery.Results Microsurgical excision of CPPs was achieved in 7 and near total removal of the tumor in an 8th child. Brain shift was noted during operation and was attributed to acute CSF drainage and/or tumor excision in all cases. External ventricular drainage was postoperatively placed in 2 patients, who ultimately required shunt installation. One child died during definitive surgery. Due to neurological deterioration 6 of the remaining 7 patients had a postoperative CT scan within a week of surgery. One had an uneventful recovery, and pneumocephalus and subdural effusion were found in all 6 scanned children. Pneumocephalus was significant enough in 4 of them to warrant a surgical evacuation.Conclusion Acute CSF drainage leading to significant intraoperative brain shift, postoperative external ventricular drainage, pneumocephalus, subdural effusion, and persistent postoperative hydrocephalus were identified as chief factors for higher morbidity in these children.     

Mesencephalic and third ventricle cysts: diagnosis and management in four cases.

Four infants with obstructive hydrocephalus caused by space occupying third ventricle and mesencephalic cysts are reported. Despite immediate shunt insertion in all patients, there was either lack of clinical improvement or late onset of clinical deterioration. Neuroimaging (CT, MRI, and ventriculography) diagnosed the presence of non-communicating midline outpouchings of the CSF pathways causing obstruction of aqueductal CSF flow and brainstem signs. The cysts were of different origin. In one patient it was caused by a previous thalamic haemorrhage, in another patient by neonatal Escherichia coli meningoventriculitis. In two cases with obstructive hydrocephalus at birth, the aetiology is unclear. Direct puncture and drainage of the cysts led to clinical improvement. The cysts were poorly visualised on CT and could be misinterpreted as an enlarged third ventricle, simulating congenital aqueduct stenosis. Careful neuroradiological investigation is necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis and neurosurgical management. In such cases with hydrocephalus and persisting ventricular enlargement despite shunting, CT ventriculography is a useful tool.     

Electrophoretic pattern of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in non-neoplastic infantile hydrocephalus

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 non-neoplastic hydrocephalic children was studied for total protein and electrophoretic protein patterns. These were classified as normal, degenerative, transudative and gamma-globulinic according to Laterre. We found higher total CSF protein mean values than in normal cases with the same age and abnormal electrophoretic patterns in 72 % of the cases, of which degenerative was the most common (54 %). Gamma-globulinic and transudative patterns were found in 11 % and 7 % of the cases, respectively. Several factors which may explain the increase in the total CSF protein in infantile hydrocephalus are described: low age, ventricular block in the noncommunicating hydrocephalus, and probable passage of tissue proteins to the CSF from the damaged brain. the predominance of degenerative patterns may be explained by the enrichment of the CSF in tissue proteins resulting from the white matter damage provoked by the abnormal conditions of production, flow and absorption of the CSF in hydrocephalus.
Ventricular CSF was studied in four cases, and the results obtained are in agreement with the above-mentioned findings.     

Case management of hydrocephalus associated with the progression of childhood brain stem gliomas

OBJECT: Most patients diagnosed with brain stem glioma become bedridden because of deteriorating brain stem function. Many brain stem glioma patients develop hydrocephalus. Both of these outcomes greatly detract from the quality of life of these patients. We have analyzed the occurrence of hydrocephalus in diffuse brain stem gliomas in children, and we discuss the management of advanced cases. METHODS: Eighteen patients diagnosed with brain stem glioma while under 15 years of age, including 1 with dissemination, were studied retrospectively. The average overall survival was 11.8 +/- 6.5 months (mean +/- SD). Hydrocephalus occurred in 16 (88.9%) of the 18 cases. The patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus all exhibited a rapid decline in consciousness. The average time to onset of hydrocephalus after tumor diagnosis was 5.1 +/- 3.3 months. Twelve of the 16 patients with hydrocephalus were treated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, by means of a Torkildsen shunt, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or third ventriculostomy. The level of consciousness and patient performance status improved after CSF diversion except in 2 patients who had received Torkildsen shunts. The patients treated for hydrocephalus survived significantly longer than those patients who did not undergo any intervention for hydrocephalus. CSF diversion may be a therapeutic intervention that significantly improves the quality of life and survival of patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients diagnosed with brain stem glioma should be closely monitored for signs of hydrocephalus and be examined by neuroimaging rapidly when indicated. Our results also suggest that once hydrocephalus is diagnosed CSF diversion should be performed promptly.