无创正压机械通气治疗急性重症胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人的护理

[目的]探讨无创正压机械通气在治疗急性重症胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人的疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2007年1月—2010年5月我科室收治的27例急性重症胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人进行无创正压机械通气治疗的病例资料,对比治疗前后病人呼吸、循环参数变化情况。[结果]25例病人经无创正压机械通气治疗后各项指标明显改善。[结论]无创正压机械通气治疗急性重症胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效显著,早期无创呼吸机的应用及精心的护理,可以帮助病人度过全身炎症反应期,取得较好的效果。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的护理

目的总结重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤行无创正压机械通气治疗患者的护理体会。方法回顾性分析我科2010年5月～2012年5月收治的重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤35例患者的临床资料。观察治疗效果,总结护理体会。结果经24h治疗与护理,患者呼吸频率、心率及动脉血气指标明显改善,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论早期无创正压机械通气配合精心整体护理,能有效帮助患者度过危险期,改善预后。     

无创呼吸机在急性重症胰腺炎护理中的应用

目的总结无创呼吸机在急性胰腺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者中的疗效及护理体会。方法 2009年1月2010年8月,对22例急性胰腺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者使用无创呼吸机、双水平气道正压通气模式救治。救治过程中,在系统的呼吸治疗基础上,给予细致的专科护理。结果 17例首选无创通气的患者中6例痊愈;5例首选有创通气后行无创呼吸机序贯治疗的患者均痊愈出院。结论无创呼吸机对急性胰腺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效有限;对有创通气后的无创序贯治疗有较好疗效。     

无创双水平正压通气在心脏手术后急性呼吸衰竭的应用与护理

目的：观察无刨双水平正压通气（Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure）在心脏手术后急性呼吸衰竭的应用与护理。方法：观察20例心脏手术后急性呼吸衰竭患者应用无创双水平正压通气（BIPAP）治疗前、后血气分析及生命指征的变化。结果：18例患者BIPAP治疗后血气分析指标和生命指征得到明显改善。治疗后的PaO2、氧合指数明显提高;呼吸频率、收缩压、心率及PaCO2水平明显下降。2例患者不适应面罩吸氧、加压通气行二次气管插管治疗。结论：早期应用无创双水平正压通气能有效治疗心脏手术后急性呼吸衰竭,快速提高PaO2,降低PaCO2,缓解气促、紫绀、呼吸困难等症状。     

无创通气在重症心衰25例中的应用及护理

目的探讨双水平无创正压通气在重症心力衰竭患者中的应用效果及护理措施。方法选择25例重症心力衰竭患者在药物与氧疗治疗基础上,给予配合无创正压通气治疗。结果治疗2 h后血pH、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率均较治疗前显著改善,好转者21例,未发生严重并发症。结论使用无创正压通气治疗重症心力衰竭的患者能显著改善预后。     

无创正压通气治疗36例溺水后并急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床观察

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)在溺水后并急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中应用的可行性研究.方法 收集溺水后并急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人36例,采用无创正压通气治疗,记录治疗前后的血气分析结果和心率、呼吸频率、血压的改变,观察其疗效,并作统计学分析.结果 NIPPV能明显改善溺水后并ALI/ARDS患者的临床监测指标.结论 溺水后出现急性肺损伤、早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征时可考虑尝试无创正压通气治疗.     

无创正压通气治疗急性重症心力衰竭的护理

总结应用无创正压通气治疗急性重症心力衰竭的护理经验。对 10例急性重症心力衰竭患者在危重期时使用无创呼吸机进行双水平正压通气 (BiPAP)治疗 ,针对不同患者的护理需求给予相关的护理措施。 10例患者低氧血症得到有效控制 ,心慌、气促、喘累等症状得到明显改善 ,均顺利渡过危重期。上机期间 ,并发症发生率低 ,仅见分泌物潴留 1例。对使用无创正压通气治疗的急性重症心力衰竭患者应加强护理 ,重视心理疏导 ,消除患者的恐惧感 ;最大限度降低患者的不适 ,提供舒适护理 ;保持呼吸道通畅 ,鼓励患者咳嗽咳痰 ;预防并发症的发生。     

重症胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的护理

重症胰腺炎是指急性胰腺炎的严重类型，发病凶险，病死率高，死亡率一般在20％～30％，重症胰腺炎常并发急性肺损伤。有研究报道，7％呼吸窘迫综合征由急性胰腺炎所致。我科2003年1月～2006年1月共收治45例重症胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的患者，早期给予氧疗、机械通气、营养支持等治疗，取得良好效果，现报道如下。     

重症胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的护理

重症胰腺炎是指急性胰腺炎的严重类型，发病凶险，病死率高，死亡率一般在20％～30％，重症胰腺炎常并发急性肺损伤。有研究报道，7％呼吸窘迫综合征由急性胰腺炎所致。我科2003年1月～2006年1月共收治45例重症胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的患者，早期给予氧疗、机械通气、营养支持等治疗，取得良好效果，现报道如下。     

无创通气在早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗中的作用

急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)是一个弥漫性的严重肺损伤综合征 ,近年来 ,一些学者认为它不仅是多脏器功能衰竭(MODS)的肺部表现 ,更可能是其起动因子 ,因此对 ARDS的早期诊断和治疗尤为重要。随着无创正压通气技术在临床的广泛应用 ,使 ARDS的早期治疗成为可能 ,本文通过比较我院自1998- 0 8～ 2 0 0 0 - 0 8间应用双水平无创正压通气 (BIPAP)和经典有创通气治疗 ARDS,总结无创正压通气在早期 ARDS治疗中的作用。1　对象和方法资料来自我院病案室 ,共计 8例 ,其中 5例应用 BIPAP,3例应用有创通气。ARDS的诊断符合 1999年全国…     

Longitudinal effects of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the duration of benefit on symptoms, quality of life, and survival derived from the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation by patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. DESIGN: In this prospective, cohort study, 30 of 36 consecutively referred symptomatic patients tolerated nightly noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and undertook pulmonary function testing and 12 symptom and quality-of-life instruments concerning sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and depression that were administered during a 10-mo period. RESULTS: With treatment, there was a significant improvement in the majority of patients in sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, physical fatigue, and depression; however, significant improvements lasted for up to 10 mo only in sleep quality. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, and oxyhemoglobin saturation remained stable or even improved for up to 7 mo during use of part-time noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. A total of 14 patients had survival prolonged by continuous dependence on noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation provides a long-lasting benefit on symptoms and quality of life indicators for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and should be offered to all patients with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing or inspiratory muscle dysfunction. It can also prolong tracheostomy-free survival.     

The chest wall in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There has recently been renewed interest in the chest wall during mechanical ventilation, related to lung-protective ventilation strategies, as well as in the role of abdominal pressure in many facets of critical illness. The purpose of this review is to address relevant issues related to the chest wall and mechanical ventilation, particularly in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: In mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury, intra-abdominal pressure is an important determinant of chest wall compliance. With elevated intra-abdominal pressure, the compliance of the chest wall and total respiratory system is decreased, with a relatively normal compliance of the lungs. The lung compression effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure may lead to a loss of lung volume with atelectasis. An appropriate level of positive end-expiratory pressure is necessary to counterbalance this collapsing effect on the lungs. Also, the stiff chest wall results in a lower transpulmonary pressure during positive-pressure ventilation. SUMMARY: As chest wall compliance may have important clinical implications during positive-pressure ventilation, the physiology of this effect should be considered, particularly in patients with acute lung injury and increased abdominal pressure.     

Ventilator weaning by lung expansion and decannulation

This case series of ventilator-dependent patients with neuromuscular disease who had no ventilator-free breathing ability demonstrates that decannulation and switching to continuous noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation combined with regular lung expansion therapy can result in improvements in pulmonary function and at least partial ventilator weaning. These six patients were also managed using mechanical insufflation-exsufflation for regular lung expansion and cough assistance. Thus, some ventilator users with neuromuscular disease can benefit from tracheostomy tube decannulation and transition to noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and assisted coughing for ventilator weaning to predominantly nocturnal-only use.     

Traumatic tetraplegia: noninvasive respiratory management in the acute setting

A 15-yr-old patient with high-level spinal cord injury developed ventilatory failure 24 hr after hospital admission and required continuous ventilatory support. Although he lost all ventilator-free breathing tolerance, he was managed by receiving noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation rather than intermittent positive-pressure ventilation via an endotracheal intubation. Cooperative, uncomplicated, acutely injured patients with spinal cord injury who develop ventilatory failure are candidates to use noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation to avoid intubation.     

Effect of esmolol on positive-pressure ventilation-induced variations of arterial pressure in anaesthetized humans

Positive-pressure ventilation-induced variations in arterial pressure have been related to cardiac sympathetic activity in animals. However, the effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on these variations in anaesthetized humans under positive-pressure ventilation has not yet been investigated. In the present study, RAPV (respiratory-related arterial pressure variability) and %SPV (percentile systolic pressure variation) were determined before and after esmolol treatment in ten mechanically ventilated patients. RAPV and %SPV decreased significantly after intravenous esmolol (1 mg/kg of body weight) treatment (maximal decrease of RAPV, 50% and %SPV, 35%). Linear regression analysis of RAPV and %SPV before and after esmolol treatment both revealed high correlation (r = 0.93 and 0.91 respectively). The amplitudes of RAPV and %SPV also significantly increased in a graded way with higher tidal volumes. Thus we propose that esmolol suppresses the variations in arterial pressure induced by positive-pressure mechanical ventilation, and we suggest that RAPV and %SPV may be alternative choices for monitoring cardiac sympathetic regulation in anaesthetized patients under positive-pressure ventilation.     

Historical perspectives on the development and use of mechanical ventilation.

Contemporary advancements in cardiothoracic and abdominal surgical procedures have been historically dependent on the development and adoption of controlled airway management, specifically endotracheal intubation, controlled positive-pressure ventilation, and the use of automatic positive-pressure mechanical ventilators. More than 400 years elapsed before the 16th Century theories of Paracelsus and the demonstrations of Vesalius were routinely adopted to solve the "pneumothorax problem" that prevented complicated or prolonged surgical procedures within the pleural cavity. Acceptance and implementation of controlled positive-pressure ventilation was impeded for decades by the inability to maintain and protect the airway. Consequently, emphasis on the development of mechanical ventilation was directed toward machinery that provided safer negative-pressure respiratory support. The introduction of curare into European anesthesia practice and the adoption of protective airway practices during the poliomyelitis epidemics led to routine use of controlled positive-pressure ventilation and construction of dependable machinery. Laboratory investigations, exploring complications from cardiothoracic surgery, brought about American acceptance and established controlled positive-pressure mechanical ventilation as an indispensable part of conventional intraoperative management.     

Respiratory insufficiency in neuronopathic and neuropathic disorders

Twenty-nine patients with a neuronopathic or neuropathic disorder were referred for assessment of respiratory insufficiency between 1978 and 1994. Diagnoses included spinal muscular atrophy (6), chronic idiopathic demyelinating neuropathy (4), Vialetto-van Laere syndrome (3), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (3) and a miscellaneous group (5). We also describe seven patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) who required long-term ventilatory support for over 6 months to 7 years after the initial illness. Respiratory insufficiency occurred as a consequence of respiratory muscle weakness, impaired bulbar function and restrictive lung defects. In some groups presentation was with progressive nocturnal hypoventilation culminating in acute respiratory failure. Five patients with GBS or chronic idiopathic demyelinating neuropathy were weaned from ventilatory support up to 18 months after the initial illness. The remaining 24 patients required continuous or nocturnal ventilatory support using intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (13), negative pressure ventilation (4), nasal-mask-delivered intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (4), nasal-mask-delivered continuous positive-pressure ventilation (3), mouthpiece-assisted ventilation by day (2) and rocking bed (1). None have been weaned from support after a period of ventilation ranging from one month to 10 years. Eight patients have subsequently died.      

Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation improves the outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using a helmet

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV) by mouthpiece during noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation with helmet in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: General intensive care unit, university hospital. PATIENTS: Forty patients with exacerbation of COPD ventilated with noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation by helmet were randomized to two different mucus clearance strategies: IPV (IPV group) vs. respiratory physiotherapy (Phys group). As historical control group, 40 patients receiving noninvasive positive pressure and ventilated by face mask treated with respiratory physiotherapy were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Two daily sessions of IPV (IPV group) or conventional respiratory physiotherapy (Phys group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Physiologic variables were measured at entry in the intensive care unit, before and after the first session of IPV, and at discharge from the intensive care unit. Outcome variables (need for intubation, ventilatory assistance, length of intensive care unit stay, and complications) were also measured. All physiologic variables improved after IPV. At discharge from the intensive care unit, Paco2 was lower in the IPV group compared with the Phys and control groups (mean +/- sd, 58 +/- 5.4 vs. 64 +/- 5.2 mm Hg, 67.4 +/- 4.2 mm Hg, p < .01). Pao2/Fio2 was higher in IPV (274 +/- 15) than the other groups (Phys, 218 +/- 34; control, 237 +/- 20; p < .01). In the IPV group, time of noninvasive ventilation (hrs) (median, 25th-75th percentile: 61, 60-71) and length of stay in the intensive care unit (days) (7, 6-8) were lower than other groups (Phys, 89, 82-96; control, 87, 75-91; p < .01; and Phys, 9, 8-9; control, 10, 9-11; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: IPV treatment was feasible for all patients. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation by helmet associated with IPV reduces the duration of ventilatory treatment and intensive care unit stay and improves gas exchange at discharge from intensive care unit in patients with severe exacerbation of COPD.     

Aggressive hydration during continuous positive-pressure ventilation restores atrial transmural pressure, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, and renal function.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The correlations between continuous positive-pressure ventilation-induced antidiuresis/antinatriuresis, atrial transmural pressure, and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations have not been clarified. The purpose of the present study was to use aggressive hydration to restore atrial transmural pressure during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and to test for correlations of atrial transmural pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide concentration, diuresis, and natriuresis during this intervention. An intrapleural catheter was used to measure atrial transmural pressure in three ways: a) right atrial pressure minus intrapleural pressure, b) left ventricular end-diastolic pressure minus intrapleural pressure, and c) pulmonary artery occlusion pressure minus intrapleural pressure. Hemodynamic, atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, and renal measurements were made in 12 anesthetized closed-chest dogs during baseline (intermittent positive-pressure ventilation), during continuous positive-pressure ventilation), during continuous positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure, and during continuous positive-pressure ventilation plus aggressive hydration (approximately 60 mL/kg lactated Ringer's solution). Pearson's correlation matrix was used to generate all possible correlation coefficients between the three atrial transmural pressures, atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, urine output, and urine sodium excretion. RESULTS: Application of continuous positive-pressure ventilation resulted in a 60% decrease in right atrial transmural pressure (p less than .05), a 51% decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic transmural pressure (p less than .05), and a 26% decrease in pulmonary artery occlusion transmural pressure (p less than .05) from baseline. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration decreased from 80 +/- 12 (SEM) pg/mL at baseline to 49 +/- 8 pg/mL during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (p less than .05). Both urine output and sodium excretion decreased by 81% (p less than .05). After aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer's solution during continuous positive-pressure ventilation, to restore atrial transmural pressure to baseline, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration returned to baseline values (81 +/- 12 pg/mL) as did urine output and sodium excretion. Correlation indices (r2 values) between transmural pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide concentration, urine output, and sodium excretion ranged from .835 to .994. Multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated significant (p less than .05) temporal dependence between the three transmural pressures, atrial natriuretic peptide concentration, urine output, and sodium excretion. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that aggressive hydration during continuous positive-pressure ventilation will restore diuresis and natriuresis and that this response correlates significantly with atrial transmural filling pressure and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration.     

Avoiding Circulatory Complications During Endotracheal Intubation and Initiation of Positive Pressure Ventilation

Background: In many hospitals, emergency physicians commonly initiate invasive positive-pressure ventilation. Objectives: To review common patient- and ventilator-related factors that can promote hemodynamic instability during and after endotracheal intubation. Discussion: Venous return is proportional to mean systemic pressure (Pms) minus right atrial pressure (Pra). Endotracheal intubation with positive-pressure ventilation often reduces Pms while always increasing Pra, so venous return inevitably decreases, resulting in hypotension in almost one-third of patients. This article reviews the pathophysiology of respiratory failure, the basic circulatory physiology associated with endotracheal intubation, and methods that may be helpful to reduce the frequency of intubation-related hypotension. Conclusion: Although unproven, preventive measures taken before, during, and after endotracheal intubation are likely to minimize the frequency, magnitude, and duration of intubation-related hypotension.