Comparative researches on effects of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate upon Lateolabrax japonicus biomarker system

Fish Lateolabrax japonicus were exposed to anion surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 1 mg/l, respectively, for 6, 12 and 18 d, with one control group. Liver antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined; brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and liver inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities were also measured. The results of the study indicated that these parameters made different, sometimes, adverse responses to SDBS and SDS exposure, such as the activity of iNOS can be inhibited by SDBS and induced by SDS, the different physico-chemical characteristics of SDBS and SDS should be responsible for their effects on enzyme activities.     

Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate on swelling,erosion and release behavior of HPMC matrix tablets containing a poorly water-soluble drug

The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the swelling, erosion and release behavior of HPMC matrix tablets was examined. Swelling and erosion of HPMC matrix tablets were determined by measuring the wet and subsequent dry weights of matrices. The rate of uptake of the dissolution medium by the matrix was quantified using a square root relationship whilst the erosion of the polymer was described using the cube root law. The extent of swelling decreased with increasing SDS concentrations in the dissolution medium but the rate of erosion was found to follow a reverse trend. Such phenomena might have been caused by the attractive hydrophobic interaction between HPMC and SDS as demonstrated by the cloud points of the solutions containing both the surfactant and polymer. Release profiles of nimodipine from HPMC tablets in aqueous media containing different concentrations of SDS were finally studied. Increasing SDS concentrations in the medium was shown to accelerate the release of nimodipine from the tablets, possibly due to increasing nimodipine solubility and increasing rate of erosion by increasing SDS concentrations in the dissolution medium.     

Interactions between a poorly soluble cationic drug and sodium dodecyl sulfate in dissolution medium and their impact on in vitro dissolution behavior

In the pharmaceutical industry, in vitro dissolution testing ofsolid oral dosage forms is a very important tool for drug development and quality control. However, ion-pairing interaction between the ionic drugand surfactants in dissolution medium often occurs, resulting in inconsistent and incomplete drug release. The aim of this study is toevaluate the effects ofsodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mediated medium onthe dissolution behaviors of a poorly soluble cationic drug (Drug B). The study was carried out by measuring solubility of Drug B substance and dissolution rate of Drug B product in media containing SDS.Desolubilization of Drug B substance was observed at pH 4.5 in the presence of SDS at concentrations below critical micelle concentration (CMC) which is attributed to the formation of an insoluble di-dodecyl sulfate salt between SDS and Drug B. This ion-pairing effect is less significant with increasing medium pH where Drug B is less ionized and CMC of SDS is lower. In medium at pH 4.5, dissolution of Drug B product was found incomplete with SDS concentration below CMC due to the desolubilization of Drug B substance. In media with SDS level above CMC, the dissolution rate is rather slower with higher inter-vessel variations compared to that obtained in pH 4.5 medium without SDS. The dissolution results demonstrate that the presence of SDS in medium generates unexpected irregular dissolution profiles for Drug B which are attributed to incompatible dissolution medium for this particular drug. Therefore, non-ionic surfactant was selected for Drug B product dissolution method and ion-pairing effect in SDS mediated medium should be evaluated when developing a dissolution method for any poorly soluble cationic drugs.     

Assessment of the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the buccal permeability of caffeine and estradiol

The concentration-dependent effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the in vitro permeability of the buccal mucosa were assessed using caffeine (CAF) and estradiol (E(2)) as model hydrophilic and lipophilic markers, respectively. The permeability of CAF and E(2) through porcine buccal mucosa was determined in modified Ussing chambers, with and without exposure to different concentrations of SDS (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 1% w/v in physiological buffer). Permeability experiments were complemented with light microscopic evaluation of untreated and SDS-treated tissues. Additionally, the critical micellar concentration of SDS in the physiological buffer and the effect of SDS pretreatment on drug solubility were determined. Pretreatment of buccal mucosa with SDS 0.01% had no effect on CAF or E(2) permeability. SDS 0.05, 0.1, and 1% significantly enhanced CAF flux by a factor of 1.57, 1.63, and 1.81, respectively, and caused significant removal of superficial cells, as observed with light microscopy. Interestingly, pretreatment with SDS 0.05% did not affect E(2) flux, whereas SDS at > or =0.1% significantly reduced E(2) permeability, possibly as a result of micellar solubilization. These results demonstrate that the effect of SDS on buccal permeability depends on both the concentration of SDS used and the physicochemical properties of the permeant.     

Acute and chronic effects of atrazine and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the tropical freshwater cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa

Toxicities of atrazine and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the tropical freshwater cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa were studied in the laboratory. Acute tests showed that the 48-h LC?? of atrazine was 20.9 mg l?1, while that of SDS was 11.1 mg l?1. P. ramosa showed to be slightly more sensitive than the other species of temperate cladocerans, in the assay conditions specified for each one. Long-term exposure of P. ramosa individuals to atrazine decreased the 21-day fecundity, the 21-day fertility and r(m), at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 3.2 mg l?1. Furthermore, fecundity and fertility at each brood decreased from the first to the fifth, at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 3.2 mg l?1 and for the first three broods at the concentration of 0.4 mg l?1. Long-term exposure of female P. ramosa to SDS decreased the 21-day fecundity, the 21-day fertility and r(m), at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg l?1. Fecundity and fertility of each brood were reduced from the first to the fifth, at concentrations of 2-4 mg l?1, and for the first three at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg l?1. The survival and moulting of the adult females were not affected by either chemical at the concentrations tested. Many water quality criteria in tropical regions are based on ecotoxicological tests with non-native species and this may lead to errors in setting the maximum permissible levels of chemicals in water bodies. Therefore, we reiterate here the idea of using native species in ecotoxicological assessments.     

In vitro evaluation of tectoridin, tectorigenin and tectorigenin sodium sulfonate on antioxidant properties

Tectoridin (4',5,7-thrihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) isolated from the flowers of Pueraria thunbergiana is reported to have less hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antiallergic and anaphylaxis inhibitory activity than its aglycone form tectorigenin. To obtain tectorigenin, tectoridin was hydrolyzed in the current study. However, practical limitations of tectorigenin do exist due to its poor water-solubility. To increase its water-solubility, tectorigenin was sulfonated with sulfuric acid (98wt.%) and mixed with saturated salt water to produce tectorigenin sodium sulfonate. Tectoridin and the two transfer products were identified by UV, IR, HPLC-MS, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR, and the solubility of tectorigenin sodium sulfonate was increased about 9-fold than tectorigenin. Antioxidant experiments of tectoridin, tectorigenin and modified tectorigenin in vitro including reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and anti-lipid peroxidation were carried on comparing with ascorbic acid (Vc) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results suggested that the antioxidant activity in all the experimental systems exhibited the same order as follows: tectorigenin sodium sulfonate>tectorigenin>tectoridin. Due to the high water-solubility and good antioxidant properties with tectorigenin sodium sulfonate, appropriate chemical modifications could greatly improve the biological activities of the naturally occurring products.     

Study on the fluorescence system of chlortetracycline-Eu-TOPO-sodium dodecyl sulfonate and the determination of chlortetracycline

The fluorescence system of Eu-chlortetracycline-TOPO-sodium dodecyl sulfonate was studied. It was found that chlortetracycline formed a complex with Eu(III) at pH 8.0–9.0 and then emitted the characteristic fluorescence of Eu(III). TOPO and sodium dodecyl sulfonate greatly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the system. The experiments indicated that under the optimum determining conditions a linear relationship was obtained between the fluorescence intensity and chlortetracycline concentration in the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸−1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M. The detection limit was 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ M. In addition, the luminescence mechanism of the complex system has been discussed.     

Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the heat denaturation and aggregation of arachin at pH 3.6

The effect of an anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, on the heat-induced denaturation and protein-protein interactions of arachin at pH 3.6 was studied by melting temperature, turbidity, electrophoresis and fluorescence spectral measurements. Sodium dodecyl sulfate induced aggregation in arachin at room temperature, in the concentration range 1 times 10^-5 to 1 times 10^-2 M, as shown by turbidity, electrophoresis and fluorescence spectral measurements. However, higher detergent concentrations (> 1 times 10^-2 M SDS) decreased the aggregation. Electrophoretic experiments at pH 3.6 showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate at a concentration of 5 times 10^-2 M changes the protein charge from positive to negative. Fluroescence spectral measurements suggested that the detergent at 5 times 10^-2 M level unfolds arachin. Heating and cooling arachin at pH 3.6 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate increased the protein-protein interactions as compared to those at room temperature, in the detergent concentration range 1 times 10^-5 to 1 times 10^-2 M; at higher detergent concentrations there was a sharp decrease. The observed effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the structure and conformation and heat-induced protein-protein interactions of arachin at the experimental pH may arise out of the detergent binding to the protein involving both ionic and hydrophobic interactions.     

日本刺参酸性粘多糖、皂苷和胶原蛋白多肽对血管内皮细胞的保护作用

目的研究日本刺参酸性粘多糖、皂苷和胶原多肽对血管内皮细胞的保护作用。方法采用ox-LDL建立体外培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞株(ECV304)损伤模型。MTT法测定血管内皮细胞的增殖活性;硝酸还原酶法测定血管内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力和NO释放量;TBA法测定细胞内MDA含量;DNA-Ladder法检测血管内皮细胞的凋亡。结果不同浓度的酸性粘多糖、胶原蛋白多肽和低浓度的皂苷能明显抑制ox-LDL对血管内皮细胞的损伤,促进血管内皮细胞增殖(P<0.05,P<0.01);降低细胞内MDA含量(P<0.05,P<0.01);拮抗ox-LDL引起的血管内皮细胞凋亡。酸性粘多糖和胶原蛋白多肽还能明显促进血管内皮细胞NO释放量(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高细胞NOS活力(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论日本刺参酸性粘多糖、皂苷和胶原蛋白多肽对血管内皮细胞的脂质过氧化物损伤均具有明显的保护作用。     

The protective effects of the combination of sodium ferulate and oxymatrine on ethanol-induced liver damage in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the combination of SF and OMT on ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. The animal liver wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio and liver tissue histopathology, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) levels were measured. The data indicated that the levels of ALT, AST, TG, CRP, IL-6, NF-κB and MDA significantly decreased and that SOD activity improved after treatment with the combination of SF and OMT; the same effects were not observed with the same dose of SF or OMT when used alone. These results indicated that the combination of SF and OMT had a protective effect on ethanol-induced liver damage in mice and that antioxidation and anti-inflammatory effects might be involved in this protective mechanism.     

Selective effects of quercetin on the cell growth and antioxidant defense system in normal versus transformed mouse hepatic cell lines

Quercetin is a dietary anticancer chemical that is capable of inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. However, little is known about its biological effect on nonmalignant cells, although the effect is one of the critical criteria to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the anticancer agent. In this study, we investigated the effects of quercetin on cell growth and apoptosis using embryonic normal hepatic cell line (BNL CL.2) and its SV40-transformed cell line (BNL SV A.8). We also evaluated the effects of quercetin on the antioxidant defense system in those cells. BNL SV A.8 cells were more sensitive to quercetin-mediated cytotoxicity than BNL CL.2 cells. In addition, the enzyme assays showed that quercetin actively stimulated the antioxidant defense systems including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase only in the BNL CL.2 cells. In particular, quercetin significantly reduced superoxide dismutase activity and increased the malonaldehyde content in BNL SV A.8 cells. These are thought to be closely related to quercetin-mediated apoptosis. Our findings suggest that quercetin is a dietary flavonoid that is capable of inducing selective growth inhibition and apoptosis in hepatic tumor cells, but not in normal cells.     

Characteristics and popular topics of latest researches into the effects of air particulate matter on cardiovascular system by bibliometric analysis

Abstract

In recent years, many epidemiological and toxicological studies have investigated the adverse effects of air particulate matter (PM) on the cardiovascular system. However, it is difficult for the researchers to have a timely and effective overall command of the latest characteristics and popular topics in such a wide field. Different from the previous reviews, in which the research characteristics and trends are empirically concluded by experts, we try to have a comprehensive evaluation of the above topics for the first time by bibliometric analysis, a quantitative tool in information exploration. This study aims to introduce the bibliometric method into the field of PM and cardiovascular system. The articles were selected by searching PubMed/MEDLINE (from 2007 to 2012) using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms “particulate matter” and “cardiovascular system”. A total of 935 eligible articles and 1895 MeSH terms were retrieved and processed by the software Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA). The bibliographic information and the MeSH terms of these articles were classified and analyzed to summarize the research characteristics. The top 200 high-frequency MeSH terms (the cumulative frequency percentage was 74.2%) were clustered for popular-topic conclusion. We summarized the characteristics of published articles, of researcher collaborations and of the contents. Ten clusters of MeSH terms are presented. Six popular topics are concluded and elaborated for reference. Our study presents an overview of the characteristics and popular topics in the field of PM and cardiovascular system in the past five years by bibliometric tools, which may provide a new perspective for future researchers.     

美罗培南和亚胺培南西司他丁钠临床副反应的对比研究

目的对比研究美罗培南和亚胺培南西司他丁钠的临床副反应。方法100例炎症患者,随机分为美罗培南组和亚胺培南组,每组50例。美罗培南患者采用美罗培南治疗,亚胺培南组患者采用亚胺培南西司他丁钠治疗。对比两组患者临床副反应(肠胃道反应、局部过敏反应、白细胞减少、肝功能障碍)发生情况。结果亚胺培南组患者临床副反应发生率为4.00%(2/50),与美罗培南组的6.00%(3/50)对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论美罗培南和亚胺培南西司他丁钠用于治疗炎症患者的临床副反应无明显差异,发生率均较低,安全性较高。     

Comparative effects of different modes of renin angiotensin system inhibition on hypercholesterolaemia-induced atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been consistently demonstrated to reduce atherosclerosis. However, there has been no direct comparison among the three available pharmacological modes of inhibiting the RAS, which are inhibitors of renin, ACE and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of these three modes of pharmacological RAS inhibition in reducing atherosclerosis by determining the dose–response relationships.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Male LDL receptor -/- mice were administered either vehicle or any of three doses of aliskiren, enalapril or losartan through s.c. infusion for 12 weeks. All mice were fed a saturated fat-enriched diet during drug infusions. Systolic and diastolic BPs were measured during the study using a non-invasive tail-cuff system. Plasma cholesterol and renin concentrations, atherosclerotic lesions, and renal angiotensin II concentrations were determined at the termination of the study.

KEY RESULTS

Plasma renin concentrations were increased by all three drugs. None of the drugs changed plasma cholesterol concentrations. All drugs produced a dose-related decrease in BP. All three drugs also profoundly reduced atherosclerosis in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of each drug markedly attenuated lesion size, with no significant differences between the different drugs. The highest dose of each drug also similarly reduced renal angiotensin II concentrations.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Drugs that inhibit the RAS, irrespective of their mode of inhibition, profoundly affect atherosclerotic lesion development in a dose-dependent manner.     

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the conformation and hemolytic activity of St I and St II, two isotoxins purified from Stichodactyla helianthus.

The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) upon the conformation and hemolytic activity of St I and St II strongly depends on its concentration. At relatively low surfactant concentrations (ca. 0.5-5mM range) the surfactant leads to the formation of aggregates, as suggested by the turbidity observed even at relatively low (micromolar range) protein concentrations. In this surfactant range, the proteins show an increase in intrinsic fluorescence intensity and reduced quenching by acrylamide, with an almost total loss of its hemolytic activity. At higher surfactant concentrations the protein adducts disaggregates. This produces a decrease in fluorescence intensity, increase in quenching efficiency by acrylamide, loss of the native tertiary conformation (as reported by the near UV-CD spectra), and increase in alpha-helix content (as evidenced by the far UV-CD spectra). However, and in spite of these substantial changes, the toxins partially recover their hemolytic activity. The reasons for this recovering of the activity at high surfactant concentrations is discussed.     

Oxidative and osmoregulatory effects of imidacloprid,cadmium, and their combinations on Daphnia magna

Oxidative stress and osmoregulatory system damage-inducing potential of binary mixtures of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) and Cd²⁺ in Daphnia magna were evaluated. Animals were subjected to subchronic (7 days) and acute (48 h) of IMI and Cd²⁺ effects with single and binary mixtures. ATPase and antioxidant enzyme activities with lipid peroxidation were measured. Morphometric characteristics were also evaluated. Response patterns showed variability due to the duration, concentration, and toxicant type. While the enzyme activities mostly showed a decreasing trend upon the subchronic IMI effect, there was an increasing trend after the Cd²⁺. Declined enzyme activities were more pronounced with the acute higher IMI+Cd²⁺ exposure. Ca²⁺-ATPase and CAT were the most sensitive biomarkers in the toxicity response. IMI+Cd²⁺ exposures are appeared to increase their toxic effects due to their oxidative potential. ATPase inhibition and antioxidant enzyme alterations with a decrease in morphometric characteristics in Daphnia even at their low concentrations of IMI and Cd²⁺ show evidence of their toxicities on aquatic life. It was emphasized that investigating the combined effects of toxicants at their environmental level based on the multi-biomarker approach is essential in toxicity evaluation.     

Subacute effects of methyl parathion on antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats

In this study we aimed to examine how methyl parathion (MP) at sublethal dosages affects on malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant defense system (ADS) such as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in various tissues of rats exposed to 19 and 38 millimole (mM) MP dosages as drinking water ad libitum for 28 days continuously. MDA significantly increased in all the tissues except for in the lungs of rats treated with both dosages of MP. With regard to the ADS, SOD significantly decreased in the lungs tissue whereas increased in the erythrocytes with two dosages of MP. GR activity significantly decreased in the erythrocytes treated with both dosages of MP, but decreased in the lungs and liver tissues with 38 mM MP treatment. GST activity significantly elevated in all the tissues except for in the liver treated with 38 mM dosage but did not change with 19 mM. Meanwhile, GSH depletion in all the tissues except lungs of rats treated with both dosages of MP was found to be significant. The observations presented led us to conclude that after the administrations of MP promote MDA content and fluctuate in the ADS in rats.     

外周5-羟色胺系统与肝脂代谢相关性的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝涵盖了从脂肪变性、脂肪性肝炎到肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝癌不同阶段的肝脏损伤。研究发现,外周5-羟色胺系统在肝脏脂质代谢方面有着重要作用。本文从肠道、肝脏本身以及胆汁酸肠肝循环方面综述了外周5-羟色胺系统与肝脏脂质代谢的相关性,有望找到非酒精性脂肪肝药物治疗新的研究方向。     

Dose- and time-dependent effects of sulfur mustard on antioxidant system in liver and brain of rat

This study investigates the dose- and time-dependent effects of sulfur mustard (SM) on antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in liver and brain of rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups and treated as follows: group 1 as control and groups 2-8 as experimental groups that received SM (1-80 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal injection. Rats were killed after 2, 7 and 14 days of exposure. SM dose-dependently decreased body weight. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in liver were significantly increased at SM doses lower than 10 mg/kg after 2 and 7 days of exposure. However, the recovery of these parameters was observed after 14 days. At these concentrations, no significant change in glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed. At doses higher than 10 mg/kg, SM significantly decreased SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and GST activities in liver and brain and decreased glutathione reductase (GR) activity in liver, which was associated with a depletion of GSH and increased MDA level. Present data indicate that the effect of SM is dose- and time-dependent and at higher doses (>10 mg/kg) induces an oxidative stress response by depleting the antioxidant defense systems and increasing lipid peroxidation in liver and brain of rats.     

五水头孢唑林钠联合热淋清颗粒在治疗肾结石术后泌尿系感染中的作用

目的 探讨五水头孢唑林钠联合热淋清颗粒在治疗肾结石术后泌尿系感染中的作用.方法 将泌尿外科收治的76例肾结石术后泌尿系感染患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组38例.对照组静脉滴注给予五水头孢唑林钠2.0 g,1次/d,观察组在对照组基础上给予热淋清颗粒,2袋/次,3次/d,连续用药7 d.比较2组患者治疗前后临床疗效、细菌清除率及肾功能相关指标肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(UN)及微量蛋白尿(DMII)水平及氧化应激蛋白 NOX2、NOX4及DUOX1蛋白水平.结果 观察组临床疗效和细菌清除率显著优于对照组(P<0.05);此外,观察组治疗后Cr、UN水平显著高于对照组治疗后(P<0.05);观察组治疗后SOD水平显著高于对照组治疗后(P<0.05);观察组和对照组间DMII、MDA、NOX2、NOX4及DUOX1蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 五水头孢唑林钠联合热淋清颗粒对肾结石术后泌尿系统感染的疗效优于五水头孢唑林钠单用的效果,值得在临床上推广应用.