Sequence of reperfusion influences ischemia/reperfusion injury and primary graft function following porcine liver transplantation.

The impact of 3 different reperfusion sequences following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in pigs were evaluated. The reperfusion technique commonly performed is primary portal in order to shorten warm ischemic times (WITs). Experimental and clinical data, usually comparing 2 out of 3 possible reperfusion sequences, provide controversial results. OLT was performed in 24 pigs randomized into 3 groups: primary arterial (A), simultaneous (SIM), and primary portal (P) reperfusion. Hemodynamics were continuously monitored and reperfusion injury and primary graft function were assessed by standard serum parameters, histopathological findings, immunohistochemistry for heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) following reperfusion were significantly increased for group A when compared to groups SIM and P. Hemodynamics showed significant differences after reperfusion compared to physiological data; differences in group comparisons were not significant. The bile production/100 g liver/hr was significantly higher for group SIM (1.15 mL) compared to group P (0.66 mL) and group A (0.62 mL). Histology and immunohistochemistry significantly correlated with functional results and outcome. Histological score was best for group SIM and worst for group A. HSP 70, being visualized mainly in the hepatocytes, showed higher expression for groups SIM and P. Inversely, HO-1, found in perisinusoidal cells, showed highest expression after primary arterial reperfusion. In conclusion, although associated with a 10-minute longer warm ischemic time, simultaneous reperfusion causes the least reperfusion injury with superior primary transplant function. Primary arterial reperfusion showed the worst overall outcome and highest degree of HO-1 expression.     

Ischemic preconditioning improves rat kidney graft function after severe ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has been shown to ameliorate renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Using a rat kidney transplantation model we determined if IP improves graft function after prolonged cold storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Syngeneic rat kidneys were divided into two groups. Prior to 42 hours of cold storage in UW and transplantation, one group (n = 10) received IP (15 minutes of warm ischemia/10 minutes of reperfusion), whereas another group (n = 10) received no treatment. Early graft function and 1-week recipient survival were assessed. RESULTS: Recipient survival was not significantly different between groups [70% (IP) vs 40% (non-IP); P = .28]. IP treatment led to a quicker recovery of renal function. On PODs 3 and 6, serum creatinine levels in the IP group were significantly lower compared with the untreated group. In conclusion, one cycle of IP (15/10) accelerates recovery of renal graft function after severe ischemia reperfusion injury. This simple treatment modality may improve outcomes of renal transplants with prolonged cold storage.     

培高利特对前脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

海马CA1区对脑缺血最为敏感,即使短暂的脑缺血也可造成锥体细胞凋亡。我们的前期研究发现,多巴胺D：受体激动剂培高利特（pergolide）可显著减轻沙土鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤后行为学异常,减少海马CA1区锥体细胞凋亡,其脑保护作用与诱导bcl-2并抑制bax基因的表达有关。既往研究表明,脑缺血后c-jun表达的增高与细胞凋亡密切相关。本实验应用HE染色法、DNA原位末端标记（TUNEL）法及免疫组织化学染色方法,观察对沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经元凋亡和c-jun表达的影响,探讨培高利特发挥脑保护作用的基因调控机制。     

谷氨酰胺对肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响

研究显示,门静脉淤血所致的再灌注损伤在肝缺血再灌注损伤中具有重要作用~([1]),因而维护肠道屏障以减轻肝缺血再灌注损伤,具有重要意义.为此,笔者采用肝缺血再灌注动物模型,探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)对肝脏高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)基因表达、内毒素血症和炎性介质的影响及其与肝损伤的关系.     

钙蛋白酶与肝移植缺血再灌注损伤关系的实验研究

目的 探讨大鼠肝在不同冷缺血期、复温期及再灌注期钙蛋白酶活性变化，以及钙蛋白酶抑制剂对离体灌注肝功能及原位肝移植大鼠生存的影响。方法 SD大鼠。共5个实验部分：（1）冷缺血实验；（2）冷缺血后复温实验；（3）冷缺血后再灌注实验；（4）钙蛋白酶抑制剂实验；（5）原位肝移植实验。结果 冷缺血12h始，肝组织中钙蛋白酶活力明显增加，并随着冷缺血时间的延长而逐渐明显增加（P＜0.01）。冷缺血复温30min始，肝组织中钙蛋白酶活力明显增加，并随着复温时间延长而逐渐明显增加（P＜0.01）。肝组织冷缺血0和12h再灌注60min钙蛋白酶明显增加（P＜0.05）。钙蛋白酶抑制剂明显增加（P＜0.05）。而冷缺血24h再灌注30min钙蛋白酶便明显增加（P＜0.05）。钙蛋白酶抑制剂可明显地降低离体灌注肝AST水平及增加胆汁量（分别P＜0.01）。结论 肝移植冷缺血期、复温期及再灌注期钙蛋白酶均明显增高，钙蛋白酶抑制剂可明显地改善移植肝功能。     

参附注射液对大鼠移植肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨参附注射液(Shenfuinjection,SF)对大鼠移植肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法采用雄性SpragueDawley(SD)大鼠同种异体原位肝移植模型,60只SD大鼠随机平均分成对照组和SF处理组,移植肝脏再灌注3、6、24h取血及肝脏组织检测。结果SF组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和一氧化氮(NO)水平明显高于对照组(P<0·05),丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、透明质酸(HA)、丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1(IL-1)、内皮素1(ET-1)水平和肝脏细胞凋亡指数明显低于对照组(P<0·05),肝脏组织形态学改变也轻于对照组。结论参附注射液对移植肝脏缺血再灌注损伤具有防治作用,可能的机制包括抑制枯否细胞激活和氧自由基产生,改善微循环,减少细胞凋亡。     

Bosentan, an endothelin antagonist, augments hepatic graft function by reducing graft circulatory impairment following ischemia/reperfusion injury

Endothelin is a potent hepatic vasoconstrictor. We evaluated the role of an endothelin antagonist in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Bosentan, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist, was infused directly into the portal vein prior to cold ischemia and immediately on reperfusion, in five porcine livers. Five other pigs underwent routine liver harvest and reperfusion without bosentan treatment. Hepatic vascular resistance and liver tissue blood flow, as measured by thermistor flow probes, were determined following reperfusion. Hepatocellular damage was assessed through hepatic venous levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. Endothelial cell damage was determined in sections immunostained for factor VIII. Graft function was determined through oxygen consumption, bile production, and response to bile acid challenge. Organs treated with bosentan demonstrated lower vascular resistance and enhanced tissue blood flow (P <0.05) as compared to untreated organs. Portal vein inflow to hepatic tissue was significantly enhanced (4.4-fold) in the bosentan-treated organs (P <0.05). No difference was observed in hepatocellular damage. Pathology scores for factor VIII immunohistochemical staining were 2.3-fold higher in the bosentan-treated livers as compared to untreated livers (P <0.05). The bosentantreated livers also demonstrated enhanced oxygen consumption, increased bile production, and augmented biliary response to a bile acid challenge (P <0.05). These results indicate that administration of bosentan before and after ischemia/reperfusion reduces hepatic circulatory disturbances, diminishes endothelial cell damage, and augments hepatic graft function. Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, Calif., May 2l–24, 2000.     

Effects of amrinone on bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury could arise as a consequence of clinical conditions such as renal transplantation, shock, cardiac arrest, hemorrhage and renal artery surgery. In this experimental study, we aimed to determine the preventive effects of amrinone on bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. A total of 60 Wistar-albino rats were divided into six groups ( n=10). Midline laparotomies were made under ketamine anesthesia. In the sham, amrinone1 and amrinone2 without ischemia (AWI1 and AWI2) groups saline, 5 and 10 mg/kg of amrinone was infused, respectively. In the ischemia, ischemia plus amrinone1 (IPA1) and ischemia plus amrinone2 (IPA2) groups, saline and 5 and 10 mg/kg of amrinone was infused, respectively, at the beginning of reperfusion, subsequent to 45 min of bilateral renal artery occlusion. Following 6 h of reperfusion, blood was drawn to study serum BUN and creatinine and a bilateral nephrectomy was done to determine tissue malonyldialdehyde ( MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. The results were analysed by Mann-Whitney U-test. The parameters studied were statistically higher in the ischemia group compared with the other groups ( P<0.05 for each comparison), indicating renal I/R injury. These parameters were lower in the amrinone without ischemia groups (AWI1 and AWI2) than in the sham group, however there were no significant differences between the groups ( P>0.05, for each comparison). The treatment groups IPA1 and IPA2 had statistically similar results compared with the sham group, showing the preventive effect of amrinone on renal I/R injury at the given doses. We conclude that amrinone prevented experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, independently of the administered doses. This preventive effect of the agent could depend on its effect of regulating the microcirculation, in decreasing intracellular calcium and in preventing neutrophil activation. We propose that this preventive effect of amrinone - which has gained clinical application especially in cases of cardiac insufficiency - could also be exploited in clinical conditions related with renal ischemia/reperfusion.     

缺血后处理对肾缺血再灌注损伤的抑制作用及对细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察缺血后处理对大鼠急性.肾缺血再灌注损伤的抑制作用及其对细胞凋亡的影响.方法 建立原位大鼠单侧肾缺血再灌注动物模型,摘除右肾后对左肾行缺血后处理,即10 s再灌注,10 s缺血,6次循环后再灌注24 h.全自动生化分析仪检测血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)含量,比色法测定血浆中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,免疫组织化学法观察肾组织中细胞色素C的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测胞浆中细胞色素C的含量.结果 肾缺血再灌注24 h后,血中BUN、Cr和MDA明显增高,肾细胞凋亡率明显增加.移植肾经缺血后处理,血中BUN、Cr和MDA含量均降低,SOD含量升高,细胞色素C释放减少,肾细胞凋亡率明显降低.结论 缺血后处理可以减轻移植肾脂质过氧化反应,减少肾细胞凋亡率,减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤.     

吸入性麻醉药对肾脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

吸入性麻醉药对肾脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护机制可能是通过亚中毒浓度无机氟化物的直接作用,抑制胞质膜的损伤,对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家系(MAPKs)的影响,免疫调节和促进热休克蛋白70(HSP-70)合成实现的.而不是通过对肾血流的影响和对肾脏KATP通道的激活作用.     

Bilirubin rinse of the graft ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury in heart transplantation

Ischemia and reperfusion contribute to substantial organ damage in transplantation. Clinically feasible measures for the prevention thereof are scarce. We tested whether rinsing rodent hearts with the antioxidant bilirubin ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDevP), rate per pressure product (RPP), coronary flow, maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (?dP/dt) rate of contraction were analyzed in Lewis rat hearts rinsed with bilirubin prior to reperfusion on a Langendorff apparatus after 12 h of cold ischemia. In vivo, isogenic C57Bl/6 mouse hearts rinsed with bilirubin were transplanted after 12 h of cold ischemia. Cardiac function and apoptosis were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. Heart lysates recovered 15 min after reperfusion were probed for the total and the phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal‐related protein kinases (ERK), JNK, p38‐MAPK, and Akt. In isolated perfused hearts, bilirubin rinse resulted in significantly lower LVEDP and improved LVDevP, RPP, coronary flow, +dP/dt and ?dP/dt. In vivo, after reperfusion, all mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were suppressed significantly by bilirubin pretreatment. Bilirubin rinse improved cardiac scores (3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.0 ± 1.0 in controls, P < 0.05) and significantly suppressed apoptosis. Ex vivo administration of bilirubin to heart grafts prior reperfusion ameliorates IRI and provides a simple and effective tool to ameliorate outcome in heart transplantation.     

右美托咪定预处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注后心室功能和细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定预处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤后心室功能和心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为三组,右美托咪定组(D组),右美托咪定+育亨宾组(D+Y组)和对照组(IR组),D组给予右美托咪定5μg·kg-1·h-1预处理1h,D+Y组静脉注射育亨宾1mg/kg,10min后按5μg·kg-1·h-1输注右美托咪定1h;IR组仅输注等量生理盐水,建立Langendorff缺血-再灌注模型,每10分钟测定左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室内压最大上升速率、下降速率(±dp/dtmax),计算左心室发展压(LVDP)。60min后取下心脏并以TUNEL检测心肌细胞的凋亡,RT-PCR检测Bcl-2mRNA,Bax mRNA的表达。结果与D组比较,再灌注后不同时点IR组和D+Y组大鼠LVDP、±dp/dtmax、Bcl-2mRNA表达明显降低、LVEDP、Bax mRNA表达明显升高(P0.05)。IR组和D+Y组LVDP、LVEDP、±dp/dtmax、Bcl-2mRNA和Bax mRNA表达差异均无统计学意义。IR组细胞阳性率为(36.1±9.2)%、D+Y组为(38.2±6.5)%,明显高于D组为(24.0±8.3)%(P0.05),而IR组和D+Y组细胞阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定预处理可以显著改善大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤后的心室功能,并且可能通过调控凋亡基因Bcl-2mRNA和促凋亡基因BaxmRNA的表达,减少心肌细胞凋亡。     

Kallistatin对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护及机制研究

目的:探讨Kallistatin对大鼠肝缺血再灌注后肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:建立大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型,随机将Wistar大鼠分成假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、空壳腺病毒组(O组)和Kallistatin组(K组)。测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平评价肝功能。HE染色观察肝组织病理学改变。TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况。Westen-blot法检测肝组织中Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果:与S组比较,I/R组AST、ALT水平明显升高(P<0.05),病理损伤严重,Cas-pase-3和Bax表达也相应增加(P<0.05),而Bcl-2表达减少(P<0.05)。与I/R组比较,K组各项指标均明显改善(均为P<0.05)。O组与I/R组间无明显差别(P>0.05)。结论:Kallistatin对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能通过促进Bcl-2表达、抑制Bax表达实现。     

Effects of lazaroids on intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in experimental models

Mesenteric ischemia occurs in a number of clinically relevant pathophysiologic processes, including sepsis, hemorrhage, intestinal transplantation, severe burns, and mesenteric thrombosis. The readmission of molecular oxygen into an ischemic tissue promotes the oxidation of resuscitated tissue with certain pathophysiologic mechanisms. Depending on the duration and the intensity of ischemia, reoxygenation of the intestine that has been reperfused may further induce tissue injury. Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury can accelerate complex processes between the endothelium and different cell types leading to microvascular injury, cellular necrosis, and apoptosis. The injury due to reperfusion is found predominantly in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, causing endothelial detachment. The 21-aminosteroids (lazaroids) are a family of compounds that inhibit lipid membrane peroxidation. Many of the performed studies show conflicting results, which reflect differences in experimental design, evolving time that (I/R) is induced, total or partial vascular occlusion, dosage of the lazaroid, and the exact period of time that the lazaroid is administered.     

Effects of tetrandrine on ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse liver

Objective

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) may cause acute inflammatory damage, producing significant organ dysfunction, an important problem for liver transplantation. Previous studies have demonstrated that Tetrandrine (Tet), a component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows protective effects to scavenge active oxygen radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this study, we examined whether Tet has a protective effect on mouse hepatic IRI.

Materials and Methods

Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into sham, ischemic, and Tet-treated groups; 90 minutes of warm ischemia was performed on the left liver lobe. Tet (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at 1 hour before ischemia with a second intravenous dose was injected just before reperfusion. Blood and liver samples were collected at 6 hours after reperfusion. We analyzed the hepatocellular injury, oxidative stress, neutrophil recruitment, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) generation associated with hepatic IRI.

Results

Undergoing 90 minutes of ischemia and 6 hours reperfusion caused dramatic injuries in mouse livers. Administration of Tet (20 mg/kg) reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); decreased liver edema, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; and ameliorated the down-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.

Conclusion

Tet showed protective effects on mouse hepatic IRI.     

Effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury on gastric acid secretion

BACKGROUND: The mechanism responsible for gastric colonization in critically injured ICU patients remains to be fully elucidated. Moreover, the effects of gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on gastric function are unclear. It was our hypothesis that gut I/R injury would cause gastric dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were anesthetized and, via laparotomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was clamped at its aortic origin for 45 min followed by clamp removal. Rats were allowed to awaken and then killed after 6 h of reperfusion. Control rats underwent laparotomy with SMA isolation. Stomachs were removed, gastric fluid was aspirated, and the volume, pH, and protein, bicarbonate, and glucose contents were determined. Serum and antral mucosa were prepared for gastrin radioimmunoassay and the glandular mucosa was assessed for morphologic injury. RESULTS: SMA I/R injury caused significant accumulation of gastric luminal fluid that was alkaline and rich in protein, glucose, and bicarbonate content when compared with sham controls. SMA I/R injury also caused gastric surface epithelial cell injury and significantly increased serum and antral gastrin levels. In additional rats, gut I/R injury inhibited basal acid secretion and blunted the acid secretory response to pentagastrin. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated for the first time that small intestinal I/R injury causes significant gastric dysfunction. The findings suggest that this type of injury, a frequent occurrence in critically injured ICU patients, may predispose patients to gastric colonization due to stasis and loss of the natural bactericidal effects of gastric acid.     

缺血预处理对肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的观察缺血预处理（ＩＰＣ）对肺缺血再灌注（Ｉ／Ｒ）损伤的影响。方法建立兔单肺原位热缺血再灌注损伤模型。３０只兔分Ｉ／Ｒ组、ＩＰＣ组和对照组。对比观察各组平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压、肺组织１２５Ｉ标记牛血清白蛋白漏出量、肺湿干重比、髓过氧化物酶活性。结果经９０分钟缺血１８０分钟再灌注后,ＩＰＣ组肺组织１２５Ｉ标记牛血清白蛋白漏出量、肺湿干重比、髓过氧化物酶活性低于Ｉ／Ｒ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压高于Ｉ／Ｒ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＩＰＣ能减轻肺Ｉ／Ｒ导致的肺毛细血管通透性增高、中性粒细胞浸润,减轻肺Ｉ／Ｒ引起的平均动脉压和动脉血氧分压的下降程度,表明ＩＰＣ能减轻肺Ｉ／Ｒ损伤。     

ICAM-1 affects reperfusion injury and graft function after cardiac transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The effects of increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), an important mediator of neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury (RI), were assessed in donor cardiac allografts in a heterotopic rat transplantation model. METHODS: At -24 h, PVG donors were untreated (n = 35) or treated (n = 37) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg ip). Hearts were procured at 0 h, stored at 4 degrees C for 45 min, and grafted heterotopically into ACI recipients pretreated with vehicle or anti-ICAM-1 (1A29) mAb. Intracardiac balloons (n = 8 per group) were used to measure allograft left ventricular function (dP/dt) prior to harvest and following reperfusion. RI was assessed at 6, 12, and 24 h by myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, percentage wet weight (%w/w), and percentage contraction band necrosis (%CBN). RESULTS: At 12 h, LPS-pretreated grafts showed increased ICAM-1 expression by Northern blot (n = 3) and immunohistochemistry (n = 3) and significantly increased MPO (0.33 +/- 0.2 U/mg vs 0.05 +/- 0.04 U/mg at 12 h), %w/w (81.7 +/- 1.8% vs 79.2 +/- 0.7% at 12 h), and %CBN (15.2 +/- 1. 9% vs 11.4 +/- 2.0% at 24 h). LPS pretreatment had no effect on graft function at early time points (baseline to 2 h) but led to depressed dP/dt at later time points with trends toward significance at 12 h (2101 +/- 1653 mmHg/s vs 173 +/- 201 mmHg/s, P = 0.06, ANOVA). Recipient 1A29 treatment (n = 6 per group) reversed the effects of LPS pretreatment in all three RI parameters and significantly improved functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration of cardiac graft phenotype to that likely seen in clinical organ donors leads to increased delayed-onset myocardial RI following transplantation in this model. The blockade of this increased RI following 1A29 mAb treatment supports a central role for ICAM-1 in this process.