呼吸机相关性肺炎的集束化护理干预

目的:探讨采用集束化护理干预预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的方法。方法:将我院2010年1月～2012年1月发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的患者120例,随机分为对照组(60例)和干预组(60例),分别采用常规护理方法,干预组在常规护理的基础上用集束化护理干预措施,观察比较两组患者平均机械通气时间、成功脱机率、护理满意度及总有效率等。结果:干预组能明显缩短机械通气时间,提高患者护理满意度及脱机成功率(P<0.05),干预组护理干预后患者预后明显优于对照组,死亡率较对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论:集束化护理干预能有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的死亡率,缩短患者机械通气时间,临床上值得推广。     

老年股骨脆性骨折患者基于骨折联络服务模式的出院计划干预研究

目的 了解ICU机械通气患者呼吸机集束化策略的临床依从性及对患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率的影响,为有效预防VAP提供参考.方法 对104例ICU机械通气患者实施呼吸机集束化策略,统计患者VAP发生率、机械通气时间、ICU住院日、预后及呼吸机集束化策略临床依从性.结果 实施呼吸机集束化策略后,22例(21.15%)发生VAP.患者ICU住院日为2～44(12.22±6.04)d,好转69例,恶化11例,死亡24例.80例完全落实呼吸机集束化策略者VAP发生率15.00%,24例不完全依从者VAP发生率41.67%,呼吸机集束化策略完全依从者VAP发生率显著低于不完全依从者(P＜0.01);预防消化性溃疡及预防深静脉血栓两项措施的临床依从性对VAP发生无影响(均P＞0.05).结论 呼吸机集束化策略能有效预防VAP并改善患者预后,但临床依从性是影响其预防效果的显著因素,预防消化性溃疡及预防深静脉血栓这两项措施的有效性需进一步研究论证.     

重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者呼吸机相关性肺炎风险的危险因素分析

目的 研究分析重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者出现呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素。方法 选取2019年7月至2021年6月海警医院收治的重型颅脑损伤术后气管切开患者共102例作为研究对象，102例患者中，39例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎，设为观察组，63例未出现呼吸机相关性肺炎，设为对照组。收集、记录并统计两组患者的相关临床资料，并进行单因素及多因素分析。结果 观察组与对照组的性别、BMI、是否伴有高血压、糖尿病、是否应用抑酸剂等因素无明显差异（P>0.05）；观察组患者的年龄、应用激素例数、ICU入住时间、机械通气时间、胃管留置时间均大于或多于对照组（P<0.05）；根据两组患者相关临床资料多因素分析结果显示，患者的年龄、是否应用激素治疗、相对较长时间的机械通气、胃管留置以及ICU入院时间均为导致VAP发生的主要危险因素。结论 年龄较大、应用激素、长时间的机械通气以胃管留置以及入住ICU均是引发VAP的重要危险因素，临床医师可根据相关危险因素制定相应的干预措施，从而提高患者的整体治疗效果。     

机械通气在重型颅脑外伤患者中的早期应用

目的观察早期应用呼吸机在治疗重型颅脑外伤患者中的作用。方法将重型颅脑外伤患者随机分成两组，一组常规应用鼻导管给氧或口咽通气道加面罩吸氧，另一组给予机械通气呼吸机辅助治疗。结果通过早期应用呼吸机辅助呼吸，患者血氧分压明显改善，与对照组相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。后期致残率亦较对照组改善，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在抢救重型颅脑外伤患者的过程中，早期、正确地使用呼吸机，对改善患者的呼吸状况及预后有明显效果。     

人工气道集束化管理预防神经外科ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的 探讨人工气道集束化管理预防神经外科ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的效果.方法 回顾性分析2016-01—2020-06惠州市中心人民医院神经外科ICU行气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸且机械通气时间>48 h的72例患者的病例资料.以人工气道集束化管理的引入时间为依据,其中2018-01—2020-06采用人...     

集束化方案预防外科重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的探讨普通外科ICU接受机械通气的患者实施呼吸机集束化方案的可行性,以及预防患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的临床效果。方法将进行机械通气的普通外科ICU患者随机分成常规组（78例）和集束化组（80例）。常规组给予化痰止咳、解痉平喘、纠正内环境紊乱、抗感染、每日2次口腔护理及其他对症支持治疗;集束化组在常规护理的基础上采取以下措施：升高床头至30°～45°;口腔护理由每天2次增加至每天4次;使用密闭式吸痰管。统计学分析两组患者VAP发病率和28d死亡率差异。结果常规组VAP发病率为55.13%（43/78）,28d死亡率为32.05%（25/78）;集束化组发病率为31.25%（25/80）,28d死亡率为8.75%（7/80）。与常规组相比,集束化组VAP发病率及28d死亡率均明显降低,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论集束化方案可以降低VAP发病率,改善普通外科ICU患者预后。     

集束化护理预防重症患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的探讨集束化护理预防重症患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法将140例入住PICU的重症患儿按入院时间分为对照组和干预组各70例,对照组按照PICU呼吸机常规护理方法实施护理,干预组实施集束化护理干预。观察比较两组患儿VAP发生率、机械通气时间、人工气道留置时间。结果干预组VAP发生率显著低于对照组,机械通气时间、人工气道留置时间显著短于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论集束化护理干预是一种确切有效的主动预防重症患儿VAP的护理措施。     

两种声门下吸引法在重型颅脑损伤机械通气患者中的应用

目的 探讨两种声门下吸引法在重型颅脑损伤行机械通气患者中的应用效果.方法 将重型颅脑损伤行机械通气患者61例根据入院时间分为对照组30例(持续声门下吸引)和观察组31例(每4小时1次间歇声门下吸引加冲洗),观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、发生时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间.结果 两组VAP发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组VAP发生时间较对照组显著延迟(P＜0.01),机械通气时间、ICU住院时间观察组短于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 每4小时1次间歇声门下吸引加冲洗法既能降低重型颅脑损伤机械通气患者VAP发生率,亦可延迟VAP的发生时间,并能有效缩短患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间.     

有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗在心脏外科术后的应用

目的 探讨有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗在心脏外科术后ICU中的应用效果.方法 选取44例接受心脏外科手术的患者,术后均存在一定程度的脱机困难,将其分为两组:序贯治疗组,23例患者,常规治疗的基础上,以同步间歇指令通气方式行机械通气,待患者呼吸循环状态稳定后拔除气管插管,改双水平气道正压(BiPAP)支持通气方式并撤机;对照组,21例患者,以同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气方式撤机.对照分析两组病例的通气、氧合指标、有创机械通气时间和总的机械通气时间,并发症发生率.结果 序贯治疗组和对照组患者有创机械通气时间分别是(2.3±0.8)d和(7.3±0.5)d,总机械通气时间分别是(4.2±0.5)d和(7.3±0.5)d,住ICU时间分别为(6.5±0.9)d和(10.3±0.4)d,呼吸机相关肺炎分别为6例(26.1%)和12例(57.1%),两组患者中,治疗组有2例患者二次插管(8.7%),而对照组有3例患者二次插管(14.3%).结论 心脏外科术后患者,如果存在脱机困难,可采用早期拔管,改用经鼻面罩呼吸机正压通气以缩短机械通气时间,减少呼吸机相关肺炎的发生.     

提高ICU护士呼吸机集束化护理依从性的管理

目的提高ICU护士实施呼吸机辅助呼吸患者集束化护理依从性,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率。方法将60例机械通气患者按时间段分为两组各30例;对照组在呼吸机集束化护理过程中实施常规管理,观察组对存在的问题进行针对性管理,包括成立集束化护理小组、对ICU护士培训、调整人力、视觉强化、质量监控等措施。结果护士洗手、抬高床头、呼吸机管路的更换、冷凝水的倾倒及口腔护理的依从性显著提高(均P0.01);观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论实施呼吸机集束化护理专项管理有利于提高护理人员的依从性,降低VAP发生率。     

Severity of cervical spine ligamentous injury correlates with mechanism of injury,not with severity of blunt head trauma

Clearance of the cervical spine (CS) in obtunded trauma patients in an intensive care unit is problematic. Patients with no osseous injuries have potential unstable extradural supportive soft tissue injury. Evaluation of the supporting structures involves dynamic fluoroscopy or MRI both of which have inherent risks and convenience issues. Defining which of these patients are at highest risk for severe supportive structure injury may improve resource utilization for CS clearance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical factors that may predict the probability of CS supportive soft tissue injury in patients with traumatic brain injury. Patients who sustained traumatic brain injury with intracranial pathology, absence of CS osseous injury, and a limited cervical spine MRI within 72 hours of injury were included. Potential clinical predictors included the severity of the traumatic brain injury defined by the Abbreviated Injury Severity Score for the cerebrum and initial Glasgow Coma Scale, the Injury Severity Score (ISS), mechanism of injury, and high versus low-velocity mechanism. Severity of soft tissue/ligament injury was graded by MRI findings. One hundred twenty-five patients met the study criteria; 81 had negative MRI findings and in 44 the MRI study was positive for potentially unstable injuries. High-velocity mechanisms of injury and ISS--not the severity of the traumatic brain injury or initial Glasgow Coma Scale score--were statistically significant predictors of severe CS supportive soft tissue injuries. Obtunded blunt trauma patients who have been involved in high-velocity-mechanism incidents and have high ISS are at greatest risk for extradural supportive soft tissue CS injuries. These patients should either remain in CS immobilization until clinical evaluation can be completed or undergo further evaluation of their supportive soft tissue structures by MRI or fluoroscopic flexion/extension.     

Liver cirrhosis and traumatic brain injury: a fatal combination based on National Trauma Databank analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of liver cirrhosis on in-hospital outcomes in victims of isolated traumatic brain injury (TBI). This was a National Trauma Databank study over a 5-year period, including patients with isolated TBI. Propensity scores were calculated to match cirrhotic with noncirrhotic TBI patients in a 1:2 ratio. Primary outcomes included mortality, hospital and surgical intensive care unit length of stay, and ventilator days. Of the 35,005 patients with isolated TBI, 47 (0.13%) had documented liver cirrhosis. After matching with 94 noncirrhotic, isolated TBI patients, no differences with regards to demographic and clinical injury characteristics were observed comparing the two groups. The mean SICU length of stay for cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients was 5.4 ± 8.8 days and 3.7 ± 7.0 days, respectively (P = 0.079). Cirrhotic patients experienced significantly more ventilator days compared with their noncirrhotic counterparts (2.9 ± 6.4 days vs 2.0 ± 6.4 days; P = 0.001). Overall mortality in the study population was 23.4 per cent with significantly higher in-hospital mortality among cirrhotic versus noncirrhotic TBI patients [34.0% vs 18.1%; odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.34 (1.05-5.20); P = 0.035]. Traumatic brain injury in conjunction with liver cirrhosis is associated with two-fold increased mortality and significantly prolonged ventilator requirements when compared with their noncirrhotic counterparts of isolated TBI.     

Can we improve neurological outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury?: Something old (early prophylactic hypothermia) and something new (erythropoietin)

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of mortality and long-term morbidity, particularly affecting young people. With our best therapies, one half of the patients with severe traumatic brain injury are never capable of living independently. Two interventions, which have real potential to improve neurological outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury, are (i) very early induction of prophylactic hypothermia and (ii) exogenous erythropoietin therapy. There is substantial experimental evidence, a plausible biological rationale, and supportive clinical evidence from clinical trials to suggest a possible beneficial effect of prophylactic hypothermia and also for exogenous erythropoietin therapy in severe traumatic brain injury. Despite the recent guidelines and publications recommending these interventions, critical care clinicians should be conservative towards implementing these therapies outside clinical trials due to substantial efficacy and safety concerns. Nevertheless the high morbidity and mortality associated with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) demands that we investigate the safety and efficacy of these promising potential therapies as a matter of urgency.     

Tracheostomy in ventilator dependent trauma patients: a prospective, randomized intention-to-treat study

BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy is a commonly performed procedure in ventilator dependent patients. Many critical care practitioners believe that performing a tracheostomy early in the postinjury period decreases the length of ventilator dependence as well as having other benefits such as better patient tolerance and lower respiratory dead space. We conducted a randomized, prospective, single institution study comparing the length ventilator dependence in critically ill multiple trauma patients who were randomized to two different strategies for performance of a tracheostomy. We hypothesized that earlier tracheostomy would reduce the number of days of mechanical ventilation, frequency of pneumonia and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. METHODS: Patients were eligible if they were older than 15 years and either a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) >4 with a negative brain computed tomography (CT) (no anatomic head injury), or a GCS >9 with a positive head CT (known anatomic head injury). Patients who required tracheostomy for facial/neck injuries were excluded. Patients were randomized to an intention to treat strategy of tracheostomy placement before day 8 or after day 28. RESULTS: The study was halted after the first interim analysis. There were 60 enrolled patients, who had comparable demographics between groups. There was no significant difference between groups in any outcome variable including length of ventilator support, pneumonia rate, or death. CONCLUSION: A strategy of tracheostomy before day 8 postinjury in this group of trauma patients did not reduce the number of days of mechanical ventilation, frequency of pneumonia or ICU length of stay as compared with the group with a tracheostomy strategy involving the procedure at 28 days postinjury or more.     

标准大骨瓣开颅术结合颅内压监测治疗重型颅脑损伤

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅术结合颅内压监测治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法回顾性分析手术治疗重型颅脑损伤患者78例的临床资料,采用标准大骨瓣减压结合颅内压监测治疗38例患者为A组,采用常规骨瓣减压治疗40例患者为B组。比较两组患者术后6个月的临床疗效。结果 A组患者的临床效果好于B组。两组在术后6个月临床疗效方面比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论标准大骨瓣开颅术结合颅内压监测显著改善重型颅脑损伤患者的预后。     

重度颅脑外伤合并肺部感染的危险因素

目的探讨重度颅脑外伤合并肺部感染的危险因素,并提出相对应的处理措施,以提高对该病的临床治疗水平。 方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年1月收集的90例重度颅脑外伤患者,对其中29例合并肺部感染者进行危险因素分析。 结果重度颅脑外伤合并肺部感染相关因素有：高龄（> 60岁）、呼吸机应用、休克、气管切开、基础疾病、肺部原有疾病、低蛋白血症、抗菌药物和激素应用以及GCS评分等（P均< 0.05）。而与患者性别和手术史无关（P均> 0.05）。年龄（OR = 6.852）、GCS评分（OR = 7.483）、基础疾病（OR = 8.852）、气管切开（OR = 5.597）、抗菌药物（OR = 8.849）和激素的应用（OR = 8.674）以及休克（OR = 5.832）是重度颅脑外伤合并肺部感染高危险因素。 结论充分做好入院相关准备且进行积极预防,可降低重度颅脑外伤合并肺部感染的发生。     

重度颅脑损伤后继发脑积水的早期诊断和治疗

目的:探讨重度颅脑损伤后继发脑积水的早期诊疗方法及愈后。方法:对12例重度颅脑损伤后继发脑积水的患者均一期或二期行脑室—腹腔分流术,10例随访半年～3年。结果:12例术后2周～3月CT复查脑室大小恢复正常。随访10例,生活自理8例,意识及肢体活动好转2例。结论:重度颅脑损伤后继发脑积水是影响愈后的严重并发症,早期确诊和手术治疗是减少其死亡率及致残率的关键。     

Optimal ventilator settings in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Despite recent advances in intensive care medicine, acute lung injury and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome pose major therapeutic problems. While mechanical ventilation is integral to the care of these patients, its adverse consequences including ventilator-induced lung injury are determinants of disease progression and prognosis. Among several important ventilator parameters, the use of low tidal volumes is probably the most important feature of lung-protective mechanical ventilation. Intensivists should be trained to recognize acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome and encouraged to use low-tidal-volume ventilation in clinical practice. Alternative modes of ventilation such as high-frequency ventilation and prone position should be reserved for selected patients in whom conventional lung-protective ventilation strategies have failed.     

经颅多普勒超声检查对重型颅脑损伤预后的判断价值

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨经颅多普勒超声检查(TCD)对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的判断价值。方法〓以2013 年2月至2014年10月在我院进行治疗的62例重型颅脑损伤患者作为病例组,并收集患者受伤后(术后)第1、3、7、14、21 d大脑中动脉的血流数据,以大脑中动脉收缩期血流速度(Vs)、舒张期血流速度(Vd)、博动指数(PI)作为观察指标;将同时期在我院接受TCD检查的健康44名对象作为对照组;将两组数据进行对比。结果〓患者受伤后(术后)第1 d脑血流速度即可发生改变;Vs和Vd值在第7 d降至最低,随后逐级恢复;PI指标则与脑血流速度变化趋势相反;第7 d的Vs是颅脑损伤的一个保护性因素。结论〓通过TCD检测的脑血流速度能反映重型颅脑损伤患者的颅内压力变化及预后情况,对颅脑损伤的治疗具有指导价值。     

Antithrombin treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study

This study will determine if early administration of antithrombin concentrate to patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) can inhibit or significantly shorten the time of coagulopathy. The progress of brain injury monitored by computed tomographic scan (CT) was also assessed, as was the time needed for intensive care and outcome related to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Twenty-eight patients with isolated brain trauma verified with CT were included in either of two parallel groups. The Glasgow coma score (GCS) was mean 7.5, and median 7.0; signifying a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury but with a mortality of only 3.5%. The patients randomized to antithrombin treatment received a total of 100 U/kg BW during 24 hours. To measure hypercoagulability, soluble fibrin (SF), D-dimer (D-d), and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) were assessed together with antithrombin (AT) and routine coagulation tests. Before treatment, SF, D-d, and TAT were markedly increased in both groups. Soluble fibrin and D-dimer (measured after treatment began) appeared to decrease faster in the AT group, and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups at 36 hours for SF and at 36 hours, 48 hours, and at Day 3 for D-d. Thrombin-antithrombin complex levels were very high in both groups but, surprisingly, showed no significant difference between the groups. The authors conclude that antithrombin concentrate administered to patients with severe TBI resulted in a marginal reduction of hypercoagulation. We could not detect any obvious influence by antithrombin on brain injury progress, on CT, or on outcome or time needed for intensive care.