HLA衍生肽RDP1258延长大鼠移植心脏存活时间

目的　观察HLA衍生肽RDP1258对大鼠同种移植心脏存活时间的影响。方法人工合成HLA衍生肽RDP1258;建立大鼠心脏腹部移植模型,随机分为4组。(1)对照组:心脏移植前后不用任何药物;(2)环孢素A(CsA)组:心脏移植前后给予CsA灌胃;(3)RDP1258组:心脏移植前后给予PDP1258腹腔注射;(4)RDP1258 CsA组:心脏移植前后联合给予RDP1258和CsA。分别观察人工合成的RDP1258纯度、移植心存活时间及移植心组织的光镜及电镜检查情况。结果RDP1258纯度达95%以上,分子量与理论值相符。大鼠移植心脏存活时间:对照组为(8.00±2.90) d,CsA组为(13.38±3.62)d,RDP1258组为(33.29±10.09)d,RDP1258 CsA组为(85.38±18.34) d。RDP1258组和RDP1258 CsA组与对照组比较,移植心脏存活时间显著延长。RDP1258组和RDP1258 csA组移植心病理改变较轻,超微结构无明显改变。结论RDP1258能抑制急性排斥反应,围手术期给予RDP1258和CsA,能够明显延长大鼠移植心脏存活时间。     

一氧化氮(NO)合酶和NO在延迟性异种移植排斥反应中的作用

目的利用小鼠至大鼠异位心脏移植模型,研究诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和受体血清一氧化氮(NO)在延迟性异种移植排斥反应(DXR)中的作用.方法将大鼠随机分为4组A组(6只),空白对照;B组(5只),来氟米物(Lef)+环孢素A(CsA);C组(6只),氨基胍;D组(6只),氨基胍+Lef+CsA.利用免疫组织化学染色检测CD68和NOS2,原位杂交技术检测iNOS mRNA表达.于移植前3 d和移植心脏排斥时分别采集血清检测NO含量.结果所有被排斥心脏中均见巨噬细胞(MФ)浸润,Lef+CsA显著延长移植心脏存活(与A和C组相比,P＜0.05),单用氨基胍使移植心脏存活(3 83±1.47)d(与A组比较,P＜0.05),氨基胍联用Lef和CsA使移植心脏存活(8.67±1.76)d(与A、B和C组比较,P＜0.05).发生DXR时浸润的MФ均有NOS2蛋白和mRNA阳性表达,且不受氨基胍影响.发生DXR时大鼠血清NO水平较移植前显著升高(P＜0.01),氨基胍可显著降低排斥时NO水平.结论小鼠至大鼠心脏移植发生DXR时浸润的MФ表达iNOS增多,且血清NO升高.抑制iNOS活性,降低NO水平可显著延长移植物存活时间,提示iNOS和NO是DXR发生的可能机制之一.     

白细胞介素10基因转染抑制小鼠心脏移植排斥反应的实验研究

目的　探讨白细胞介素 1 0 (IL 1 0 )基因转染对小鼠心脏移植排斥反应的抑制作用。方法　采用小鼠颈部心脏移植模型。随机将心脏移植后的小鼠分为 4组 :(1 )对照组 :心脏移植后每天用生理盐水 1ml灌胃 ;(2 )环孢素A(CsA)组 :心脏移植后每天用CsA 5mg/kg 灌胃 ;(3)IL 1 0组 :心脏移植时用IL 1 0重组腺病毒 30 0 μl(腺病毒滴度为 5× 1 0 1 1 pfu/ml)经主动脉根部灌注小鼠供心。(4)IL 1 0 CsA半剂量组 :在IL 1 0组的基础上 ,每天用CsA 2 .5mg/kg灌胃。观察移植心脏的存活时间及心脏跳动情况。结果　IL 1 0组、IL 1 0 CsA半剂量组和CsA组移植心脏存活时间均较对照组显著延长 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;IL 1 0组移植心脏存活时间较CsA组明显延长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;IL 1 0 CsA半剂量组移植心脏存活时间最长 ,优于IL 1 0组 (P <0 .0 5 )和CsA组 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　IL 1 0基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应有较强的免疫抑制作用 ,可明显延长移植心脏的存活时间 ,并且与CsA有协同作用 ,共同应用时 ,可减少CsA的用量。     

紫杉醇对大鼠心脏移植物急性排斥反应的免疫抑制作用

目的探讨紫杉醇对大鼠心脏移植后急性排斥反应的免疫抑制作用。方法以W istar大鼠为供者,SD大鼠为受者,建立大鼠腹腔异位心脏移植模型。70只SD大鼠随机分为5组,每组14只。对照组:术后不使用免疫抑制药;组Ⅰ:术后腹部注射紫杉醇(0.75 m g/kg.d);组Ⅱ:术后腹部注射紫杉醇(1.5 m g/kg.d);组Ⅲ:术后给环孢菌素A(C sA,5m g/kg.d)灌胃;组Ⅳ:术后腹部注射紫杉醇(0.75 m g/kg.d)+C sA(5m g/kg.d)灌胃。观察5组大鼠一般情况、移植心脏存活时间及术后7d病理学改变。结果组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ大鼠移植心脏存活时间均较对照组显著延长(P<0.05),组Ⅳ存活时间长于组Ⅰ和组Ⅲ(P<0.05)。术后第7d,对照组移植心脏明显肿胀,病理急性排斥反应分级为3级以上。组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ移植心脏搏动有力,颜色鲜红、质软,病理急性排斥反应分级为2~3级,与对照组比较,能明显减轻移植后心肌病理损害(P<0.05)。组Ⅲ移植心脏搏动良好,急性排斥反应分级大部分为2级。组Ⅳ移植心脏大小基本正常,无水肿,颜色鲜红、质软,搏动好,病理急性排斥反应分级<2级;对移植心心肌保护作用优于组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ(P<0.05)。结论紫杉醇能减轻大鼠心脏移植术后急性排斥反应,并能延长移植心脏的存活时间,具有免疫抑制作用。小剂量紫杉醇与C sA联用,在抗心脏移植物排斥反应中具有协同作用。     

雷公藤多甙及环孢素A在大鼠心脏移植中的协同作用

目的探讨心脏移植术后单用雷公藤多甙(TWHF)及与环孢素A(GsA)合用对大鼠心脏移植物生存期的影响.方法供体为雄性PVG(RT1C)大鼠,受体为雄性Lewis(LEW;RT11)大鼠.采用改良的Ono和Lindsey方法实施腹部异位心脏移植.根据术后处理不同将实验动物分为4组第1组(5只)对照组(非治疗组);第2组(7只)TWHF 60 mg·kg-1·d-1;第3组(6只)CsA 15 mg·kg-1·d-1;第4组(5只)TWHF 40 mg·kg-1·d-1+CsA1 mg·kg-1·d-1.用吐温80及蒸馏水将TWHF配制成1%悬液;CsA使用前以注射用水配成5g/L.术后当天即给药,TWHF为灌服,CsA为肌肉注射.直至发生排斥反应或最多给药14 d.每天通过触摸监测移植心脏的功能.结果4组移植大鼠心脏平均存活8.8、12.0、17.0、34.6 d.结论心脏移植术后给予雷公藤多甙及CsA联合治疗,能明显延长移植心脏的功能存活时间.     

来氟米特延长大鼠异种移植心脏存活时间的实验研究

目的利用小鼠→大鼠心脏移植模型,研究来氟米特(Lef)对异种移植排斥反应的作用.方法动物随机分成8组A组对照组,n=6;B组环孢素A(CsA)组,n=6;C组环磷酰胺(CTX)组,n=6;D组Lef组,n=5;E组CsA+CTX组,n=5;F组Lef+CsA组,n=5;G组Lef+CTX组,n=6;H组Lef+CsA+CTX组,n=5.用免疫组织化学法检测各组的C3、IgG和CD68.结果单用CsA或CTX不能显著延长移植心脏存活时间,但单用Lef可显著延长移植心脏存活时间达(4.2±1.48)d,与A组比较,P<0.05.Lef与CsA联合应用使移植心脏存活(6.4±2.07)d,与A、B、C和D组比较,均P<0.05.Lef与CsA和CTX联合应用使移植心脏存活(7.6±1.82)d,与A、B、C、D和E组比较,均P<0.05.各组被排斥的心脏均未见C3沉积,使用抗B细胞的免疫抑制剂如Lef和CTX,IgG沉积降低,但差异无显著性,P>0.05.结论Lef可显著延长小鼠→大鼠移植心脏存活时间,并和CsA具有协同免疫抑制作用.     

大鼠异种心脏移植中P选择素和细胞间粘附分子-1表达的意义

目的探讨大鼠异种心脏移植中P选择素和细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达的意义。方法建立金黄地鼠到SD大鼠的异种异位(腹部)心脏移植模型,然后将模型大鼠随机分为4组:对照组术后不采取任何治疗措施;环孢素A组(CsA组)于手术当天起每天腹腔注射CsA10mg/kg;脾切除组于手术当天切除脾脏;CsA联合脾切除组于手术当天切除脾脏,每天腹腔注射CsA10mg/kg。观察每组移植心脏的存活时间,定时和发生排斥反应时切取移植心组织,进行病理学检查,并以免疫组化方法观察移植物中P选择素和ICAM-1的表达。结果CsA联合脾切除组移植心脏存活时间为(34.2±8.98)d,较对照组、CsA组和脾切除组明显延长(P<0.05)。CsA联合脾切除组术后1~5d移植物中未见明显病理改变;7、14d时移植心脏组织结构清晰,未见血栓及出血;30d时移植心脏组织结构基本正常,排斥反应级别为Ⅰ~Ⅱ;其它三组的病理改变明显,对照组于术后1~2d、脾切除组及CsA组于术后4~7d发生延迟性排斥反应。CsA联合脾切除组术后各观察时点移植心脏组织中均未见P选择素和ICAM-1表达,其它三组的P选择素和ICAM-1均呈阳性。结论异种移植发生延迟性排斥反应时,P选择素和ICAM-1均有表达,可以作为判断异种移植免疫抑制治疗效果的指标之一。     

槐耳清膏在小鼠心脏移植排斥反应中作用的初步探讨

目的 探讨槐耳清膏在小鼠心脏移植急性排斥反应中的作用.方法 实验分为3组:A组:同种异基因移植后槐耳清膏处理组(槐耳清膏组);B组:同种异基因移植财照组(移植排斥组)及C组:同系移植对照组(同系移植组).观察各组移植心脏的存活时间、术后第5天供心的组织病理改变.用免疫荧光检测移植心脏中CD8+T淋巴细胞的浸润和颗粒酶B的表达水平.结果 A组移植心脏的平均存活时间为(6.38±0.69)d,与B组(8.31±0.59)d相比明显缩短(P<0.01);心肌组织呈3级急性排斥反应病理改变,CD8+T淋巴细胞弥漫性浸润及颗粒酶B表达与两个对照组相比明显增强(P<0.05).结论 在术后早期单用槐耳清音会促进小鼠心脏移植物的急性排斥反应,可能机制足促进CD8+T淋巴细胞的组织浸润并增强颗粒酶B的表达.     

氨基胍与环孢素A联用对大鼠心脏移植后急性排斥反应的影响

目的：探讨氨基胍与环孢素A联用对同种大鼠心脏移植后急性排斥反应的影响。方法：受体SD大鼠心脏移植后分为4组：（1）对照组：术后不作任何处理;（2）低剂量环孢素A（CsA)组;术后0－7d肌肉注射CsA2mg.kg^-1.d^-1;（3）氨基胍（AG）组：术后0－7d皮下注射AG600mg.kg^-1.d^-1;（4）低剂量CsA加AG组;术后0－7d肌肉注射CsA2mg.kg^-1.d^-1及皮下注射AG600mg.kg^-1.d^-1。术后4d测定急性排斥反应时移植心的诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS)的表达及血清一氧化氮（NO）含量,并观察移植心存活时间。结果与低剂量环孢素A组相比较,低剂量环孢素A与氨基胍联用组不仅显著地抑制移植心iNOS表达与NO产生（P＜0．05）;而且显著地减轻急性排斥反应（P＜0．01）,延长了移植心存活时间（P＜0．05）。结论低剂量环孢素A与氨基胍联用,协同抑制急性排斥反应时移植心iNOS活性及NO产生;显著地延长移植物存活时间。     

他克莫司与新型免疫抑制剂FK778或FK779联合应用预防大鼠心脏移植排斥反应

目的 评价他克莫司（FK506）与FK778或FK779联合应用预防大鼠心脏移植排斥反应的效果。方法 大鼠异位心脏移植后单独应用FK506、FK778和FK779进行免疫抑制治疗，并设联合用药组。结果 单独用药组与不用药对照组相比，移植心脏存活时间明显延长，FK779组尤其显著；联合用药组移植心脏存活时间不但比对照组明显延长，而且明显长于各药同剂量单用组，FK506与FK779合用组尤其显著。结论 FK506、FK778和FK779均有很强的免疫抑制效应，FK506与FK778或FK779联合应用具有较强的协同效应。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.