Predictive value of SYNTAX score II for clinical outcomes in cardiogenic shock underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention; a pilot study

SYNTAX Score II (SSII) connects clinical variables with coronary anatomy. We investigated the prognostic value of SSII in patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated with cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated the in-hospital prognostic impact of SSII on 492 patients with STEMI complicated with cardiogenic shock treated with PPCI. Patients were stratified by tertiles of SSII, in-hospital clinical outcomes were compared between those groups. In-hospital univariate analysis revealed higher rates of in-hospital death for patients with SSII in tertile 3, as compared to patients with SSII in tertile 1 (OR 17.4, 95% CI 10.0–30.2, p?<?0.001). After adjustment for confounding baseline variables, SSII in tertile 3 was associated with 6.2-fold hazard of in-hospital death (OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.6–14.1, p?<?0.001). SSII in patients with STEMI complicated with cardiogenic shock treated with PPCI provide an independent prognostic marker of in-hospital outcomes. Our data suggests SSII to be a simple, feasible and clinically applicable tool for rapid risk stratification in patients with STEMI complicated with cardiogenic shock treated with PPCI.     

Additive prognostic value of the SYNTAX score over GRACE, TIMI, ZWOLLE, CADILLAC and PAMI risk scores in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention

This study evaluated additive prognostic value of the SYNTAX score over GRACE, TIMI, ZWOLLE, CADILLAC and PAMI risk scores in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). All six scores were calculated in 209 consecutive STEMI patients undergoing pPCI. Primary end-point was the major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE—composite of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke); secondary end point was cardiovascular mortality. Patients were stratified according to the SYNTAX score tertiles (≤12; between 12 and 19.5; >19.5). The median follow-up was 20 months. Rates of MACE and cardiovascular mortality were highest in the upper tertile of the SYNTAX score (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). SYNTAX score was independent multivariable predictor of MACE and cardiovascular mortality when added to GRACE, TIMI, ZWOLLE, and PAMI risk scores. However, the SYNTAX score did not improve the Cox regression models of MACE and cardiovascular mortality when added to the CADILLAC score. The SYNTAX score has predictive value for MACE and cardiovascular mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Furthermore, SYNTAX score improves prognostic performance of well-established GRACE, TIMI, ZWOLLE and PAMI clinical scores, but not the CADILLAC risk score. Therefore, long-term survival in patients after STEMI depends less on detailed angiographical characterization of coronary lesions, but more on clinical characteristics, myocardial function and basic angiographic findings as provided by the CADILLAC score.     

不稳定性心绞痛患者SYNTAX中高积分影响因素分析和对近期预后的影响

目的 分析不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)患者心血管病危险因素在SYNTAX低、中、高积分患者的分布,探讨影响UAP患者SYNTAX中高积分(≥23分)影响因素分析和其对近期预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年6月连续在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院心内科住院的UAP患者4272例,男性2600例,女性1672...     

残存SYNTAX评分对311例冠心病PCI患者长期预后评价

目的 评价残存SYNTAX评分对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutanous coronary intervention,PCI）患者长期预后的预测能力。 方法 连续入选2013年1月至2014年5月于内蒙古自治区人民医院心内科一病区住院冠心病并行PCI患者311例,收集性别、年龄、临床诊断、血脂、肾功能等临床资料,进行SYNTAX评分和残存SYNYTAX评分,同时进行2~4年临床随访,随访不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）,包括全因死亡、卒中、血运重建、心力衰竭。 结果 311例患者发生MACCE 48例,其中全因死亡14例;再次血运重建23例;缺血性卒中9例;心力衰竭2例。MACCE组与无MACCE组比较年龄大（64.13±8.45岁 vs 60.79±10.12岁,P=0.03）、糖尿病患者比例高（39.58% vs 18.63%,P=0.001）、SYNTAX评分高（15.16±6.53 vs 12.94±7.44,P=0.017）和残存SYNTAX评分高（7.52±6.54 vs 4.23±5.50,P=0.000)。SYNTAX评分、残存SYNTAX 评分、目测冠状动脉病变预测终点事件的曲线下面积分别为0.608（P=0.018）、0.665(P=0.000)、0.668(P=0.000)。完全血运重建组与不完全血运重建组MACCE发生率分别为5.98%和20.42%(P=0.003),两组再次血运重建率分别为0.85%和12.37%(P=0.000)。糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者SYNTAX评分为15.09±7.69和12.78±7.17(P=0.026),残存SYNTAX评分为6.15±6.32和4.34±5.57(P=0.016)。糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者MACCE发生率分别为27.9%和11.8%(P=0.001),再次血运重建率分别为19.1%和4.9%(P=0.000)。 结论 ①冠心病PCI患者完全血运重建优于不完全血运重建,残存冠状动脉病变越多MACCE发生率越高。②残存SYNTAX评分、SYNTAX评分和冠状动脉病变均能预测长期预后。③糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变程度重,MACCE发生率高,主要原因是再次血运重建。     

The prehospital SIGARC score to assess septic shock in-hospital, 30-day and 90-day mortality

BackgroundIn the pre-hospital setting the early identification of septic shock (SS) patients presenting with a high risk of poor outcome remains a daily challenge. The development of a simple score to quickly identify these patients is essential to optimize triage towards the appropriate unit: emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU).We report the association between the new SIGARC score and in-hospital, 30 and 90-day mortality of SS patients cared for in the pre-hospital setting by a mobile ICU (MICU).MethodsSS patients cared for by a MICU between 2017, April 15th, and 2019, December 1st were included in this retrospective study. The SIGARC score consists of the addition of 5 following items (1 point for each one): shock index≥1, Glasgow coma scale<13, age > 65, respiratory rate > 22 and comorbidity defined by the presence of at least 2 underlying conditions among: hypertension, coronaropathy, chronic cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, history of cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. A threshold of SIGARC score ≥ 2 was arbitrarily chosen to define severity for its usefulness in clinical practice.ResultsData from 406 SS patients requiring MICU intervention in the pre-hospital setting were analysed. The mean age was 71 ± 15 years and 268 of the patients (66%) were male. The presumed origin of SS was pulmonary (42%), digestive (25%) or urinary (17%) infection. Overall in-hospital mortality was 31% with, 30 and 90-day mortality was respectively 28% and 33%. A prehospital SIGARC score ≥ 2 is associated with an increase in 30 and 90-day mortality with HR = 1.57 [1.02–2.42] and 1.82 [1.21–2.72], respectively.ConclusionA SIGARC score ≥ 2 is associated with an increase in in-hospital, 30 and 90-day mortality of SS patients cared for by a MICU in the prehospital setting. These observational results need to be confirmed by prospective studies.     

In-hospital prognostic value of hemoglobin levels on admission in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty

Purpose  

Anemia is a common comorbidity in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the in-hospital prognostic value of admission hemoglobin (Hb) levels in patients with acute STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI).     

Myocardial salvage after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction presenting early versus late after symptom onset

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presenting within 12 h of symptom onset. A benefit in the subacute stage is less clear. The aim of the present analysis was to compare myocardial salvage and infarct size between patients with early and late reperfusion after STEMI. We compared cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in STEMI patients presenting within 12 h (n?=?695) and a RCT of subacute STEMI patients presenting between 12 and 48 h (n?=?93) after symptom onset. CMR imaging was performed 3.9?±?6.3 days after myocardial infarction. Analyses were performed for an unmatched cohort comprising all patients (n?=?788) and a cohort matched for area at risk (n?=?186). In the overall cohort, area at risk was similar in both groups [37.1?±?16.1% of left ventricular mass (%LV) vs. 38.3?±?16.2%LV; p?=?0.50]. Compared to STEMI patients with early reperfusion, patients with late PCI demonstrated larger infarct size (18.0?±?12.5%LV vs. 28.9?±?16.9%LV; p?<?0.01) and higher extent of microvascular obstruction (1.5?±?2.9%LV vs. 2.7?±?4.1%LV; p?=?0.01). Myocardial salvage index was significantly smaller in patients with late reperfusion (52.1?±?25.9 vs. 27.4?±?26.0; p?<?0.01). Analysis of the matched cohorts confirmed the decreased myocardial salvage (p?<?0.01) and increased infarct size (p?<?0.01) in case of late reperfusion. Compared to patients with timely primary PCI, late reperfusion after STEMI results in decreased myocardial salvage and increased infarct size. However, salvageable myocardium was also found in subacute stages of STEMI.     

Evaluation of pre-arrest morbidity score and prognosis after resuscitation score and other clinical variables associated with in-hospital cardiac arrest in southern Sweden

Objective

To evaluate pre-arrest morbidity score (PAM), prognosis after resuscitation score (PAR) and to identify additional clinical variables associated with survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Methods

A retrospective observational study involving all cases of IHCA at Skåne University Hospital Malmö 2007–2010.

Results

Two-hundred-eighty-seven cases of IHCA were identified (61.3% male; mean age 70 years) of whom 20.2% survived until discharge. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for death prior to discharge was 6.49 (1.50–28.19) (p = 0.013) for PAM > 6 and 3.88 (1.95–7.73) (p < 0.001) for PAR > 4. At PAM- and PAR-scores >5, specificity exceeded 90%, while sensitivity was only 20–30%. The odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was 0.38 (0.20–0.72) (p = 0.003) for patients with cardiac monitoring, 9.86 (5.08–19.12) (p < 0.001) for non-shockable vs shockable rhythm, 0.32 (0.15–0.69) (p = 0.004) for presence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 0.27 (0.09–0.78) (p = 0.016) for patients with independent Activities of Daily Life (ADL) and 13.86 (1.86–103.46) (p = 0.010) for patients with malignancies. Heart rate (HR) on admission (per bpm) [1.024 (1.009–1.040) (p = 0.002)] and sodium plasma concentration on admission (per mmol l⁻¹) [0.92 (0.85–0.99) (p = 0.023)] were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusion

PAM- and PAR-scores do not sufficiently discriminate between in-hospital death and survival after IHCA to be used as clinical tools guiding CPR decisions. We confirm that malignancy is associated with increased in-hospital mortality, and cardiac monitoring, shockable rhythm, STEMI and independent ADL, with decreased in-hospital mortality. Interestingly, our results suggest that HR and plasma sodium concentration upon admission may represent new tools for risk stratification.     

The SYNTAX study

The SYNTAX study randomized patients (pts) with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease (CAD) into pts who underwent bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The primary endpoint of the study was a major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular event (death from any cause, stroke, myocardial infarction, repeated revascularization)(MACCE). Rates of MACCE at 12 months were significantly higher in the PCI group (17.8%) than in the CAGB group (12.4%, p?<?0.002). This was caused by an increased rate of repeated revascularizations in PCI pts (13.5%) compared to CABG pts (5.9%, p?<?0.001). The rates of death and myocardial infarction were similar between the two groups. Stroke was significantly more likely to occur with CABG (2.2%) versus 0.6% with PCI (p?=?0.003). Despite the results of the SYNTAX study, an individual strategy is necessary for each patient.     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与SYNTAX评分的关系

目的 探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与STNTAX评分(SS)之间的关系。方法 对298例NSTEMI患者进行回顾性分析,对患者总体特征、包括血清同型半胱氨酸水平(HCY)在内的多项化验指标和在院期间超声左心室射血分数等辅助检查结果以及冠状动脉造影后所计算的SS进行统计及分析。依据计算出的SS将入选患者分为3组,低SS组:SS≤22;中等SS组:22P<0.01)。相关分析显示血清HCY水平与SS相关(r=0.358,P<0.01)。结论 NSTEMI患者的血清HCY水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度有关。     

Mottling score predicts survival in septic shock

Background

Experimental and clinical studies have identified a crucial role of microcirculation impairment in severe infections. We hypothesized that mottling, a sign of microcirculation alterations, was correlated to survival during septic shock.

Methods

We conducted a prospective observational study in a tertiary teaching hospital. All consecutive patients with septic shock were included during a 7-month period. After initial resuscitation, we recorded hemodynamic parameters and analyzed their predictive value on mortality. The mottling score (from 0 to 5), based on mottling area extension from the knees to the periphery, was very reproducible, with an excellent agreement between independent observers [kappa?=?0.87, 95% CI (0.72?C0.97)].

Results

Sixty patients were included. The SOFA score was 11.5 (8.5?C14.5), SAPS II was 59 (45?C71) and the 14-day mortality rate 45% [95% CI (33?C58)]. Six?hours after inclusion, oliguria [OR 10.8 95% CI (2.9, 52.8), p?=?0.001], arterial lactate level [<1.5 OR 1; between 1.5 and 3 OR 3.8 (0.7?C29.5); >3 OR 9.6 (2.1?C70.6), p?=?0.01] and mottling score [score 0?C1 OR 1; score 2?C3 OR 16, 95% CI (4?C81); score 4?C5 OR 74, 95% CI (11?C1,568), p?<?0.0001] were strongly associated with 14-day mortality, whereas the mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and cardiac index were not. The higher the mottling score was, the earlier death occurred (p?<?0.0001). Patients whose mottling score decreased during the resuscitation period had a better prognosis (14-day mortality 77 vs. 12%, p?=?0.0005).

Conclusion

The mottling score is reproducible and easy to evaluate at the bedside. The mottling score as well as its variation during resuscitation is a strong predictor of 14-day survival in patients with septic shock.     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段抬高与SYNTAX评分的关系

目的 探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者aVR导联ST段抬高(STEaVR)与STNTAX评分(SS)之间的关系。结论 回顾性分析316例NSTEMI患者,对患者总体临床特征、入院时心电图ST段在不同导联的抬高及压低、在院期间超声左心室射血分数和峰值肌钙蛋白I水平等辅助检查以及冠状动脉造影术后所计算的SS进行统计及分析。以是否具有STEaVR对患者进行区组分析,探索STEaVR与SS之间的关系。结果 316例NSTEMI患者中有STEaVR的207例(65.5%),无STEaVR的109例(34.5%)。有STEaVR患者的高SS评分(SS≥23)者比率更高(50.7%比21.1%,P<0.01),左主干和(或)三支病变的发生率更高(43.5%比22.9%,P<0.01)。多因素分析显示,STEaVR(OR=2.640,CI=1.404~4.963,P=0.003)以及前壁导联ST段压低(OR=1.817,CI=1.053~3.135,P=0.032)是高SS的独立预测因素。方法 STEaVR是高SS的独立预测因素。     

中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值联合GRACE评分对急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内主要不良心血管事件的预测价值

目的 探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)联合全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(global registry of acute coronary events,GRACE)评分对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术治疗后发生院内主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的预测价值。方法 纳入2018年9月1日-2019年12月31日就诊于河北省人民医院心血管内科行直接PCI治疗的急性STEMI患者275例。根据PCI术后是否发生院内MACE(包括全因死亡、心源性休克、院内再次血运重建、恶性心律失常及心脏骤停),分为MACE组(35例)和非MACE组(240例)。收集两组临床资料,分析STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE的独立危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析NLR、GRACE评分及二者联合对急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE的预测价值。结果 MACE组年龄、GRACE评分、CRUSADE评分及NLR均高于非MACE组,估算的肾小球滤过率低于非MACE组(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,GRACE评分、NLR是急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线提示,GRACE评分、NLR对急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE有一定预测能力,但两者联合的曲线下面积更大,可更好地预测急性STEMI患者PCI术后是否发生院内MACE。结论 GRACE评分、NLR是急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE的独立危险因素,两者联合对急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生院内MACE具有较好的预测价值。     

Angiographic score assessment improves cardiovascular risk prediction: the clinical value of SYNTAX and Gensini application

Background

Severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is related to cardiovascular outcome. We aimed to assess the long-term follow-up depending on Synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with Taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) and Gensini score for prognosis. Both scores increase with complexity and thus reflect risk of cardiovascular events.

Methods and results

We determined complexity and extent of CAD by the SYNTAX and Gensini score in the AtheroGene cohort (N = 1,974, with 22.6 % women). The endpoint was non-fatal myocardial infarction (N = 132) and cardiovascular death (N = 159) over a median follow-up of 5.4 (Q1: 5.23/Q3: 5.57) years up to 8 years maximum (follow-up rate 99.4 %). For SYNTAX score, the following distribution was used: low (≤22, N = 1,404), medium (23–32, N = 314), high score (>32, N = 256). Gensini score was split into thirds. Cox regression analysis showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.5 (95 % confidence interval 1.16–1.95; p = 0.0024) for the log transformed SYNTAX score in a fully adjusted model and a HR of 1.41 (95 % CI 1.13–1.77; p = 0.0025) for the Gensini score. The SYNTAX score alone had a C-index of 0.62, whereas adding clinical variables increased the C-index to 0.67. Similar results were obtained for the Gensini score. Regarding the SYNTAX score using net reclassification index, discrimination of events and non-events was enhanced by 37.2 % in a model of clinical variables and biomarkers and by 31.8 % for the Gensini score.

Conclusion

The SYNTAX and Gensini score in combination with clinical variables could be used to predict the cardiovascular prognosis during a long-term follow-up of up to 8 years in CAD patients.     

Emergency Medical Services Utilization among Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Observations from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry

Objective: Early activation of emergency medical services (EMS), rapid transport, and treatment of patients experiencing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can improve outcomes. The Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry (SMIR) is a nation-wide registry that collects data on STEMI. We aimed to determine the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of EMS utilization among STEMI patients presenting to Emergency Departments (ED) in Singapore. Methods: We analyzed STEMI patients enrolled by SMIR from January 2010 to December 2012. We excluded patients who were transferred, developed STEMI in-hospital or suffered cardiac arrest out-of-hospital or in the ED. Primary outcome was process-of-care timings. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of cardiac complications. Multivariate analysis was used to examine independent factors associated with EMS transport. Results: 6412 patients were enrolled into the study; 4667 patients were eligible for analysis. 49.8% of patients utilized EMS transport. EMS transport was associated with higher rate of reperfusion therapy (74.3% vs. 65.1%, p < 0.01), shorter median symptom-to-door time (119 vs. 182 minutes, p < 0.01), door-to-balloon time (59 vs. 70 minutes, p < 0.01), and symptom-to-balloon time (185 vs. 233 minutes, p < 0.01). EMS transport had more patients with Killip Class 4 (7.5% vs 4.0%, p < 0.01) and was associated with greater presentation of heart failure, arrhythmias, and complete heart block. Independent predictors of EMS transport were age, syncope and Killip score; after-office-hour presentation was a negative predictor. Conclusion: Less than half of STEMI patients utilized EMS and EMS patients had faster receipt of initial reperfusion therapies. Targeted public education to reduce time to treatment may improve the care of STEMI patients.     

Intravascular ultrasound elastography analysis of the elastic mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque

To assess the elastic mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque with different morphological properties by intravascular ultrasound elastography (IVUSE). 30 purebred New Zealand rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol diet; the abdominal aorta endothelium was balloon-injured after 2 weeks; at week 12, 2 plaques with moderate echo from each rabbit were chosen for in situ imaging, and 2 consecutive frames near the end-diastole images in situ were used to construct an IVUS elastogram. Shear strain (SS) and area strain (AS) were greater for eccentric than centripetal plaque (SS: 2.65(2.45)% vs. 1.79?±?0.97%, p?<?0.05; AS: 4.81(4.99)% vs. 3.23?±?1.75%, p?<?0.05) but were lower with low than high plaque burden (SS: 2.14?±?0.37% vs. 3.40?±?0.34%, p?<?0.05; AS: 3.88?±?0.60% vs. 5.81?±?0.54%, p?<?0.05). SS and AS were significantly greater for plaque with negative than no remodeling (SS: 3.98?±?1.53% vs. 1.82(1.40)%, p?<?0.017; AS: 6.94?±?2.24% vs. 2.59(2.87)%, p?<?0.017) and were found correlated with eccentric index and plaque burden (R²?=?0.365 and R²?=?0.359, both p?<?0.05). Plaques associated with eccentricity, high plaque burden and negative remodeling showed greater strain than those with centripetalism, low plaque burden and positive remodeling. Eccentric index and plaque burden may be useful to predict the elastic stability of plaque.     

Reperfusion therapy and mortality in octogenarian STEMI patients: results from the Belgian STEMI registry

Background

Treatment strategies and outcome of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been mainly studied in middle-aged patients. With increasing lifetime expectancy, the proportion of octogenarians will substantially increase. We aimed to evaluate whether the benefit of currently recommended reperfusion strategies is maintained in octogenarians.

Methods

Reperfusion therapy and in-hospital mortality were evaluated in 1,092 octogenarians and compared with 7,984 STEMI patients <80 years old based on data from the prospective Belgian STEMI registry.

Results

The octogenarian STEMI group had more cardiovascular comorbidities, contained more female patients and presented more frequently with cardiac failure (Killip class >1, 40 vs. 20 %) compared with their younger counterparts (all p < 0.05). Although the rate of thrombolysis was similar (9.2 vs. 9.9 %) between both groups, a conservative approach was chosen more frequently (13.8 vs. 4.7 %), while PCI was performed less frequently (76.9 vs. 85.4 %) in octogenarians (p < 0.001). Moreover, ischemic time and door-to-needle/balloon time were longer for octogenarians. In-hospital mortality for octogenarians was 17.8 vs. 5.5 % in the younger group [adjusted OR 2.43(1.92–3.08)]. In haemodynamically stable octogenarians, PCI seemed to improve outcome compared with thrombolysis or conservative treatment (5.7 vs. 12.7 vs. 8.5 %, p = 0.09). In octogenarians with cardiac failure, in-hospital mortality was extremely high independent of the chosen reperfusion therapy (34.6 vs. 31.6 vs. 36.3 %, p = 0.88).

Conclusions

In-hospital mortality in octogenarian STEMI patients was high and related to a high prevalence of cardiac failure. Less PCI was performed in the octogenarian group compared with the younger patients, although mortality benefit of PCI was maintained in haemodynamically stable octogenarians.     

Prehospital Shock Precautions on Triage (PSPoT) score to assess in-hospital mortality for septic shock

ContextIn the prehospital setting, early identification of septic shock (SS) with high risk of poor outcome is a daily issue. There is a need for a simple tool aiming to early assess outcome in order to decide delivery unit (emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU)). In France, prehospital emergencies are managed by the Service d'Aide Médicale d'Urgence (SAMU). The SAMU physician decides the destination ward either to the ICU or to the ED after on scene severity assessment.We report the association between The Prehospital Shock Precautions on Triage (PSPoT) score, and in-hospital mortality of SS patients initially cared for in the prehospital setting by a mobile ICU (MICU).MethodsSS patients cared for by MICU were prospectively included between February 2017 and July 2019.The PSPoT score was established by adding shock index>1 and criterion based on past medical history: age >65 years and at least 1 previous comorbidity (chronic cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous or actual history of cancer, institutionalization, hospitalisation within previous 3 months. A threshold of ≥2, was arbitrarily chosen for clinical relevance and usefulness in clinical practice.ResultsOne-hundred and sixty-nine with a median age of 72 [20–93] years were analysed. SS origin was mainly pulmonary (54%), abdominal (19%) and urinary (15%). The median PSPoT score was 2 [1–2].PSPoT score and PSPoT score ≥ 2 were associated with in-hospital mortality: OR = 1.24 [0.77–2.05] and OR = 2.19 [1.09–4.59] respectively.ConclusionWe report an association between PSPoT score, and in-hospital mortality of SS patients cared for by a MICU. A PSPoT score ≥ 2 early identifies poorer outcome.     

Layer-specific global longitudinal strain obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography for predicting heart failure and cardiovascular death following STEMI treated with primary PCI

The aim of this study was to evaluate layer-specific global longitudinal strain (GLS), obtained by speckle tracking, in predicting outcomes following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Echocardiography, including layer-specific GLS, was performed at median two days after the STEMI in a prospective study of STEMI patients treated with pPCI between September 2006 and December 2008. The outcome was the composite of heart failure hospitalization and/or cardiovascular death (HF/CVD). A total of 349 patients were included. Mean age was 62.2?±?11.5 years, 76% were male, and mean ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46?±?9. Seventy-seven (22%) patients developed HF/CVD during median follow-up 5.4 years. Patients with HF/CVD had lower absolute values for all GLS-layers: endocardial (GLS_Endo) 11.4%vs 14.5% (p?<?0.001), midmyocardial (GLS_Mid) 9.8% vs 12.5% (p?<?0.001) and epicardial (GLS_Epi) 8.5% vs 10.9% (p?<?0.001). In unadjusted analysis, all layers were significant predictors of HF/CVD; hazard ratio (HR) per 1% decrease for GLS_Endo: HR 1.18 (95%CI 1.11–1.25), GLS_Mid: HR 1.22 (95%CI 1.14–1.30) and GLS_Epi: HR 1.26 (95%CI 1.16–1.36), p?<?0.0001 for all. The risk of HF/CVD increased incrementally with increasing tertiles for all layers, being more than three times higher in 3rd tertile compared to 1st tertile. In multivariable models, including baseline clinical and echocardiographic parameters, only GLS_Mid and GLS_Epi remained independent predictors of HF/CVD. Global longitudinal strain obtained from all myocardial layers were significant predictors of incident HF and CVD following STEMI, however, only GLS_Mid and GLS_Epi remained independent predictors after multivariable adjustment.

     

Plaque characteristics and inflammatory markers for the prediction of major cardiovascular events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

To investigate the clinical utility of culprit plaque characteristics and inflammatory markers for the prediction of future cardiovascular events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with successful drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. We evaluated 172 STEMI patients with successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DES using pre-PCI high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and pre-PCI intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) of culprit lesions. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, stroke and late revascularization were recorded during hospitalization and follow-up. During follow-up (median 41 months), the incidence of MACE did not significantly differ among patients with or without all 3 high-risk plaque features on IVUS-VH (15.1 vs. 16.2%; p?=?0.39). In contrast, patients with elevated hs-CRP and NLR levels were at significant risk for MACE [32.7 vs. 5.8%; hazard ratio (HR) 7.85; p?<?0.001 and 43.9 vs. 6.9%; HR 8.44; p?<?0.001, respectively]. High-risk plaque features had no incremental usefulness to predict future MACE. However, the incorporation of hs-CRP and NLR into a model with conventional clinical and procedural risk factors significantly improved the C-statistic for the prediction of MACE (0.76–0.89; p?=?0.04). High-risk plaque features identified by IVUS-VH in culprit lesions were not associated with future MACE in patients with STEMI receiving DES. However, elevated hs-CRP and NLR levels were significantly associated with poorer outcomes and had incremental predictive values over conventional risk factors.