一件式和两件式泌尿造口袋在胰周脓肿引流管护理中的应用体会

目的探讨微创治疗重症急性胰腺炎继发胰周脓肿后引流管护理的方法,比较一件式和两件式泌尿造口袋的应用时机和方法。方法在微创治疗重症胰腺炎患者的过程中,根据引流流管口粗细和沿引流管流出的脓肿引流液的量,在合适的时机选用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋护理引流管。结果本组48例患者均采用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋引流,引流液观察记录准确,无一例发生引流管周围皮肤浸渍,且减少医护工作量,为患者节约费用。结论声镜结合的方法治疗重症急性胰腺炎继发胰周脓肿的护理关键在于引流管护理,合理使用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋护理引流管能收到事半功倍的效果,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Hemodynamic monitoring in shock and implications for management

Objective

Shock is a severe syndrome resulting in multiple organ dysfunction and a high mortality rate. The goal of this consensus statement is to provide recommendations regarding the monitoring and management of the critically ill patient with shock.

Methods

An international consensus conference was held in April 2006 to develop recommendations for hemodynamic monitoring and implications for management of patients with shock. Evidence-based recommendations were developed, after conferring with experts and reviewing the pertinent literature, by a jury of 11 persons representing five critical care societies.

Data synthesis

A total of 17 recommendations were developed to provide guidance to intensive care physicians monitoring and caring for the patient with shock. Topics addressed were as follows: (1) What are the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic features of shock in the ICU? (2) Should we monitor preload and fluid responsiveness in shock? (3) How and when should we monitor stroke volume or cardiac output in shock? (4) What markers of the regional and micro-circulation can be monitored, and how can cellular function be assessed in shock? (5) What is the evidence for using hemodynamic monitoring to direct therapy in shock? One of the most important recommendations was that hypotension is not required to define shock, and as a result, importance is assigned to the presence of inadequate tissue perfusion on physical examination. Given the current evidence, the only bio-marker recommended for diagnosis or staging of shock is blood lactate. The jury also recommended against the routine use of (1) the pulmonary artery catheter in shock and (2) static preload measurements used alone to predict fluid responsiveness.

Conclusions

This consensus statement provides 17 different recommendations pertaining to the monitoring and caring of patients with shock. There were some important questions that could not be fully addressed using an evidence-based approach, and areas needing further research were identified.     

Special issues: glucose and the brain.

PURPOSE: This review focuses on the neurologic issues concerning the treatment of hypo- or hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient. DATA SOURCES: Articles written in English and identified through the Bibliographic Retrieved Service Colleague database. STUDY SELECTION: Articles chosen on the basis of their relevance to the issue of blood glucose management and its neurologic effects in critically ill patients. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from articles were analyzed to obtain a scientific foundation and rationale for treating abnormal blood glucose levels. DATA SYNTHESIS: Moderate hypoglycemia may evoke a significant stress response, behavioral changes, and alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolism. It is unclear what effect prolonged or repeated episodes of moderate hypoglycemia may have on patient outcome. However, alterations in cerebral vascular physiology must be addressed when caring for patients with cerebral ischemia or intracranial compliance problems. Depending on its severity, hypoglycemia has varying influences on neurologic damage after ischemia. Hyperglycemia may impair neuronal recovery following cerebral ischemia. However, the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia vary depending on the types of brain ischemia sustained (focal or global). Evidence suggests that hyperglycemia during global and incomplete global ischemia events is detrimental to neurologic outcome. However, the relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome after focal ischemia is controversial. CONCLUSION: Because both hypo- and hyperglycemia may produce neurologic changes, aggressive management of abnormal glucose values is warranted.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter drainage in early treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:

Percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) is a minimally invasive intervation for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This study was undertaken to compare the results of surgery and ultrasound-guided PCD in the treatment of 32 patients with SAP, and to direct clinicians to the most optimal approach for SAP.

METHODS:

In the 32 patients, 19 were proved to have deteriorated clinical signs or symptoms, extensive fluid exudation, and necrosis confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and they underwent operative debridement and drainage. For extensive fluid exudation or necrosis, complete liquefaction and safe catheter implantation, the other 13 patients were given PCD.

RESULTS:

The mortality rate of the surgery group was 26.3%, much higher than that of the PCD group (0%). There was a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.044). The mean time for recovery of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 43.8 days in the surgery group, which was significantly longer than that of the PCD group (23.8 days) (P=0.034).

CONCLUSION:

Early PCD guided by ultrasound could decrease the mortality of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, alleviate life-threatening inflammatory complications, and avoid unnecessary emergency operation.KEY WORDS: Percutaneous catheter drainage, Operation, Severe acute pancreatitis, Clinical efficacy     

The sedation of critically ill adults: Part 1: Assessment. The first in a two-part series focuses on assessing sedated patients in the ICU

The prevention or treatment of pain, anxiety, and delirium in the ICU is an important goal. But achieving a balance between sedation and analgesia, especially in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, can be challenging. Both under- and oversedation carry serious risks. In 2002 the Society of Critical Care Medicine, along with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, updated recommendations in its clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in adults. This two-part series examines those recommendations that relate to sedation assessment and management, as well as the current literature. This month Part 1 also reviews pertinent recommendations concerning pain and delirium and discusses tools for assessing pain, delirium, and sedation. In August Part 2 will explore pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of anxiety and agitation in critically ill patients. The prevention or treatment of pain, anxiety, and delirium in the ICU is an important goal. But achieving a balance between sedation and analgesia, especially in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, can be challenging. Both under- and oversedation carry serious risks. In 2002 the Society of Critical Care Medicine, along with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, updated recommendations in its clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in adults. This two-part series examines those recommendations that relate to sedation assessment and management, as well as the current literature. This month Part 1 also reviews pertinent recommendations concerning pain and delirium and discusses tools for assessing pain, delirium, and sedation. In August Part 2 will explore pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of anxiety and agitation in critically ill patients.     

Sedation assessment in critically ill adults.

OBJECTIVE: To review methods for assessing sedation in critically ill adults, discuss their impact on patient outcomes, and provide recommendations for implementing these methods into clinical practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). DATA SOURCES: A computerized search of MEDLINE from 1980 through June 2000 and a manual search of abstracts presented at recent critical care meetings were performed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Sedation assessment tools that have been used to titrate therapy in adult, critically ill patients were identified. Special emphasis was placed on sedation assessment instruments that have been prospectively validated. Objective methods that have been used to assess sedation therapy were also identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty-three adult sedation assessment instruments were identified. Few scales have been prospectively evaluated for validity (n = 6) or reliability (n = 7). Other methods of sedation assessment were identified (e.g., bispectral index monitor); however, most of these methods have only been studied in small subsets of critically ill patients. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of sedation assessment into ICU clinical practice may improve patient care. These sedation assessment instruments must be further evaluated to determine their impact on quality of care and ICU length of stay.     

Anterior abdominal abscess - a rare manifestation of severe acute pancreatitis: A case report

BACKGROUNDSevere acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common critical disease of the digestive system. In addition to the clinical manifestations and biochemical changes of acute pancreatitis, SAP is also accompanied by organ failure lasting more than 48 h. SAP is characterized by focal or extensive pancreatic necrosis, hemorrhage and obvious inflammation around the pancreas. The peripancreatic fat space, fascia, mesentery and adjacent organs are often involved. The common local complications include acute peripancreatic fluid collection, acute necrotic collection, pancreatic pseudocyst, walled off necrosis and infected pancreatic necrosis. After reviewing the literature, we found that in very few cases, SAP patients have complications with anterior abdominal wall abscesses.CASE SUMMARYWe report a 66-year-old Asian male with severe acute pancreatitis who presented with intermittent abdominal pain and an increasing abdominal mass. The abscess spread from the retroperitoneum to the anterior abdominal wall and the right groin. In the described case, drainage tubes were placed in the retroperitoneal and anterior abdominal wall by percutaneous puncture. After a series of symptomatic supportive therapies, the patient was discharged from the hospital with a retroperitoneal drainage tube after the toleration of oral feeding and the improvement of nutritional status.CONCLUSIONWe believe that patients with SAP complicated with anterior abdominal abscess can be treated conservatively to avoid unnecessary exploration or operation.     

经皮肾镜治疗重症胰腺炎患者术后应用三腔负压引流管的护理

目的：总结10例经皮肾镜治疗重症胰腺炎（SAP）术后应用三腔负压引流管的护理经验。方法：对10例SAP接受经皮肾镜手术并放置三腔负压引流管的患者做好引流管路的风险评估、观察巡视,及时调整处理,规范交接记录,加强卧位管理和心理护理。结果：10例患者通过精心护理全部治愈出院。结论：重症胰腺炎患者进行经皮肾镜治疗术后留置三腔负压引流管,在护士动态、有效、规范化的管道管理维护与配合下,引流效果理想,治疗效果优良,值得推广。     

PANCREATITIS OR NOT? – Elevated lipase and amylase in ICU patients

Elevation in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes (Hyperamylasemia and/or Hyperlipasemia) can occur in any Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patient either as a result of true acute pancreatitis (AP) or as a reflection of a non-pancreatic disease. Although most patients may not have clinical pancreatitis, identifying true acute pancreatitis in the ICU setting may be critical in the presence of associated co-morbid conditions of the disease for which the patient is being managed. With neither amylase nor lipase being specific for pancreatitis, it is important for the clinician to be aware of different causes of hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia, especially when clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis is unclear. This review will focus on understanding different non-pancreatic conditions where there is elevation of pancreatitis enzymes and to identify true acute pancreatitis in critically ill patients without typical symptoms.     

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的临床特点与诊治策略

目的:探讨妊娠合并急性胰腺炎(AP)的临床特征和诊治策略。方法:回顾分析31例妊娠合并AP患者的临床资料,其中重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)7例,轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)24例。入院后均先接受非手术综合治疗。结果:因胎儿宫内窘迫急诊行剖宫产3例,术中1例MAP未扰动胰腺仅行腹腔引流,2例SAP行小网膜囊灌洗和腹腔引流,其中1例合并胆囊结石加行胆囊切除术。1例SAP积极非手术治疗效果差,行急诊胰腺坏死组织清除、胰周引流术,同时行剖宫产娩出死亡早产儿。其余患者均在AP病情好转后终止妊娠,全组在住院期间终止妊娠共13例(41.9%),胎儿(新生儿)死亡2例(6.5%),母亲无死亡。结论:妊娠合并AP多见于晚孕期,胆道疾病和高脂血症等是其主要病因。临床表现不甚典型,上腹痛伴上中腹部固定压痛,血淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高以及B超发现异常等具有重要诊断意义。合并MAP者常可安全地维持妊娠,合并SAP者亦以内科治疗为主,必要时早期手术,术中先行剖宫产。是否终止妊娠应个体化处理,优先保证孕妇安全,必要时果断终止妊娠。终止方法首选剖宫产,术中根据胰腺炎病因和术中发现做相应外科处理。经过恰当的诊治,妊娠合并AP可望获得良好预后。     

Perioperative factors determine outcome after surgery for severe acute pancreatitis

Introduction  

There is evidence that postponing surgery in critically ill patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) leads to improved survival, but previous reports included patients with both sterile and infected pancreatic necrosis who were operated on for various indications and with different degrees of organ dysfunction at the moment of surgery, which might be an important bias. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of timing of surgery and perioperative factors (severity of organ dysfunction and microbiological status of the necrosis) on mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing surgery for SAP.     

Intensive care unit management of intra-abdominal infection

OBJECTIVE: To review the biologic characteristics of, and management approaches to, intra-abdominal infection in the critically ill patient. DESIGN: Narrative review. SETTING: Medline review focussed on intra-abdominal infection in the critically ill patient. PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS: Restricted to studies involving human subjects. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: Intra-abdominal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Peritonitis can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, the unique pathologic features reflecting the complex nature of the endogenous gut flora and the gut-associated immune system, and the alterations of these that occur in critical illness. Outcome is dependent on timely and accurate diagnosis, vigorous resuscitation and antibiotic support, and decisive implementation of optimal source control measures, specifically the drainage of abscesses and collections of infected fluid, the debridement of necrotic infected tissue, and the use of definitive measures to prevent further contamination and to restore anatomy and function. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal management of intra-abdominal infection in the critically ill patient is based on the synthesis of evidence, an understanding of biologic principles, and clinical experience. An algorithm outlining a clinical approach to the ICU patient with complex intra-abdominal infection is presented.     

成人体外膜肺氧合患者院内转运护理专家共识

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)技术在危重症患者的救治中发挥着重要作用,近年来广泛应用于常规生命支持无效的各种急性呼吸和(或)循环衰竭。危重症患者由于检查、治疗等需求,常面临转运,但目前国内外尚无ECMO患者院内转运的相关指南或共识。本共识结合国内外研究,基于循证和专家论证的方法,从ECMO患者转运的各环节建立共识,以指导临床实践。     

重症急性胰腺炎的腹腔镜治疗:手术时机及手术方式探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)的手术时机、方法及疗效。方法腹腔镜下分离胃结肠韧带,进入网膜腔暴露胰腺,清除渗出液、浓液,通畅脓腔分隔,但不必进行彻底的胰腺坏死组织清创。网膜囊及盆腔置入灌洗管和多根引流管,术后用大量生理盐水持续灌洗引流至引出的灌洗液澄清,并急性肾功能衰竭病人同时盆腔内置入腹膜透析管行腹膜透析。选择腹腔镜手术时间为发病后18h￣26d不等。结果治愈17例,1例死于多器官功能衰竭,住院时间28￣86d,平均46d。结论采用腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎对机体的创伤打击小、干扰少,冲洗引流可靠,可有效地改善重症急性胰腺炎的预后,是现行一种安全有效的治疗方法。其手术时机、适应证的选择与传统开腹手术有所不同。     

Guidelines for the inter- and intrahospital transport of critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: The development of practice guidelines for the conduct of intra- and interhospital transport of the critically ill patient. DATA SOURCE: Expert opinion and a search of Index Medicus from January 1986 through October 2001 provided the basis for these guidelines. A task force of experts in the field of patient transport provided personal experience and expert opinion. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Several prospective and clinical outcome studies were found. However, much of the published data comes from retrospective reviews and anecdotal reports. Experience and consensus opinion form the basis of much of these guidelines. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Each hospital should have a formalized plan for intra- and interhospital transport that addresses a) pretransport coordination and communication; b) transport personnel; c) transport equipment; d) monitoring during transport; and e) documentation. The transport plan should be developed by a multidisciplinary team and should be evaluated and refined regularly using a standard quality improvement process. CONCLUSION: The transport of critically ill patients carries inherent risks. These guidelines promote measures to ensure safe patient transport. Although both intra- and interhospital transport must comply with regulations, we believe that patient safety is enhanced during transport by establishing an organized, efficient process supported by appropriate equipment and personnel.     

Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation has assumed an important role in the management of respiratory failure in critical care units, but it must be used selectively depending on the patient's diagnosis and clinical characteristics. DATA: We review the strong evidence supporting the use of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure to prevent intubation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations or acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and in immunocompromised patients, as well as to facilitate extubation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who require initial intubation. Weaker evidence supports consideration of noninvasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with postoperative or postextubation respiratory failure; patients with acute respiratory failure due to asthma exacerbations, pneumonia, acute lung injury, or acute respiratory distress syndrome; during bronchoscopy; or as a means of preoxygenation before intubation in critically ill patients with severe hypoxemia. CONCLUSION: Noninvasive ventilation has assumed an important role in managing patients with acute respiratory failure. Patients should be monitored closely for signs of noninvasive ventilation failure and promptly intubated before a crisis develops. The application of noninvasive ventilation by a trained and experienced intensive care unit team, with careful patient selection, should optimize patient outcomes.     

Red cell transfusion therapy in the critical care setting

According to our own experience and published reports the frequency of red cell transfusion in intensive care units is in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 units per patient per day and is dependent upon the local strategy, the patients involved and the kind of surgery performed. The rationale for red cell transfusion is to maintain or restore the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to avoid tissue hypoxia which occurs when oxygen delivery drops below a certain critical value. Besides bleeding, phlebotomy is also a significant source of blood loss in critically ill patients. According to several recent reviews and consensus articles there is no basis for a fixed indicator for transfusion, such as a haemoglobin concentration of < 100 gL-1. The decision to transfuse has to be made according to the patients individual status. The major adaptive mechanism in response to acute anaemia is an increase in cardiac output and hence blood flow to tissues. As a consequence even moderate degrees of acute anaemia may not be tolerated by patients with cardiac disease, whilst marked anaemia carries a considerable risk of ischaemia in patients with brain lesions or cerebral arterial stenoses. In critically ill patients it has been postulated that supply dependency of oxygen consumption occurs over a wide range of oxygen delivery, far above the critical values of oxygen delivery seen under normal conditions. Maximising oxygen delivery was therefore formulated as a goal in these patients. However, whether pathological supply dependency of oxygen delivery really exists in critically ill patients is still under discussion and recent studies found no benefit in maximising oxygen delivery to this patient group. However, individualised triggers for red blood cell transfusion are adequate for critically ill patients considering their co-morbidities and severity of disease. Finally, the decision to transfuse must also take into account the potential risks (infectious and non-infectious), as well as benefits for the individual patient. In the future, the level of transfusions may be reduced by using blood sparing techniques such as blood withdrawal in closed systems, bedside microchemistry, intravascular monitors, or autotransfusion of drainage blood in intensive care units.     

早期B超引导穿刺引流治疗急性重症胰腺炎并胰周积液21例临床分析

[目的]探讨早期B超引导穿刺引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并胰周积液的价值.[方法]对本科2010年7月至2011年7月期间收治的21例SAP并胰周积液患者采取早期超声引导穿刺置管引流术,观察其疗效.[结果]患者平均引流时间和平均住院日分别为7.6 d和32 d.21例患者中2例因引流不畅改开腹手术;19例治愈,其中3例经更换置管后有效引流.[结论]对于急性重症胰腺炎合并胰周积液的患者,超声引导穿刺置管引流术是一种重要的早期治疗手段.