双相情感障碍在门诊的误诊情况分析（英文）

背景:双相情感障碍是一种高误诊率的精神疾病,常被误诊为抑郁症、精神分裂症、焦虑症、强迫症和人格障碍等精神疾病,导致临床症状不能有效控制,病情呈反复发作趋势,故近年来双相情感障碍的误诊问题越来越引起精神科医生的重视。目的:了解双相情感障碍在门诊的误诊情况,并分析其误诊原因,指导临床医师加强对双相情感障碍的识别,尽量避免或减少其误诊和漏诊。方法:纳入专家门诊确诊为双相情感障碍的患者,了解其在门诊的就诊及误诊和漏诊情况,通过比较误诊组(包含漏诊者)和确诊组的临床资料进一步分析导致误诊和漏诊的可能原因。结果:双相情感障碍在专家门诊就诊患者中占31.5%。符合本研究入组标准的共有177例,其中误诊组136例(76.8%),确诊组41例(23.2%),误诊为抑郁症者最多(70.6%)。误诊组患者首次发作更多的表现为抑郁发作(χ~2=5.206,p=0.023),并且病程中抑郁发作次数更多(Z=-2.268,p=0.023);误诊组起病至首次治疗的时间较短(Z=-2.612,p=0.009)、而起病至确诊时间更长(Z=-3.685,p0.001),总病程更长(Z=-3.274,p=0.001),并且住院治疗的患者更多(χ~2=4.539,p=0.033),住院次数也更多(Z=-2.164,p=0.031);误诊组伴有精神病性症状更多(χ~2=11.74,p=0.001),尤其抑郁发作时(χ~2=7.63,p=0.006),共病的发生率更高(χ~2=5.23,p=0.022);误诊组HCL-32评分更低(t=-2.564,p=0.011)。误诊组诊断为其他特定的双相及相关障碍的患者较确诊组多(11.0%v.4.9%),并且误诊组最近发作情况表现为抑郁发作的患者较多(78.7%v.65.9%)。结论:门诊双相情感障碍患者的误诊率高,常被误诊为抑郁症。误诊组患者首次发作更多的表现为抑郁发作,病程中抑郁发作次数更多,伴有精神病性症状更多,共病的发生率更高,并且患者对自身躁狂或轻躁狂发作情况明显认识不足,导致早期难以明确诊断,确诊所需时间更长,住院比率更高,住院次数更多。临床医生应提高对双相情感障碍的识别,避免或减少双相情感障碍的误诊和漏诊。     

SSRI 治疗首发为抑郁发作的双相障碍患者对自杀风险的相关因素分析

目的 探讨双相障碍首次抑郁发作使用SSRI类抗抑郁剂治疗后,出现自杀风险的相关因素.方法 回顾性记录177例以抑郁发作为首次发作形式的双相抑郁障碍患者人口学资料和临床特征,并比较它们在没有出现自杀组和出现自杀组之间的差异,采用逐步Logistic回归方法进行分析,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)与Hosmer-Lemeshow分别评估危险因素模型的准确度和拟合优度.结果 没有出现自杀风险患者154例,出现自杀风险患者23例.出现自杀风险的患者组中饮酒史、心境障碍家族史、有易激惹症状、绝望感和伴随精神病性症状的比例高于未出现自杀风险的患者组(均P<0.05).进一步回归分析显示,使用SSRI类抗抑郁剂治疗而导致自杀风险的相关因素为:易激惹(OR=4.04,95%CI:1.40-11.67,P<0.05),有精神病性症状(OR=6.23,95%CI:1.41-27.56,P<0.05).ROC为0.71.Hosmer-Lemeshow为0.58.结论 易激惹症状、精神病性症状是双相障碍首次抑郁发作予SSRI治疗出现自杀风险的潜在预测因素.     

双相障碍住院患者临床特征及诊治相关因素的回顾性研究

目的 了解双相障碍住院患者的临床特征及诊断、治疗等相关因素.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对2009年1～12月于北京安定医院抑郁症治疗中心治疗的全部双相障碍住院患者进行资料收集,内容包括发病年龄、确诊年龄等人口学资料以及既往诊断、治疗等临床指标.结果 共收集450例双相障碍患者的资料.平均首次发病年龄为(23.25±7.11)岁,58.7％首次发病在25岁之前,确诊年龄为(29.12±5.94)岁.全部患者中,63.8％既往首次发作为抑郁发作,61.6％的患者曾被误诊,误诊前两位疾病分别是重性抑郁发作和精神分裂症.443例(98.4％)双相障碍患者因疾病复发而住院,复发原因主要为不依从服药(55.8％)和治疗不规范(24.8％).患者发作次数与用药种类的卡方检验显示,患者发作次数越少,用药种类越少;发作次数≤2次者用药种类与其他发作次数者相比差异有统计学意义(x2=19.155,P=0.004).结论 双相障碍住院患者发病年龄早,首发症状多为抑郁发作.双相障碍误诊率高,复发率高,治疗依从性差.发作次数少的患者合并治疗药物种类相对较少.     

双相情感障碍抑郁相与单相抑郁发作临床分析

目的:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作进行临床分析。方法:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作患者各30例进行临床分析。结果:双相情感障碍抑郁相有如下特点:①发病年龄早;②女性多见;③具有“精力过盛”性人格;④一级亲属中有双相障碍的家族史;⑤症状多为非典型抑郁发作或伴有精神病性症状。结论:如首次抑郁发作的症状符合以上特点,则可能以后发展为双相情感障碍,应使用足量心境稳定剂,谨慎使用抗抑郁剂,以免转为躁狂发作。     

双相情感障碍混合相临床特征对照研究

目的:了解双相情感障碍混合相的临床特征。方法:收集42例双相情感障碍混合相患者(混合组)与93例无混合发作的双相情感障碍躁狂相的患者(躁狂组)住院治疗的临床资料进行对比。结果:混合组年龄稍低,多见于女性和独身者,性格多为外向型或中间型,首次发作多为抑郁,多伴有精神病性症状及自杀意念和企图。多元逐步回归分析提示,混合发作与自杀意念和企图、性格、性别、首次发作形式有显著的相关性。混合组具有易被误诊、住院时间长、疗效较差的特点。结论:双相情感障碍混合相临床表现具有特殊性、严重性及相应的难治性,应加强重视。     

重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍患者抑郁发作伴随躁狂症状的临床特征

目的:了解重性抑郁障碍(MDD)或双相障碍抑郁发作患者出现躁狂症状的频率和程度。方法:对52例经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSMIV)重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍抑郁发作的患者,采用情感障碍评估量表(ADE)评估患者本次抑郁发作中出现的躁狂症状。结果:52例患者中有36例重性抑郁障碍,16例为双相障碍抑郁发作。至少有1条躁狂症状的患者达86.5%(n=45),至少有3条躁狂症状的患者占32.7%(n=17),而没有任何躁狂症状的患者仅占13.5%(n=7)。结论:抑郁发作患者大多存在不同程度的躁狂症状,及时识别这些症状,对诊断与治疗有指导意义。情感障碍评估量表是一个值得应用的评估情感发作的工具。     

抑郁症门诊患者中未识别出的双相障碍者的临床特征（英文）

背景双相障碍常未被识别或被误诊为单相抑郁。明确未被识别或被误诊的双相障碍者的临床特征有助于减少错误分类。目的调查门诊抑郁症患者中未被识别的双相障碍者的比例,并分析未被识别的双相障碍者的临床特征。方法使用32项轻躁狂症状清单（Hypomania Checklist-32,HCL-32）、心境障碍问卷（Mood Disorder Questionnaire,MDQ）和简明国际神经精神访谈（Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI）对目前被诊断为抑郁症的100例门诊患者进行调查。对被重新诊断为双相障碍与仍然被诊断为抑郁症的患者的临床特征进行比较分析。结果共有29例（29%）抑郁症门诊患者被诊断为双相障碍;其中双相Ⅰ型6例,双相Ⅱ型23例。与未更改诊断的抑郁症者相比,被重新诊断为双相障碍者年龄轻、起病早、发病次数多、受教育程度高,多为复发性抑郁且多伴精神病性症状。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄（OR=0.55,95%CI=0.34~0.89）和精神病性症状（OR=9.12,95%CI=1.56~53.26）是双相障碍的独立危险因素。结论在门诊抑郁症患者中未被识别的双相障碍比例较高,尤其是双相Ⅱ型。与单相抑郁相比,诊断为抑郁症而为未被识别的双相障碍者年龄轻,更可能伴有精神病性症状。     

重视综合性医院双相障碍的诊断问题

双相障碍是指既有符合症状学诊断标准的躁狂或轻躁狂发作,又有抑郁发作的一类心境障碍.双相障碍一般呈发作性病程,躁狂和抑郁常反复循环或交替出现,但也可以混合方式存在,是一种高致残、高负担的重性精神障碍,对患者的社会功能产生不良影响.综合医院和基层医疗机构通常是双相障碍患者首次就诊机构.据估计,在综合医院所有就诊人群中,双相障碍的比例约为10％左右,而在精神科门诊可达20～30％[1-4].在发达国家,双相障碍往往首诊于全科医师执业的基层医疗机构,所以他们强调要重视在基层医疗机构的双相障碍的正确诊断问题.在我国,全科医学正在起步,患者常在综合医院的非精神科就诊,因此,更要强调综合医院中双相障碍的误诊和漏诊.     

2006年我国十省市双相障碍患者药物使用的横断面调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市双相障碍患者药物治疗现况.方法 根据经济发展水平,按照方便取样原则,在我国10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科,选择760例年龄16～65岁,符合国际疾病分类第10版精神和行为障碍分类双相情感障碍诊断标准,接受精神药物治疗的双相障碍门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷调查双相障碍患者药物治疗的处方方式.结果 (1)760例患者中,门诊患者为329例(43.3％);住院患者为431例(56.7％);男436例(57.4％),女318例(41.8％),缺失6例(0.8％)数据.(2) ＞2/3的患者表现为情感高涨(481例,63.3％)、活动增多(513例,67.5％)及思维奔逸(436例,57.4％),162例(21.3％)患者以抑郁表现为主,60例(7.9％)患者伴有精神病性症状,48例(6.3％)患者有自杀观念或行为.住院患者处于急性治疗期、伴精神病性症状的患者比例显著高于门诊患者,并且功能损害更严重.(3)671例(88.3％)患者接受心境稳定剂治疗,主要是碳酸锂和丙戊酸盐;593例(78.0％)患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,按照使用频率高低前5种药物分别是:氯氮平、利培酮、氯丙嗪、奎硫平和氟哌啶醇;142例(18.7％)患者接受了抗抑郁药治疗,其中78例(63.4％)选择新型抗抑郁药选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂.(4)住院患者使用抗精神病药的比例明显高于门诊患者(87.0％vs 66.3％,x2=46.835,P=0.000),门诊患者接受抗抑郁药治疗的比例显著高于住院患者(22.5％ vs 15.8％,x2=5.538,P=0.019).(5)606例(79.8％)的患者联合2种或3种药物治疗,主要治疗方案是心境稳定剂联合抗精神病药,双相抑郁发作以心境稳定剂联合抗抑郁药治疗为主.(6)患者对治疗药物(抗精神病药、心境稳定剂或抗抑郁药)的选择受不同临床症状的影响(P＜0.05).结论 临床实践中,双相障碍以联合治疗为主,心境稳定剂联合抗精神病药及联合抗抑郁药分别是双相躁狂和双相抑郁患者的主要治疗方案,治疗药物选择主要受患者临床症状的影响.     

误诊为精神分裂症的情感性精神病

报告误诊为精神分裂症的情感性精神病42例,占同期住院的情感性精神病总数489例的8.59％。其中躁狂发作时被误诊者26例次,抑郁发作时被误诊者20例次。躁狂发作时出现的思维散漫、被害或关系妄想、言语性幻听,抑郁发作时的妄想幻觉、人格解体诉述和情感缺乏共鸣常是导致误诊的根源。42例均呈间歇性发作病程,间歇期正常。发作时情感障碍明显。强调诊断应从纵横两方面进行分析才易于得出正确结论。     

Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach

The propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.     

Early stages in the formation of the cerebellum in the frog

The formation of the cerebellum was studied during the first 6 months of the tadpole stage of the bullfrog by using standard histological methods and reconstructions from serial horizontal sections. Three major developmental phases were noted in the formation of the cerebellum. (1) During the first 5 weeks of development, the neuroepithelium proliferated and the dorsal mesencephalic plates increased in size. (2) Starting in the sixth week, a patch of neuroepithelium began to differentiate and gave rise to a small population of Purkinje cells. In subsequent weeks, the area of differentiation continued to spread and a Purkinje cell layer became established along the dorsal margin of the cerebellar plate. (3) In the 12th week, the ventrolateral part of the cerebellar plate began to increase in size and generate two populations of small cells. The lateralmost part of the neuroepithelium in this area generated a group of cells that formed an external granular layer that was one cell deep. Cells of this external granular layer migrated inward into the primitive molecular layer, and by the 26th week only a remnant of an external granular layer remained in the cerebellum. The more medially situated part of the neuroepithelium gave rise to another population of small cells that formed a column, which appeared to be continuous with the Purkinje cells, but differed from them in size. It should be noted that full maturation of the cerebellum occurs during metamorphosis, which in this species remains some 2 years away.     

Asymmetry in the structural organization of the ganglion layer of the retina in the frog

Silver-impregnated retinal preparations were used to study the distribution density and topographic features of small and large ganglionic cells (GC) of Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. For both species the increased density of GC (a streak) stretched higher than the naso-temporal axis passing through the optic disk. Beyond the streak the density of small GC was maximal in the central zone of the retina and decreased towards its periphery. For the upper quadrants of the retina the density of small GC was higher than that for the lower ones by 26% on the average. On the contrary, the density of large GC was higher in the lower part of the retina as compared to the upper one, the difference being more pronounced for R. temporaria. The density of large GC was also asymmetric with respect to the dorso-ventral axis being higher in nasal quadrants than in temporal ones by 40-55%. The highest density of large GC was found in the middle zone of the retina. The found structural asymmetry in the retinal output raster may bear an adaptively ecological meaning and may condition the particularities of the formation of the visually guided prey-catching and avoidance reactions.     

Local nonuniformities in the syncytium of the horizontal cells of the retina in the turtle

Electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina was investigated by means of two microelectrodes (current and recording ones) penetrating neighbouring cells at a fixed distance from each other. The morphological coupling was revealed by means of fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. The electrical coupling was confirmed between elements of similar type (L1--axonal terminals, or L2--cell bodies, or R/G type cells) and no coupling was found between elements of different types, though L1 and L2 are directly connected through thin axons. In the L1 syncytium the electrical coupling at small (less than or equal to 50 microns) but fixed distances between microelectrodes could differ several times depending on the minimal displacement of microelectrodes. This local nonuniformity of coupling can be explained on the basis of structural nonuniformities in the L1 (axon terminal) network. It is unlikely however that the structural nonuniformities can influence the functional properties of horizontal cell network when the retina is stimulated adequately (by light).     

Challenges in the Management of the HIV Patient in the Third Decade of AIDS

The epidemic of AIDS has been increasingly recognized as a major health and socioeconomic problem, not only in the United States or Africa, but also the rest of the world. The face of the epidemic has changed. The role that mental health providers play has also significantly grown as the epidemic continues on. Prior to the introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) and other advances in HIV care, the patients faced issues that related to death and dying. These advances brought with them renewed hope and resurrected lives. The patients fought with issues related to living new lives with HIV no longer an imminent death threat. In the third decade of AIDS, the struggles of the post-HAART era continue but bring with it more challenges. Mental health providers need to familiarize themselves with these issues so that they can better help HIV patients cope with this devastating disease.     

Role of the subthalamo-nigral input in the control of amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is a critical site for the control of epileptic seizures. Potentiation of the inhibitory GABAergic input from the striatum to the SNpr suppresses primary or secondary generalized seizures in the rat. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible involvement of the excitatory glutamatergic input from the subthalamic nucleus to the SNpr in the control of both the electroencephalographic and the motor components of amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat. Microinjections of either an N-methyl- -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist in the substantia nigra or a GABA_A agonist in the subthalamic nucleus, significantly reduced motor seizures but did not modified the afterdischarges. These results provide evidence for the involvement of the subthalamo-nigral projection in the modulation and the propagation of the motor components of amygdala-kindled seizures.     

Patterning in the regeneration of electroreceptors in the fin of Kryptopterus

The influence of the target tissue on afferent nerve regeneration was studied in the adult glass catfish, Kryptopterus. In this fish, electroreceptors in the anal fin are distributed in a characteristic pattern in the proximal part of the fin and are absent in the distal portion of the fin. We tested whether axons were more likely to induce electroreceptors in certain regions of fin epidermis than in others. We rotated fin transplants so that the location of the degenerating electroreceptors was altered with respect to the regenerating axons in the host tissue dorsal to the fin. The effects of these rotations were observed in the living animal with differential interference contrast optics over a period of 10 weeks. When transplants were reversed rostrocaudally, new electroreceptors formed in the caudal half of the interradial zone, where degenerating electroreceptors were at the time of transplantation. When transplants were rotated so that the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal axes were reversed, some new receptors formed in the old target site regions that were located in the caudal interradial zones (in the distal half of the graft with respect to the host). Regenerating axons reached these regions of the transplant by taking unusual routes around the electroreceptor-free regions of fin. Very few electroreceptors formed in the distal/caudal or proximal/caudal interradial quadrants of grafts where the original orientation of the tissue was maintained. We suggest that old target sites have a neurotropic influence on the regenerating afferent axons and discuss the possibility that the distal fin epidermis is not as permissive to electroreceptor formation as proximal fin epidermis.     

Organization in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat

Organization of the fibers in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord was investigated in cats. The spinal cord was penetrated with microelectrodes at 400 mum intervals in the medio-lateral direction at the c5/c6 and c6/c7 segmental borders. Silicon substrate microelectrodes with a linear arrangement of activated iridium contacts were used. The stimulus consisted of a 20 ms train of charge balanced biphasic current pulses at 330 Hz. The evoked activities from selected forelimb muscles were acquired into computer. Only the data points with an activation threshold of less than 35 muA were considered in the analysis. Muscle contractions were mostly in the form of short twitches. In both spinal segments, an area of high threshold was found in the middle of the dorsolateral funiculus. Majority of the muscles studied had a dorsal or ventral concentration of activation points. The distal muscles were mostly activated in the ventro-lateral aspect of the funiculus, while the elbow muscle maps spread to both dorsal and ventral sides. These results show a functional organization in both cervical segments studied, with overlapping regions between the areas dedicated for each forelimb muscle.     

Pursuit of the origin of the large myelinated fibers of the anterolateral funiculus in the spinal cord in humans in relation to the pathomechanism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

To determine the origin of the large myelinated fibers in the anterolateral funiculus (ALF) in the spinal cord of humans, myelinated fibers in the ALF of the mid-cervical spinal cord were examined quantitatively. Five groups of subjects were examined, consisting of control subjects, patients with cerebral lesions and showing complete degeneration of the unilateral/bilateral pyramis of the medulla oblongata, those with lesions of the pontine tegmentum, those with lesions of the lower cervical spinal cord, and those with thoracic/lumbar lesions. The results indicate that the large myelinated fibers in the ALF of the mid-cervical spinal cord of humans originate from the tegmentum of the brain stem and the lower cervical spinal cord, and not from the cerebrum, or the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. Thus, they are descending fibers from the brain stem tegmentum and ascending fibers from the lower cervical cord, and not corticospinal tracts or long-ascending fibers from the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. The origin of the large myelinated fibers in the ALF of the spinal cord in humans, the number of which was severely decreased in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is considered to be the long-descending neurons in the brain stem tegmentum and the propriospinal neurons in the spinal cord. Received: 23 December 1998 / Revised, accepted: 29 March 1999     

Selectivity between faces in the responses of a population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey

There is a population of neurons in the cortex in the middle and anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the monkey with responses which are selective for faces. If, consistent with the effects of damage to the temporal lobe, these neurons are involved in face recognition or in making appropriate social responses to different individuals, then it might be expected that at least some of these neurons might respond differently to different faces. To investigate whether at least some of these neurons do respond differently to different faces, their responses were measured to a standard set of faces, presented in random sequence using a video framestore. It was found that a considerable proportion of the neurons with face selective responses tested (34/44 or 77%) responded differently to different faces, as shown by analyses of variance. An index of the discriminability of the most and least effective face stimulus (d') ranged between 0.2 and 5.0 for the different neurons. Although these neurons often responded differently to different faces, they did not usually respond to only one of the faces in the set, so that information that a particular face had been shown was present across an ensemble of neurons, rather than in the responses of an individual neuron. These findings indicate that the responses of these neurons would be useful in providing information on which different behavioral responses made to different faces could be based. These neurons could thus be filters, the output of which could be used for recognition of different individuals and in emotional responses made to different individuals.