精神分裂症动物模型研究进展

动物模型是精神医学以及脑科学研究中重要的研究手段之一，各种精神疾病的动物模型对精神障碍的病因学机制、药物作用机理的探讨以及新药开发都具有非常重要的意义。从伦理学角度考虑，疾病模型的研究方法不能直接应用与人，因此，动物模型作为一个有力的工具为探讨精神疾病的生物学机制提供了广阔的前景：半个多世纪以来，科学家先后开发了许多与精神分裂症、抑郁症、焦虑障碍、酒精中毒等精神障碍相关的以及各种关于学习和记忆的动物模型，这些模型极大地增加了人们对精神疾病的本质以及大脑作用机制的了解。然而，由于精神疾病病因病理的复杂性以及动物模型自身的局限性加之日益更新的精神疾病新知识，发展、充实、完善精神疾病的动物模型是目前精神医学界所面临的重要课题。我国对精神疾病动物模型的研究尚处于起步阶段，相应的科研工作仍未被引起足够的重视和积极的开展。鉴此，本文首先阐述精神疾病动物模型所欲达到的几个目标，然后简要地介绍目前较为常用的且比较成熟的的几个精神分裂症动物模型。     

精神分裂症的动物模型研究进展

精神分裂症是一种在认知、情感、行为、社会功能等多方面存在障碍的慢性重性精神疾病。 精神分裂症动物模型被广泛应用于病因机制、药物作用机理乃至新药开发等研究。良好的动物模型构 建将有利于解决疾病研究中的工作难题。现对精神分裂症动物模型的类型与精神分裂症发病机制的关 联进行综述，为研究精神分裂症的动物实验研究提供文献依据。     

BDNF 基因的表观遗传调控在精神分裂症中的研究进展

精神分裂症（Schizophrenia）是一种病因不明的重性精神疾病,神经发育障碍假说是目前重要的病理机制假说。脑源性神经营养因子（Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ,BDNF）作为神经营养素家族的重要成员,广泛表达于大脑及其他组织,通过对神经元的生长、分化进行调节从而影响神经发育。研究显示,包括精神分裂症和情感障碍在内的精神疾病均存在中枢和外周组织BDN F基因表达的改变。近年的研究发现,表观遗传调控对BDN F基因的表达具有重要作用,这些研究为精神疾病的发病机制提供了新的方向,同时为药物治疗提供了新的作用靶点。现对BDN F基因的表观遗传调控与精神分裂症的相关研究作一综述。     

精神分裂症神经发育障碍假说的研究进展

<正>精神分裂症是一种病因复杂的重性精神疾病,目前认为遗传和环境共同起作用导致了精神分裂症,有关本病的发病危险因素以及相关因素包括生物学因素和社会环境因素,就生物学因素而言,诸多研究显示本病是多基因遗传,由若干基因叠加作用所致,而非某一基因作用而致;而目前关于神经免疫和内分泌的研究也涉及多个神经递质和激素,以上     

感觉运动门控理论和精神分裂症动物模型的研究进展

目前，对动物模型的研究，是探讨精神疾病发病机制及治疗的理想模式。其中最常用的精神分裂症动物模型，是利用感觉运动门控理论而建立的听觉诱发电位P50（以下简称P50）和惊反射的前脉冲抑制（prepulse inhibition，PPI）。精神分裂症的P50和PPI动物模型，不仅为该病的病因学机制提供了有力的证据，而且对精神药物作用机理的探讨，以及新药开发都具有十分重要的意义”。     

DISC1在精神分裂症发病机制中的作用

染色体（1;11）（q42．1;q14．3）平衡易位后会引起断点部位精神分裂症断裂基因1（disrupted—in—schizophrenia-1,DISC1）突变。DISC1是很多精神疾病的潜在易感基因,已有研究表明,DISC1的基因突变、单核苷酸多态性与精神分裂症、双相障碍等精神疾病的发病都有密切关系。但是DISC1参与精神疾病发病的作用机制还不清楚。近年来,有关DISC1的生物学特性,生理功能以及参与精神疾病发病的研究不断深入。我们对目前的研究现状作一综述。     

微小核糖核酸与精神疾病及精神药物的研究进展

微小核糖核酸( microRNA,miRNA)是一种不编码蛋白质的小RNA分子,可以在转录后水平调节基因的表达,广泛参与了个体发育、细胞增殖凋亡等生命活动.近年的研究也显示miRNA的调控障碍以及编码序列的改变与包括精神分裂症和双相障碍在内的多种精神疾病的发生有关,而且精神药物的治疗作用可能与miRNA表达谱的改变有关.我们就目前miRNA在精神疾病及治疗药物中的研究进展进行综述.     

精神分裂症与多巴胺D3受体基因纯合型之间不存在关联

精神分裂症是一种严重的精神疾病,在人群中的患病率约为1％。大量的家系,双生子和寄养子研究表明遗传因素对精神分裂症的发病起了重要作用,但确切的遗传因子至今末知。多巴胺受体和大脑边缘系统对精神分裂症发病有重要影响。因为诸如苯丙胺类的多巴胺活化药物可加重分裂症症状,而多巴胺受体拮抗剂则可以对精神分裂症产生药效。现已发现5种多巴胺受体基因(D1—5)和一些D5假基因,家系     

Neuregulin 1基因和精神分裂症易感性的研究进展

精神分裂症是最常见的一种重症精神疾病,在人群中的患病率约为1%。家系、双生子和寄养子研究证明遗传因素在精神分裂症的发病中起重要作用。80年代以来,由于分子遗传学技术的进步,在基因水平进行了大量研究。根据抗精神病药物药理作用提供的线索,研究者起初将精神分裂症候选基因的研究集中在多巴胺和5-羟色胺系统,但多年来未有明确结果,即便有些研究发现某些基因有阳性结果,重复性也很差,甚至在其它研究中出现相反结果。除了多巴胺和5-羟色胺系统的基因外,研究较多的候选基因还有儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)基因、神经营养因子3(neurotr…     

精神分裂症糖脂代谢紊乱与睡眠障碍关系的研究进展

精神分裂症是一种严重的精神疾病,具有高发病率、高致残率及高病死率的特点。越来越多的研究发现,精神分裂症糖脂代谢紊乱与睡眠障碍相关,病理生理机制尚不明确。目前研究提出,睡眠障碍作为精神分裂症患者常见的临床症状,可能通过神经内分泌系统、肠道微生物等影响精神分裂症糖脂代谢紊乱的发生和发展。文章着重从失眠、中枢性嗜睡症、昼夜节律睡眠-觉醒障碍、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停四个方面对精神分裂症伴糖脂代谢紊乱的相关研究进展进行综述,为精神分裂症患者心血管疾病的防治提供思路。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。