脑桥中央合并脑桥外髓鞘溶解症一例

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症(central pontine myelinolysis,CPM)是原因不明的以脑桥基底部对称性脱髓鞘为病理特征的综合征,常发生在快速纠正低钠血症之后.病灶若出现在脑内的其他部位,如双侧豆状核、尾状核、丘脑和皮层下白质等,则称为脑桥外髓鞘溶解症(extrapontine myelinolysis,EPM),其临床相对少见.现将收集的一例CPM合并EPM报道如下.     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症和脑桥外髓鞘溶解症5例临床分析

目的　探讨脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症 (CPM)和 /或脑桥外髓鞘溶解症 (EPM)的发病机制及早期预防和诊治原则。方法　对 5例CPM/EPM患者的临床表现、影像学资料及治疗转归进行分析。结果　临床观察发现 :(1)5例患者均存在严重的基础疾病 ,特别是严重的电解质紊乱 (低钠血症 ) ,不同程度的意识障碍 ,吞咽困难 ,构音障碍。 (2 ) 3例有四肢瘫 ,锥体束征阳性 ;1例表现为帕金森综合征。 (3) 5例头颅MRI均阳性。 (4) 5例均临床好转出院 ,生活自理。结论　 (1)CPM和 /或EPM的发生与低钠血症及快速纠正低钠血症有关。 (2 )CPM和 /或EPM并非致死性疾病 ,无论病情多严重 ,均不应放弃治疗。     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症和脑桥外髓鞘溶解症5例临床分析

目的 探讨脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症（CPM）和/或脑桥外髓鞘溶解症（EPM）的发病机制及早期预防和诊治原则。方法 对5例CPM/EPM患者的临床表现，影像学资料及治疗转归进行分析。结果 临床观察发现：（1）5例患者均存在严重的基础疾病，特别是严重的电解质紊乱（低钠血症），不同程度的意识障碍，吞咽困难，构音障碍。（2）3例有四肢瘫，锥体束征阳性；1例表现为帕金森综合征。（3）5例头颅MRI均阳性。（4）5例均临床好转出院，生活自理。结论（1）CPM和/或EPM的发生与低钠血症及快速纠正低钠血症有关。（2）CPM和/或EPM并非致死性疾病，无论病情多严重，均不应放弃治疗。     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症并脑桥外髓鞘溶解症1例

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症(central pontine myelinolysis,CPM)以假性球麻痹、四肢迟缓性瘫痪和精神症状为特征,类似病变也累及丘脑、基底节和大小脑的灰白质联合等脑桥以外区域,称脑桥外髓鞘溶解症(extrapontine myelinolysis,EPM)。现报道1例经头颅MR I确诊的CPM和EPM,出现假性球麻     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症1例

1 病例 患者, 男性, 32岁.常年每日饮酒史约1市斤左右.此次因发热, 在当地进行抗炎抗病毒治疗, 于第14日患者出现复视, 复视3日后出现尿潴留, 双下肢无力.     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症一例

患者男,30岁,因反复发热1月,四肢无力4 d于2008年11月7日入住南海人民医院神经内科.患者入院1月前无明显诱因出现畏寒发热,最高体温38.5℃,在外院予退热、抗感染等处理,仍反复发热.入我院前4d,患者出现四肢无力,伴头痛、言语不清,并进行性加重,不能站立.既往体健,无酗病史.查:体温36.5℃,脉搏60次/min.呼吸18次/min,血压90/60 mm Hg,心肺腹无明显异常.     

脑桥外髓鞘溶解症合并中央型肺癌1例

<正>脑桥外髓鞘溶解症(extrapontine myelinolysis,EPM)是一种少见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病,与脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症(central pontine myelinolysis,CPM)合称为渗透性髓鞘溶解综合征(osmotic demyelination syndrome,ODS)。ODS多发生于快速纠正缓慢形成的低钠血症的过程,可单独发生CPM或EPM,也可二者合并发生,目前其发生机制尚不完全明确。该病在临床中较为少见,重在预防,一旦发生无特效治疗。现将我院收治的1例患者报道如下。1资料患者,男,49岁,因"精神行为异常12 d"入院。15 d前     

脑桥中央和脑桥外髓鞘溶解症的临床分析和影像特点

目的:探讨脑桥中央和脑桥外髓鞘溶解症的临床及神经影像特点。方法:分析3例脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症和1例脑桥外髓鞘溶解症患者的临床特点,包括起病前诱因、临床表现、头颅MRI特点、治疗及预后情况。结果:4例患者均有慢性形成低钠血症后被快速纠正的病史,以意识改变、构音和吞咽困难、四肢瘫痪等为临床表现。3例脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症的MRI表现为脑桥部位对称性的T1加权低信号灶、T2加权高信号灶,呈环状分布;1例脑桥外髓鞘溶解症者在基底节区域有对称性的T1加权低信号、T2加权高信号病灶。4例患者总体预后良好。结论:提高髓鞘溶解症的认识对于本病的防治非常重要,缓慢纠正慢性形成的低钠血症是预防的关键。     

脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症的临床和MRI特点(8例报告)

目的 探讨脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症及脑桥外髓鞘溶解的发病原因、临床特点、治疗、疾病预后及急性期、恢复期MRI影像学特点.方法 对2002年～2006年吉林大学中日联谊医院收治的8例CPM患者的病因、临床表现、MRI影像学特点及治疗转归进行回顾性分析.结果 8例患者均有基础疾病.患者表现不同程度的意识障碍、肢体瘫痪、球麻痹;其中1例无相应的临床症状.6例患者在发病早期行头部MRI检查,表现脑桥基底部对称分布的病灶;其中的3例伴有脑桥外的髓鞘溶解,病灶主要分布在丘脑、壳核;其中的2例在发病后的1个月复查头部MRI,发现脑桥病灶有不同程度的缩小,表现T1W1低信号、T2W2高信号;丘脑、壳核的病灶表现T1 W1高信号、T2W2高信号.除1例无临床症状及1例肝移植术后患者外,其余6例一经明确诊断,均立即行激素治疗.6例患者基本恢复正常,生活可以自理.结论 肝功能损伤、慢性肾功能不全的患者容易出现脑桥中央及脑桥外的髓鞘溶解症;患者激素治疗有效;头部MRI是最有效的检查方法,是确诊的重要依据;疾病恢复期丘脑、壳核病灶的短T1、长T2的影像学改变考虑与髓鞘溶解后的脂类堆积有关.     

脑桥中央和脑桥外髓鞘溶解症的临床与影像学特征

目的 探索脑桥中央及脑桥外髓鞘溶解症的临床表现、发病机制及诊疗方法.方法 对2例诊断为脑桥中央及脑桥外髓鞘溶解症患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 脑桥中央及脑桥外髓鞘溶解症可表现为假性延髓麻痹、四肢瘫痪和意识障碍等.头颅磁共振是确立诊断的重要手段.结论 提高对脑桥中央及脑桥外髓鞘溶解症易感因素的认识及缓慢纠正电解质紊乱将有助于预防其发生,目前无特异性治疗方法.     

1例缓慢补钠致脑桥中心／脑桥外髓鞘溶解症分析

目的 提高对危重患者救治过程中发生脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症（CPM）/脑桥外髓鞘溶解症（EPM）的认识.方法 对1例危重患者救治过程中发生CPM/EPM的临床资料、辅助检查及相关文献进行分析.结果 对营养不良、严重感染伴有低钠血症的患者,每日纠正血钠10mmol/L亦可发生渗透性髓鞘溶解症,核磁检查显示病灶更清晰.结论 慢性低钠血症患者为避免出现CPM/EPM,每日血钠纠正应＜10mmol/L.     

Outcome of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (n = 44)

The findings in 44 patients (42 of whom were chronic alcoholics) with central pontine myelinolysis show that the outcome does not depend on the severity of neurological deficits during the acute phase of the condition or on concomitant internal diseases, including the degree of hyponatremia. Of the 34 patients for whom follow-up data were available, 32 survived. Of these 11 completely recovered, 11 had some deficits but were independent, and 10 were dependent (4 through disorders of memory or cognition, 3 with tetraparesis, 2 with cerebellar ataxia, 1 with polyneuropathy). The electrophysiological findings did not contribute usefully to the prediction of outcome. Additional neuroradiological diagnostic testing with magnetic resonance imaging was also of no prognostic significance. The extent of the initial pontine lesion was not correlated with the severity of clinical findings during the acute phase of disease, nor was persistence of the pontine lesion as usually seen on magnetic resonance imaging correlated with clinical improvement. We conclude that patients with cerebral myelinolysis survive if the nonspecific secondary complications of transient illnesses such as aspiration pneumonia, ascending urinary tract infection with subsequent septicemia, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism can be avoided. Received: 10 March 1998 Received in revised form: 18 January 1999 Accepted: 8 February 1999     

Central pontine myelinolysis

Summary Thirty-seven cases of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) with miscellaneous underlying disorders were found in 1,000 consecutive autopsies, of which 636 brains were examined. The incidence of CPM in this study was 5.8%. The frequent underlying disorders were malignant neoplasms (43%), chronic pulmonary disease (27%), and chronic renal failure cases under dialysis treatment (14%). Fatty liver cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse was recognized in only one CPM case. In the present study, 78% of the CPM cases revealed either electrolyte disturbances or abnormal blood gas data, such as marked deviation of base excess and/or of serum pH in 62.5%, hyper- or hypochloremia (above 115 mEq/l, below 95 mEq/l) in 47%, hyper- or hyponatremia (above 150 mEq/l, below 130 mEq/l) in 25%, marked hypoxemia (less than 40 mmHg) in 12.5% and hypokalemia (below 3.0 mEq/l) in 9% of the CPM cases. The myelinolytic changes were localized in the basis pontis in 14 of 37 CPM cases and in the basis pontis and the cerebral and/or cerebellar white matter (extrapontine myelinolysis) in the remaining 23 cases. The extrapontine changes were also closely related to the electrolyte disturbances or the abnormal blood gas data. The results of this study suggest that myclin and oligodendrocytes in the basis pontis and cerebral and cerebellar white matter are vulnerable to abnormal levels of serum electrolytes and also to marked changes of the acid-base balance.     

Diffusion-weighted MR findings of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis

Diffusion-weighted MR (DWI) can detect changes in water diffusion associated with cellular dysfunction, which enables the differentiation of cytotoxic edema from vasogenic edema. In this study on DWI findings in central pontine (CPM) and extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM), DWI showed high signal intensities in the bilateral pons, midbrain, and genu of the corpus callosum. The corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient values were rather low. This suggests that cytotoxic edema does in fact exist in CPM and EPM and that DWI can be useful in the rapid diagnosis and prediction of the various types of edema occurring in active demyelinating diseases.     

Recovery after central pontine myelinolysis

Summary Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is known to be almost universally fatal. Most published cases are based on autopsy reports, whereas antemortem diagnosis is rare. We present a case in which the diagnosis of CPM was confirmed by computed tomography (CT); the patient had two symptoms not previously reported and made a remarkable recovery.

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Zusammenfassung Es ist bekannt, daß die zentrale pontine Myelinolyse praktisch immer tödlich endet. Die meisten veröffentlichten Fälle sind auf Grund der Autopsie diagnostiziert worden, während eine prämortale Diagnose selten ist. Der vorliegende Fall einer zentralen pontinen Myelinolyse wurde durch Computertomographie intra vitam bestätigt. Der Patient wies zwei früher nicht beschriebene Symptome auf und erholte sich in bemerkenswerter Weise.

     

Pathogenesis and prevention of central pontine myelinolysis: A case report

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a demyelinating disease producing serious or even fatal illness. The cause of the disease has been primarily attributed to alcoholism. Recently hyponatremia and its rapid correction have been related to CPM. We describe an alcoholic patient who developed the disease. The case has given us the opportunity of reflecting on CPM pathogenesis and management.

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Sommario La mielinolisi centrale del ponte è una malattia demielinizzante che può anche essere fatale. La sua causa è stata, in principio, riconosciuta nell;alcolismo. Recentemente l’iponatremia e la sua rapida correzione sono state messe in rapporto alle mielinolisi. In questa nota viene descritto un paziente alcolista cronico affetto da una forma lieve di mielinolisi centrale del ponte. L’osservazione di questo caso ha suggerito interessanti considerazioni patogenetiche e terapeutiche più generali.

     

Brachial diplegia in central pontine myelinolysis

Summary A patient developed weakness in the upper limbs, eventually causing brachial diplegia with only slight paresis of the legs after rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia. Pseudobulbar palsy, mental confusion and urinary incontinence were also present. CT scan showed a zone of lucency in the pons. Clinical recovery occurred and the zone of lucency had disappeared 12 months after the appearance of the neurological signs.     

Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a systematic review

The purpose was to perform a systematic review of studies on central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis [forms of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS)] and define the spectrum of causes, risk factors, clinical and radiological presentations, and functional outcomes of this disorder. A thorough search of the literature was conducted using multiple databases (PubMed, Ovid Medline and Google) and bibliographies of key articles to identify all case series of adult patients with ODS published from 1959 to January 2013. Only series with five or more cases published in English were considered. Of the 2602 articles identified, 38 case series were included comprising a total of 541 patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The most common predisposing factor was hyponatremia (78%) and the most common presentation was encephalopathy (39%). Favorable recovery occurred in 51.9% of patients and death in 24.8%. Liver transplant patients with ODS had a combined rate of death and disability of 77.4%, compared with 44.7% in those without liver transplantation (P < 0.001). ODS is found to have a good recovery in more than half of cases and its mortality has decreased with each passing decade. Favorable prognosis is possible in patients of ODS, even with severe neurological presentation. Further research is required to confirm the differences found in liver transplant recipients.