雌激素对阿尔茨海默病去势雌性SD大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察雌激素对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法首先采用Aβ1～40,1μL(10μg/μL)立体定位SD大鼠单侧海马内注射建立AD动物模型,二周后双侧卵巢切除术(OVX)制备去卵巢大鼠模型后给予雌激素替代治疗(ERT),最后通过Morris水迷宫观察动物模型的学习、记忆能力变化情况。结果 ERT组AD动物模型的水迷宫逃避潜伏期和目标象限游泳时间比OVX组明显缩短(P0.05)。结论雌激素具有改善AD大鼠模型认知功能的作用。     

雌激素对阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型MAPK蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨雌激素对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型学习记忆能力及丝裂霉原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)蛋白表达的影响。方法30只大鼠行卵巢切除术(OVX)后,均分成OVX组和雌激素替代治疗组(ERT),然后采用1μlofAβ1～40(10μg/μl)立体定位单侧海马内注射建立AD动物模型,通过水迷宫实验检测动物模型的学习、记忆能力;免疫组化检测MAPK蛋白表达情况。结果ERT组AD动物模型的水迷宫逃避潜伏期较OVX组明显缩短(P<0.05),同时ERT组AD动物模型的海马CA1、CA3区的MAPK表达上调(P<0.05)。结论雌激素可以改善AD动物模型的认知功能,其神经保护作用可能与上调海马MAPK表达有关。     

金雀异黄酮对去卵巢后不同时间大鼠抗氧化作用的影响

目的研究雌激素剥夺后大鼠血清抗氧化作用的变化及金雀异黄酮(Gs)的治疗作用,探讨使用Gs进行雌激素替代治疗的可行性和最佳时间点。方法40只3月龄健康雌性SD大随机分为去卵巢对照组(OVX)、假手术组(sham)、金雀异黄酮组(Gs组)及苯甲酸雌二醇组(EB组),给予相应的手术和药物替代治疗。在术后第1、2、4、6周检测和分析血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的水平。结果术后第1～2周,各组大鼠血清SOD和MDA都逐渐上升,至第2周时达高峰,以后sham组、Gs组及EB组逐渐恢复到术后第1周水平,且各组之间均无显著性差异。但OVX组血清SOD活性持续下降,至术后第6周显著低于其它组(P<0.05);MDA值不断升高,在术后第4周(P<0.01)和第6周(P<0.05)都显著高于其它组。结论去卵巢2周后大鼠血清SOD活性逐步降低,氧化损伤程度不断增高;Gs具有与EB相似的抗氧化作用,可用于更年期后女性氧化损伤相关疾病的防治;雌激素替代疗法宜及早进行。     

灵芝多糖对阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马组织形态学及抗氧化能力的影响

目的观察灵芝多糖（GLP）对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠海马组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及空间学习记忆能力等的影响。方法双侧海马内一次性注射β-淀粉样多肽25～35片段（Aβ25-35）制作大鼠AD模型,腹腔注射灵芝多糖水溶液,1周后进行Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力变化。采用分光光度法测定大鼠海马组织SOD活性和MDA含量。采用透射电镜观察海马神经元的超微结构变化。以及灵芝多糖对上述各指标的影响。结果灵芝多糖能明显改善AD模型大鼠低下的空间学习记忆能力。显著提高模型大鼠海马组织SOD活性及降低MDA含量,而且灵芝多糖能明显改善模型大鼠脑组织海马CA1区神经元的退行性变化。结论灵芝多糖能提高海马内抗氧化酶SOD活性,降低丙二醛MDA含量,改善海马CA1区神经元的退行性变化。对老年性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力可能有增强和提高作用。     

雌激素替代治疗对中年卵巢切除大鼠大脑白质、海马内髓鞘及Lingo-1蛋白的影响

目的检测经短期雌激素替代治疗(ERT)后中年卵巢切除大鼠大脑白质及海马内髓鞘相关指标及Lingo-1的表达,探讨雌激素对髓鞘作用的可能机制。方法 24只中年雌性SD大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术(OVX)后,随机分为安慰剂治疗组(OVX+Veh组)和雌激素替代治疗组(OVX+E组)。ERT 1个月后,Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习和记忆能力;从各组大鼠随机选取10只,透射电子显微镜观察大脑白质及海马内髓鞘的超微结构;Western blot检测大脑白质及海马内髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)及Lingo-1的含量;免疫组化方法检测Lingo-1在大脑白质及海马的分布。结果 OVX+E组大鼠在定位航行实验中的潜伏期显著短于OVX+Veh组大鼠(P0.05);OVX+Veh组大鼠大脑白质和海马存在显著的髓鞘结构变性;OVX+E组大鼠大脑白质和海马中MBP的含量均显著高于OVX+Veh组(P0.05),而OVX+E组大鼠大脑白质和海马中Lingo-1的含量及分布均显著低于OVX+Veh组(P0.05)。结论1个月的ERT对中年卵巢切除大鼠的认知功能及大脑白质和海马内的髓鞘具有明显的保护作用,这种保护作用可能与雌激素下调大脑白质和海马内Lingo-1蛋白的表达有关。     

雌激素及其类似物对去卵巢大鼠脑一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的影响

雌激素类似物(ZR)具有雌激素样作用,通过建立大鼠卵巢切除术(OVX)模型,初步探讨了雌激素(E)、ZR对脑组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响。实验用雌性Wistar大鼠(3月龄,体重240±10g);行卵巢切除术(OVX);假手术组只暴露卵巢而不切除;大鼠在OVX术后两周开始给药(5周,3d一次;im,200μg/只)。动物分组如下:1假手术组 橄榄油;2OVX 橄榄油;3OVX E;4OVX ZR。给药结束后,心脏灌流固定,取脑冰冻切片40μm,进行NADPN-diaphorase(NADPH-d)反应及nNOS免疫组化,进行图像分析。结果表明:NADPH-d酶组化及nNOS免疫组化标记的神经元在嗅皮…     

雌激素对抑郁症小鼠行为学和脑组织单胺类递质的作用

目的:探讨雌激素低下对抑郁症模型小鼠行为学影响及神经生化机制。方法:清洁级昆明小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、卵巢切除组(OVX)、慢性应激组(CUMS)、卵巢切除+慢性应激组(OVX+CUMS)和雌激素治疗组(E组,0.15 mg/kg),每组10只。给药组于每日应激前1 h,ig给药,其余各组给予等体积生理盐水,共计21 d。采用卵巢切除法(OVX)制备雌激素低下动物模型,采用CUMS法制备抑郁症小鼠模型。观察各组小鼠一般体征,行阴道上皮角化实验,通过旷场实验(OFT)、强迫游泳实验(FST)及体重测试(BWM)观察其行为学变化,采用ELISA法检测脑组织单胺类递质五羟色胺(5-HT)及多巴胺(DA)含量变化。结果:OVX小鼠,阴道细胞涂片未见动情周期变化连续7 d。模型小鼠在第21 d,与Sham组比较,(1)OVX和CUMS小鼠体重增加(P﹤0.01),而OVX+CUMS则体重下降(P﹤0.01);(2)在OVX和CUMS小鼠,OFT水平和垂直运动得分减少(P﹤0.01),而在E组小鼠,OFT水平和垂直运动得分增加(P﹤0.05);(3)在OVX和CUMS小鼠,FST不动时间减少(P﹤0.01),但在E组小鼠,FST不动时间增加(P﹤0.01)。(4)在OVX组小鼠,阴道脱落细胞呈现大量白细胞和少量上皮细胞。在CUMS和OVX小鼠,脑组织5-HT和DA含量减少(P﹤0.01),但在E组小鼠,脑组织中5-HT、DA含量增加(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01)。结论:小鼠抑郁行为可以由于雌激素低下诱发,并且与脑组织5-HT和DA含量下调有关。补充雌激素可能通过增加单胺类递质5-HT和DA含量在脑组织,从而改善小鼠抑郁行为。     

山茶籽醇提取液对去卵巢阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆、脑组织β淀粉样蛋白的影响

目的:观察山茶籽醇提取液对去卵巢阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠学习记忆、脑组织β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的影响,为临床应用山茶籽醇提取液防治雌激素缺乏AD提供实验依据。方法:5月龄健康雌性大鼠分成对照组、AD模型组、山茶籽治疗组和雌二醇治疗组。各实验组第4、8、12周分别取大鼠,称重后进行水迷宫实验,再麻醉大鼠取左心血5 ml,处死取大脑。免疫组织化学显色的大脑组织片用显微镜观察;右侧大脑用低温匀浆提取液进行Aβ分析。结果:AD模型组经水迷宫实验证明其学习记忆能力明显下降,脑组织海马CA1免疫组织化学显色Aβ沉积明显增加,Aβ阳性细胞计数明显增加,脑组织Aβ_(1-40)电泳带光密度值明显增加,山茶籽治疗组和雌二醇(E2)治疗组的学习记忆能力明显提高,海马CA1免疫组织化学显色Aβ沉积和Aβ阳性细胞计数明显减少,脑组织Aβ_(1-40)电泳带光密度值明显变小。结论:山茶籽醇提取液有雌激素样作用,可以减少AD模型大鼠脑组织β淀粉样蛋白沉积,提高其学习记忆能力,对去卵巢AD模型大鼠有防治作用。     

维生素E对AD大鼠海马HNE含量的影响

目的:探讨AD大鼠海马4-羟基壬烯醛(HNE)含量的改变及维生素E对其的影响.方法:将SD大鼠36只随机均分为假手术组、AD模型组、维生素E治疗组三组.以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)左侧杏仁核注射制备AD大鼠模型,用Y迷宫检测并比较三组大鼠学习记忆功能.术后4周(维生素E治疗组服用维生素E后14天),应用免疫组化方法测定并比较三组大鼠海马中HNE的含量.结果:(1)术后4周,维生素E治疗组学习记忆能力较假手术组(P＜0.05),但较AD模型组有改善(P＜0.05).(2)术后4周,维生素E治疗组海马中HNE含量多于假手术组(P＜0.01),但少于AD模型组(P＜0.01).结论:AD模型大鼠海马中HNE含量增多;维生素E可以通过清除自然基的方式,减少脂质代谢产物的聚集,抑制氧化应激,改善AD症状.     

宁夏无果枸杞芽提取物对慢性温和不可预见性应激小鼠学习、记忆的影响

目的:探讨宁夏无果枸杞芽提取物(fruitless lycium-sprout extracts,FLE)对成年慢性应激小鼠学习、记忆功能,血清和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及脑组织中神经细胞粘附分子(NCAM)表达的影响。方法:将40只成年昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、FLE低剂量组(FLE1组)和高剂量组(FLE2组),每组10只;采用慢性温和不可预见性应激(chronic mild unpredictable stress,CUMS)方法建立小鼠抑郁模型。在造模完成后灌胃给药,1次/d,连续灌胃6周,FLE1组、FLE2组分别用质量体积百分比为10%、20%的FLE每日0.2 ml/10 g灌胃,正常对照组及模型组灌胃等量生理盐水。用Morris水迷宫实验检测各组小鼠的学习记忆能力,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血清和脑组织SOD活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测定MDA水平,免疫组化染色法检测脑组织中N-CAM蛋白的表达。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠的目标象限停留时间减少,隐藏平台象限获得时间延长,血清SOD活性降低,MDA水平提高,脑组织中N-CAM表达下调(P0.01);与模型组比较,FLE2组的目标象限停留时间延长,隐藏平台象限获得时间缩短,血清和脑组织中SOD活性均增加,MDA含量均降低(P0.05),脑组织中N-CAM表达均上调(P0.001)。结论:FLE可以提高CUMS小鼠学习和记忆的能力,其机制可能与抗氧化作用有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.