上海市青浦区精神疾病患者治疗率调查:3441例治疗现状分析

目的了解上海市青浦地区精神疾病治疗现状和未治疗的原因.方法采用自制<精神病人治疗情况调查表>对3441例精神疾病患者进行时点调查,调查的内容主要包括病人的一般情况、药物治疗情况、未治疗的原因、医疗费用来源和家庭经济收入等.结果各类精神疾病时点治疗率为23.74%、从未治疗率25.52%,若去除精神发育迟滞的病人,精神疾病的时点治疗率为32.52%,从未治疗率为6.11%;城镇病人治疗率明显高于农村病人;医保病人治疗率明显高于农村初保病人和自费病人,农村初保病人治疗率明显高于自费病人;精神分裂症男性治疗率明显高于女性,精神分裂症未治疗原因中,经济困难者占27.11%.结论精神疾病未治率高,其原因主要为经济困难,精神卫生知识的缺乏以及疾病本身的难治性导致的患者及家属对治疗缺乏信心等.     

首发精神分裂症患者就诊途径调查

目的：调查首发精神分裂症患者在精神病医院和非精神病医院就诊途径。方法：完成对71例首发患者及家属调查,包括人口学资料、非精神病专科就诊情况、延迟至精神科求助原因、精神科就诊途径及原因、精神病未治疗期病程等。结果：非精神科主要求助方式为宗教迷信和非专科医生;精神科求助途径主要为家属意愿;精神病未治疗期病程（DUP）中位数为6个月,未发现DUP与其他调查因素相关;造成延迟至精神科求助主要原因是患者及家属对精神卫生知识缺乏。结论：加强社区精神卫生知识宣传普及对于缩短DUP非常必要。     

门诊患者家属健康教育对精神分裂症患者的康复作用

目的探讨门诊患者家属健康教育对精神分裂症的康复作用。方法随机对门诊精神分裂症患者家属进行健康知识问卷调查,根据存在问题和精神卫生常识掌握多少、对患者治疗态度及掌握家庭精神护理常识多少进行健康教育,同时评定BPRS、SDSS,比较精神分裂症患者健康教育入组时和1a后随访结果,并与未接受健康教育的精神分裂症患者比较。结果研究组未完成研究8例,对照组42例未完成研究,入组时BPRS、SDSS 2组比较差异无统计学意义;1a后随访BPRS、SDSS比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);1a后坚持服药者研究组87例,对照组52例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对门诊患者家属进行健康教育有利于精神分裂症患者的康复,减少复发,提高社会功能。     

精神分裂症未治期前驱症状及影响因素分析

目的了解精神分裂症患者未治疗期间（DUP）前驱症状及其家庭因素的影响。方法应用诺丁汉起病症状量表（NOS）调查卢湾区精神卫生中心的精神分裂症患者,共收集59例。同时,应用家庭问卷对患者家属进行访谈,调查可能影响患者及时就诊的因素。结果（1）精神分裂症患者DUP中位数是465d;（2）首发非特异性精神症状以猜疑和行为障碍最为常见,出现频度超过24％;首发精神病性症状以妄想和幻听最为常见,出现频度达到58％;（3）影响患者就诊的主要因素是家属希望患者自己恢复和患者不愿接受治疗;（4）以DUP中位数465d将患者区分为长DUP组和短DUP组,发现：短DUP家属组（DUP≤465的）在思维中的奇怪观念和魔术性思维的比例显著高于长DUP组（χ2=14.75,P=0.0001;χ2=4.54,P=0.033）。结论精神分裂症患者从发病到开始治疗的疾病未治疗期间较长,患者的思维障碍促进患者家属积极寻求治疗。     

精神科自动出院患者前瞻性调查分析

目的:探讨影响精神科住院患者自动出院的原因和有关因素.方法:对843例住院患者进行问卷调查,分析患者自动出院的原因及其影响因素.结果:自动出院者239例,Logistic回归分析显示:病区模式、性别、年龄、家属文化程度、费用负担、求医途径及患者家庭收入是患者自动出院的影响因素.经济困难是导致自动出院的最主要原因.结论:加强精神疾病知识的宣传教育,减轻疾病负担,是降低精神疾病未治率和提高治疗有效率的积极措施.     

门诊精神分裂症患者家属对家庭护理需求的调查分析

目的调查分析门诊精神分裂症患者家属对家庭护理的需求。方法采用自编《家庭护理需求调查表》进行调查。结果90．9％患者家属认为精神分裂症患者出院后还需家庭护理，对精神分裂症基本知识的需求为89．6％，对如何应对与精神症状相关的危害行为的需求仅24．7％。结论对精神分裂症患者家属提供家庭护理很有必要。     

68例开放管理的女性精神分裂症患者陪护家属的心理状况及健康教育的效果分析

目的探讨开放管理女性精神分裂症住院患者陪护家属的心理状况及健康教育的效果。方法将132例开放管理女性精神分裂症住院患者陪护家属随机分为两组,研究组68例,对照组64例,研究组实施健康教育,对照组未实施。采用自编的调查表对两组陪护家属在患者入院时进行调查;并采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）对两组家属在患者入院3 d内和健康教育结束时分别进行评定。结果开放管理女性精神分裂症住院患者陪护家属的心理状况不容乐观,均存在一定的焦虑、抑郁情绪,且对疾病的认知不同,对医生的干预性治疗建议的领悟接受不一。研究组在健康教育结束时抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表评分均有显著下降（P〈0.01）,均显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论对开放管理女性精神分裂症住院患者陪护家属及时进行健康教育,能改善家属的心理状况,提高家属对疾病的正确认识,有助于提高患者的治疗依从性,利于患者的早日康复。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症患者家属心理状况分析

目的探讨应用奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症患者家属的心理健康状况及应对方式。方法将110例应用奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者家属做为研究组,102例应用氟哌啶醇治疗的精神分裂症患者家属做为对照组,共治疗3个月,治疗前后使用症状自评量表、应对方式问卷评定患者家属的心理健康状况。结果经过三个月治疗后,研究组家属的SCL-90除偏执因子外,其余因子得分均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,应对方式问卷中研究组的解决问题、求助两个积极因子显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,自责、退避两个消极因子得分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论应用奥氮平的精神分裂症患者家属的心理状况和应对方式优于应用传统抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂症家属。     

青少年精神分裂症患者住院时间的影响因素

目的 探讨青少年精神分裂症患者住院时间的影响因素。方法 以收治本院的50例青少年精神分裂症患者（收集时间：2019年10月～2021年10月）为研究样本,回顾性调查患者人口学资料、临床资料、家属相关资料等,分析影响患者住院时间的相关因素。结果 留守、由家属陪护、家属对精神疾病态度不良、无医保、治疗无效、出现不良反应的患者其住院时间与非留守、无家属陪护、家属态度良好、治疗有效、无不良反应患者的住院时间存在统计学差异（P<0.05）;Logistic分析显示：留守、家属陪护、家属对精神疾病态度、医保、治疗效果、不良反应是影响患者住院时间的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 影响青少年精神分裂症患者住院时间的主要因素为家属陪护、留守儿童、家属对精神障碍疾病态度不良、治疗无效、出现不良反应,进而对患者住院治疗及早期康复造成不良影响,临床需大力普及精神卫生知识,提供有效心理疏导,以减少不良影响因素。     

书讯：“精神病防治指南”

在精神分裂症早期,需要家属识别精神分裂症的早期症状,及时下决心去精神科就诊;在精神分裂症恢复期,一方面需要坚持服药,定期接受医生指导,二方面病人需要自身调适,需要家属护理,此时,病人和家属都需了解精神分裂症症状、治疗和护理。     

Family strengths: a potential determinant of the duration of untreated psychosis among hospitalized African-American first-episode patients

Aim: Evidence suggests that treatment delay, represented by the duration of untreated illness (DUI) and the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), may be a potentially powerful determinant of the early course of primary psychotic disorders. Yet, research on the predictors of treatment delay has only just begun. To date, there are virtually no empirical data on the relationship between family functioning and treatment delay in the context of first‐episode psychosis. In this study, it was hypothesized that family strengths would be inversely correlated with DUI and DUP; and families of patients with a short DUI/DUP would have greater family strengths than those of patients with a long DUI/DUP. Methods: Family strengths (including pride and accord dimensions), DUI and DUP were assessed in 34 African Americans hospitalized for first‐episode psychosis and their respective 34 family members most involved in initiating care. Results: The total score of the Family Strengths scale and the accord subscale score were significantly inversely correlated with both DUI and DUP, although the correlation between the pride subscale score and DUI/DUP was not as strong and failed to reach statistical significance. Similarly, the family members of patients with a short DUI/DUP had higher family strength scores than those of patients with a long DUI/DUP. Conclusions: Given the dearth of research on the functioning of families beginning to initiate care for individuals with first‐episode psychosis, it is imperative to further clarify the role family characteristics may play in understanding treatment delay (DUI/DUP) and in the development of preventive interventions to facilitate early intervention for at‐risk populations.     

Duration of untreated psychosis,ethnicity, educational level,and gender in a multiethnic South‐East Asian country: report from Malaysia schizophrenia registry

Introduction: Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) determines the outcome of schizophrenia. Previously, there was no information about the DUP among patients in Malaysia with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between DUP and patients' demographic, social cultural background and clinical features. Method: This is a cross‐sectional study on patients who presented with first episode schizophrenia. Data from 74 primary care centers and hospitals between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007 were included in the analysis. All patients with first‐episode schizophrenia were enrolled in the study. Results: The mean DUP was 37.6 months. The indigenous community appeared to have the shortest DUP compared to the Malay, Chinese and Indian communities. Female, people with lower educational level, and comorbidity with medical illness during contact had longer DUP. Discussion: DUP in this multiethnicity country was found to be significantly short among the indigenous people, which may sugest that traditional values and strong family and community ties shorten the DUP. Educational level may need to be further investigated, because as upgrading the general educational level could lead to shorter DUP among the patients as well.     

Durée de psychose non traitée : état des lieux et analyse critique

IntroductionPrognosis of schizophrenia has not significantly improved despite extensive research. There is often a relatively long delay between onset of symptoms and treatment initiation. Lately, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), the time between the onset of psychosis and initiation of treatment, has been one of the most studied variables in patients presenting for a first psychotic episode in order to evaluate the impact of early intervention on the prognosis of schizophrenia. In the literature, a variety of criteria have been used to define both transition to psychosis and initiation of treatment. Furthermore, the dating of both of these variables is usually retrospective, further complicating the measurement of DUP.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive review about DUP using Pubmed and Google Scholar databases up to January 2015 using the following keywords “schizophrenia”, “duration of untreated psychosis”, “duration of untreated illness” and “early intervention”. Papers were included if they were published in French or English.ResultsThe mean DUP was found to be 2 years but it can vary according to multiple factors such as denial of illness by the patient and family, withdrawal and isolation from friends and relatives, diagnostic errors, paranoid views of the mental health treatment systems, or negative symptoms. Long DUP may also be a correlate of poor premorbid functioning or of an insidiously unfolding psychosis. Considerable discrepancies exist in the way that DUP is estimated in different studies. Although the clinical interview remains the most common way of measuring DUP, so far there is no evidence for favoring one method over another. Regardless of measurement method, a longer DUP is found to be associated with poorer outcome in schizophrenia in both the short and long-term across a number of domains: symptoms severity, remission rates, the risk of relapse, global functioning and quality of life. Its role in functional outcome appears to be mediated largely by negative symptoms, for which there is still no effective treatment. A recent meta-analysis has shown that shorter DUP is associated with less severe negative symptoms at short and long-term follow-up, especially when DUP is shorter than 9 months. The mechanism of the relationship between DUP and outcome is still undefined. A hypothesis is that the shorter the DUP, the more likely the intervention is being applied during the period in which neurobiological deficit processes in schizophrenia are most active.DiscussionA study of the duration of untreated illness (DUI), which is defined as the DUP and the prodromal phase, seems necessary because results of studies evaluating the effect of early detection and intervention in individuals with clinical high risk for psychosis are promising. A number of interventions such as omega 3 fatty acids and integrated psychosocial interventions seem to delay transition in the at-risk population. However, replication studies are lacking, and a great proportion of at high-risk individuals will spontaneously remit or develop diseases other than chronic psychosis, making us question the advantages and disadvantages of a treatment. Taking into consideration the high prevalence of comorbidities in individuals referred for clinical high-risk state and their effect on the individual's functioning, future interventions in the field need to address not only the preventative efficacy on psychosis transition but also their effectiveness in improving the functioning of this population and their effect on the outcome of schizophrenia when transition to psychosis has occurred.ConclusionDespite the huge advances in the field of schizophrenia, many questions remain unanswered and huge efforts are still necessary to understand the pathophysiology of this illness in order to improve its outcome.     

Clinical and social determinants of a longer duration of untreated psychosis of schizophrenia in a Japanese population

Aim: To measure the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) among patients with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and to investigate clinical and social determinants of the DUP. Methods: A multicentre, retrospective study at seven medical centres in three cities (Tokyo, Toyama and Kochi) was performed. In total, 150 consecutive patients (78 men) with neuroleptic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia were investigated; their DUP and demographic, clinical and social variables were obtained from their medical charts and analysed. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the DUP was quite good (ICC = 0.849). The mean DUP of all the subjects attending the seven psychiatric services was 20.3 months, and the median DUP was 6.0 months. Fourteen patients (9.3%) had a DUP of more than 60 months, and 47 patients, or about one-third, had a DUP of more than 24 months. No significant differences in the mean DUPs were observed among the three cities. Patients who were employed or who were students had a significantly shorter DUP (14.3 months). The median DUP for those with an insidious onset of psychosis (n = 85) was 18.0 months, compared with a median of 2.0 months for those with a sudden and acute onset (n = 61). However, no other clinical or social variables examined in this study were associated with differences in the DUP. Conclusions: The DUP of patients with schizophrenia is relatively long in Japan. The provision and modification of psychiatric services for easy access and a system for the early recognition and detection of mental illness are needed.     

The impact of family experience on the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in Hong Kong

BACKGROUND: Previous family experience of psychotic illness may play an important role in whether and when a patient seeks help in first-episode psychosis. This study investigated the relationship between family experience of psychosis and the duration of untreated psychosis in a prospective sample of first-episode psychosis patients in Hong Kong. We also studied the effects of pre-morbid adjustment, educational level, living alone, and mode of onset as potential determinants of the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). METHODS: A total of 131 first-episode psychosis patients in Hong Kong were recruited in a study of the DUP and related factors. The Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (IRAOS) was used to measure the DUP and to provide a structured assessment of family history, educational level, household arrangement, and mode of onset. RESULTS: Previous family experience of psychiatric illness (the presence of another family member who has been receiving psychiatric treatment) and an acute mode of onset were significant predictors of a shorter DUP. Educational level had a modest effect on its own, but was not significant in the binary logistic regression model. Living alone had a moderate effect size, but was non-significant, possibly because of the small proportion of single-person households in the sample. The symptom profile, pre-morbid adjustment, and other demographic factors were not significantly related to the DUP. CONCLUSION: In addition to the mode of onset, previous family experience plays an important role in the presentation of early psychosis. Educational efforts that target the family should be an important part of any strategy for the early detection of psychosis.     

The influence of religious affiliation on time to first treatment and hospitalization

Longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been associated with treatment-refractory illness, significant cognitive decline, and poorer long-term outcomes. There are many factors, including social and cultural, that promote longer DUP. To date, there have been no studies to evaluate religion's effect on DUP. In this study, we evaluated the effect of certain religious affiliations and degree of religious practice on the DUP. METHODS: A total of 195 patients were recruited aged 18 to 45 years with the presence of at least 1 psychotic symptom (delusions, hallucinations, or prominent thought disorder). Patients were evaluated on their religious practice prior to the index episode using a Likert-style scale. Using a similar scale, patients were asked about their religious affiliation categorized as Catholic, Protestant, or neither. RESULTS: Correlational analysis revealed that the time to first treatment and time to first hospitalization were both was negatively related to degree of religious practice (r = -0.15, N = 161, p < 0.05 and r = -0.18, N = 161, p < 0.05, respectively). Between-group comparisons revealed longer DUP in the Protestant group compared to the no affiliation and Catholic groups (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: From our results, it appears that the degree of religious practice does not affect length of time to treatment in psychotic patients. However, having a Protestant religious affiliation is strongly associated with having a greater delay in treatment seeking for psychosis. Factors contributing to a longer DUP in this group warrant further study.     

青海省藏族精神分裂症未治期及影响因素分析

目的探讨藏族精神分裂症患者精神病未治期(duration of untreated psychosis,DUP)的影响因素。方法采用精神分裂症患者精神卫生服务利用调查问卷及精神分裂症首发症状评定量表对188例藏族精神分裂症患者的社会人口学资料、精神疾病家族史、家庭类型、起病形式、医疗付款方式、居住地、自评家庭收入水平、首发症状出现的时间等进行调查,分析DUP影响因素。结果患者DUP呈偏态分布,中位数375 d(QL=4 d,QU=1661 d)。将患者分为短DUP组(DUP≤375 d)90例和长DUP组(DUP375 d)98例,不同DUP组患者的起病形式、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭类型、居住地的组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。DUP影响因素的logistic回归分析显示,结构缺失的家庭(OR=2.340,95%CI:1.130~4.847,P=0.022)、慢性起病(OR=2.136,95%CI:1.172~3.891,P=0.013)、居住在农牧区(OR=2.239,95%CI:1.097~4.571,P=0.027)与长DUP相关联。结论藏族精神分裂症DUP较长,受多种因素影响,主要的危险因素有结构缺失的家庭、慢性起病、居住在农牧区。