大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射及其一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布

目的观察大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射及嗅球内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元的分布。方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学法结合辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)逆行追踪技术对20只SD大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射进行逆行追踪观察。结果同侧嗅球僧帽细胞层观察到HRP标记细胞。嗅球内丛层、颗粒细胞层观察到NOS阳性神经元,但未观察到HRP/NOS双标记细胞。结论嗅球僧帽细胞层发出纤维投射到同侧梨状皮质。嗅球内有NO的表达,但嗅球的NOS阳性神经元不投射到梨状皮质。     

拟老年痴呆大鼠脑中GFAP和NSE蛋白表达的改变

目的 了解老年痴呆模型大鼠海马及嗅球中胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）表达的差异,从而了解嗅觉与老年痴呆的关系。方法 成年SD大鼠,通过向大鼠侧脑室内注射Aβ建立模型后用免疫组化方法检测海马及嗅球中GFAP和NSE的表达,并对嗅球中两者蛋白水平表达的变化进行初步的检测。结果 通过比较模型组与对照组海马及嗅球组织,模型组GFAP的表达显著增加,而NSE的表达则降低。结论 老年痴呆大鼠模型组与对照组嗅觉系统内GFAP和NSE蛋白表达存在显著性差异。     

二乙基二硫化氨基甲酸盐对大鼠外侧嗅束髓鞘碱性蛋白表达的影响

目的:检测二乙基二硫化氨基甲酸盐(DDTC)干预后大鼠外侧嗅束髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)表达的变化.方法:成年SD大鼠分为DDTC干预组、溶媒对照组和空白对照组,实验动物分别存活3、7、14和28 d,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹检测大鼠外侧嗅束MBP的表达变化.结果:正常大鼠和溶媒对照组大鼠外侧嗅束MBP免疫组织化学显色均匀,呈点状分布特征,免疫印迹主要显示相对分子质量为21 500、18 000、17 000和14 000等阳性条带.模型组大鼠外侧嗅束MBP的免疫组织化学显色和免疫印迹条带分布末见明显变化,但其表达在3 d和7 d时逐渐下调,14 d和28 d表达逐渐上调.结论:DDTC处理后早期大鼠外侧嗅束町能出现脱髓鞘化,晚期可能出现再髓鞘化.     

大鼠同性别社会交往引起主嗅觉系统相关脑区pERK1/2表达变化

目的:探讨大鼠同性别社会交往行为脑内pERK1/2的表达与可能作用。方法:采用三箱室社会交往箱检测雄性大鼠同性别社会交往行为,运用免疫组织化学染色观察动物10 min社会交往行为后脑内pERK1/2的表达;采用10%硫酸锌(ZnSO4)滴鼻嗅觉剥夺后观察大鼠同性别社会交往行为以及脑pERK1/2的表达状况。结果:大鼠呈现明显的同性别社会交往偏好;社会交往后,pERK1/2在与主嗅觉系统相关的脑区(如主嗅球、内嗅皮质、梨状皮质等)以及眶额皮质、前扣带皮质等脑区表达明显增加;嗅觉剥夺后大鼠的同性别社会交往行为显著减少,pERK1/2在主嗅觉系统相关脑区表达明显下降。结论:主嗅觉系统参与了雄性大鼠同性别社会交往行为,pERK1/2表达水平变化随着社会交往行为改变而改变,提示ERK1/2信号通路可能参与大鼠同性别社会交往行为。     

氯化锂匹罗卡品诱导癫痫大鼠海马神经元GPER1表达的变化

目的:观察G蛋白偶联雌激素受体1(GPER1)在癫痫大鼠海马神经元中表达的变化。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠分成对照组(control)和癫痫组(epilepsy),利用腹腔注射氯化锂-匹罗卡品方法制备癫痫模型,分别在1、2、3、7、14 d和28 d,利用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,利用尼氏染色观察大鼠海马神经元形态变化;利用免疫组化和Western Blot技术观察GPER1在海马的表达。结果:水迷宫结果显示,与Control组相比,造模14 d的大鼠逃逸潜伏时间明显延长(P 0. 05),穿越目标象限区域的次数较Control组显著降低(P 0. 05)。尼氏染色结果显示:与Control组相比,造模1 d和2 d的大鼠CA1及CA3区锥体细胞层细胞及DG区颗粒细胞层细胞体积缩小,细胞间距增加,尼氏染色减弱;造模3和7 d的大鼠细胞体积明显缩小,细胞间隙明显增大,尼氏染色加深,CA1及CA3细胞数量明显减少;造模14 d和28 d的大鼠神经元体积逐渐向正常恢复,但仍较Control组小。免疫组化结果显示:GPER1免疫阳性细胞以海马锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞为主,主要分布在细胞膜。与Control组相比,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠海马CA1及CA3区GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),7 d后增加最明显(P 0. 01),14、28 d后表达下降;在DG区,造模3 d及7 d的大鼠GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),14 d后表达下降(P 0. 05),28 d大鼠无显著差异。Western Blot结果显示:与Control组比较,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠GPER1相对表达量开始增高,7 d后明显增高(P 0. 05),14 d及28 d的大鼠表达降低。结论:GPER1在海马神经元的表达随着神经元损伤的加重而增高,随着神经元损伤的恢复逐渐降低,提示其表达变化与神经元的损伤与修复有关。     

脑缺血对大鼠大脑皮质中钙通道Cav1.3表达的影响

目的:探讨脑缺血后大鼠大脑皮质中钙通道Cav1.3表达变化及其在脑缺血损伤中的作用机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血7 d组和缺血14 d组。采用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹分别检测各组大鼠大脑皮质中钙通道Cav1.3的表达,采用TUNEL法观察大鼠大脑皮质内细胞的凋亡。结果:与假手术组比较,缺血7 d和14 d组大鼠大脑皮质中钙通道Cav1.3免疫组织化学显色的平均光密度(OD)值和免疫印迹条带的IOD比值都明显降低,缺血14 d组较7 d组降低更明显,细胞凋亡检测显示大脑皮质中凋亡神经元数量随缺血时间延长而增加。结论:缺血导致神经元凋亡的机制可能通过影响钙通道Cav1.3的表达,从而影响皮质神经元的正常功能,导致神经元死亡。     

嗅鞘细胞移植脊髓损伤大鼠NG2的表达

背景:对于脊髓损伤,目前临床尚无有效的治疗对策,近年来嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤修复取得了一定的进展。NG2是主要的硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖分子,对轴突有抑制作用。目的:观察嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠NG2表达的影响,进一步分析嗅鞘细胞移植在修复脊髓损伤中的作用途径。方法:将112只大鼠随机分为4组,空白组、模型组、嗅鞘细胞移植组及DF12组各28只。空白组仅切开T10全椎板及T9,T11部分椎板,对脊髓未作其他处理;其他3组应用脊髓横切法制作脊髓损伤动物模型。嗅鞘细胞移植组进行嗅鞘细胞移植,每侧断端植入20000 cells;DF12组于相同部位注射DF12培养液。在大鼠脊髓损伤后1,3,7,14,28,42和56d时,取材按照SP试剂盒的操作步骤检测NG2的表达。结果与结论:空白组NG2呈低表达,在模型组、DF12组脊髓损伤24h后损伤部位的NG2的表达开始升高,7d时达到顶点,4周时NG2表达明显降低,6,8周时仅在局部有所表达。嗅鞘细胞移植组脊髓损伤1d时NG2表达开始增加,主要在损伤部位,在各时间点与模型组、DF12组相比NG2表达水平明显降低,但高于空白组NG2各时间点的表达。提示嗅鞘细胞移植后NG2的表达水平降低,嗅鞘细胞具有抑制NG2表达的作用,可消除或减轻细胞外基质中对轴突有抑制作用的化学屏障,这可能是其治疗脊髓损伤促进轴突再生的机制之一。     

嗅鞘细胞和神经干细胞联合移植阿尔茨海默病大鼠脑内的增殖和定向分化

背景：阿尔茨海默病大鼠脑内神经元减少,神经干细胞移植后增殖和向神经元分化能力有限。 目的：观察联合移植嗅鞘细胞和神经干细胞在阿尔茨海默病大鼠脑内,嗅鞘细胞对神经干细胞的增殖和向胆碱能神经元分化的影响。 方法：体外培养嗅鞘细胞和神经干细胞,移植前用5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷标记神经干细胞。将生理盐水,神经干细胞和神经干细胞+嗅鞘细胞分别移植入阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠海马。移植7,14,21,28 d后,进行大鼠脑组织切片免疫组织化学染色检测BrdU和ChAT阳性表达。 结果与结论：联合移植组神经干细胞的增殖和分化情况明显优于其他两组,联合移植组BrdU阳性细胞数和ChAT阳性细胞数明显高于神经干细胞移植组和生理盐水组(P < 0.01)。提示嗅鞘细胞能促进移植的神经干细胞在阿尔茨海默病大鼠脑内增殖和向胆碱能神经元的分化。     

复方倍他米松增加流感病毒感染小鼠受损嗅黏膜嗅觉标记蛋白表达

目的探讨复方倍他米松对流感病毒感染小鼠受损的嗅黏膜嗅觉标记蛋白(OMP)表达的影响。方法模拟建立流感病毒性嗅觉障碍小鼠模型,分别于第2天和第4天给予复方倍他米松干预,腹腔内注射复方倍他米松,采用免疫组化和Western blot的方法检测嗅黏膜OMP蛋白的表达水平。结果流感病毒感染1组和2组嗅黏膜OMP的表达水平下调,流感病毒感染后复方倍他米松干预1组和2组嗅黏膜OMP的表达水平明显上调。结论复方倍他米松能够增加流感病毒损伤的嗅黏膜OMP的表达。     

胚胎嗅鞘细胞和中脑腹侧细胞移植对帕金森病SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活和分化的影响

目的观察胚胎嗅球嗅鞘细胞(OECs)和胚胎中脑腹侧细胞(VMCs)联合移植对帕金森病(PD)SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活及分化的影响。方法 12只PD模型SD大鼠随机平均分成两组:单独VMCs组(在脑立体定位仪下将VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)和联合移植组(在脑立体定位仪下将OECs和VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)。OECs来源于5～7d绿荧光鼠的嗅球嗅鞘,VMCs来源于孕13～14d绿荧光胎鼠中脑腹侧的脑组织。于移植后4、14周灌注取脑,切片后做酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色,检测胚胎中脑腹侧细胞的存活及分化状况。结果移植4周后单独VMCs组及联合移植组纹状体区都可检测到TH免疫阳性神经元,数量无统计学差异(P0.05)。移植14周后联合移植组纹状体区TH免疫阳性神经元数量比单独VMCs组明显增多(P0.05)。结论胚胎中脑腹侧细胞联合嗅鞘细胞移植入帕金森病大鼠纹状体促使纹状体神经元分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.