帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

脑深部电刺激双侧丘脑底核对帕金森病"冻结足"的治疗作用

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)双侧丘脑底核(STN)治疗帕金森病(PD)的冻结足(FOG)的临床效果.方法 对13例合并有冻结足的PD患者行双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术,至少随访12个月.采用UPDRS运动评分(UPDRSⅢ)、UPDRS日常生活能力评分(UPDRSⅡ)及UPDRSⅡ中的第14项"Freezing"项目的评分(FOG),分别对患者进行术前1周、术后6个月、12个月在药物治疗"开、关"期的基础评分及随访期间刺激器开启时的评分,尤其是"Freezing"项目得分多少及变化.进行统计学分析.结果 术后13例PD患者运动功能症状改善良好,UPDRSⅢ、UPDRSⅡ评分下降显著(P＜0.01).在手术后的6、12个月,刺激器开启时患者"关"期的冻结足评分明显下降(P＜0.01),而"开"期的冻结足没有改善(P＞0.05).结论 STN-DBS能显著改善PD患者"关"期的冻结足,而对"开"期的冻结足没有显著影响.     

氯氮平治疗帕金森病患者中左旋多巴诱导的异动症

目的 :探讨氯氮平治疗帕金森病 (PD)患者中左旋多巴诱导的异动症 (LID)的疗效、合适剂量、不良反应。方法 :对 12例出现LID的PD患者添加氯氮平治疗 ,治疗前后进行UPDRS的异动症评分、运动功能评分和血白细胞的计数。结果 :氯氮平 (5 0± 5 1)mg显著改善了 91 7% (11/12 )PD患者的异动症状 ,治疗前异动症评分为 3 4± 0 7,治疗后为 1 6± 1 3 ,差异显著 (P <0 0 1)。治疗过程中无患者出现运动功能的恶化和血白细胞的减少。结论 :小剂量 (5 0mg)氯氮平能有效改善PD患者的LID ,安全性好     

氯氮平治疗帕金森病精神障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨氯氮平治疗帕金森病(PD)并发精神障碍的临床疗效及不良反应。方法收集PD并发精神障碍的患者56例,随机分为氯氮平组30例,喹硫平组26例。在优化抗帕金森病药物治疗基础上分别加用氯氮平或喹硫平,观察4周。治疗前后采用UPDRS评定运动功能;采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)和临床总体印象严重程度量表(CGI-S)评定精神症状;采用异常不自主运动量表评定异动症。结果 2组精神症状改善程度同基线比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.001),各时间点比较无显著差异。UPDRS评分,氯氮平组治疗前后运动功能评分差异无统计学意义,喹硫平组治疗前后运动功能评分有统计学差异(P0.05)。2组治疗前后异动症评分有显著差异(P0.05)。结论氯氮平对治疗PD并发精神障碍患者的疗效肯定、安全,不加重运动障碍,且能显著改善患者异动症。喹硫平对PD并发精神障碍的患者疗效肯定,但可加重患者运动障碍,且对异动症无效。     

帕金森病患者血清人软骨糖蛋白39水平的改变及其与病情和认知功能的相关性

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者血清人软骨糖蛋白39(YKL-40)水平的改变及其与病情和认知功能的相关性。方法用ELISA法给63例PD患者和60名正常对照者进行血清YKL-40水平检测,以及蒙特利尔认知评估(Mo CA)量表评分。并给PD患者进行统一PD评定量表(UPDRS)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ评分,评定病情。对PD患者的血清YKL-40水平与UPDRSⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ评分、病程及Mo CA量表进行相关性分析。结果 PD组的血清YKL-40水平[(3.717±0.1015)ng/ml]明显高于正常对照组[(2.919±0.1827)ng/ml](P0.001)。PD患者的血清YKL-40水平与UPDRSⅠ无相关性(r=0.21,P0.05),与UPDRSⅡ、Ⅲ评分呈正相关(r=0.9251,r=0.7767;均P0.0001),与PD患者的病程亦呈正相关(r=0.4323,P0.01),与Mo CA量表评分呈负相关(r=-0.6985,P0.0001)。结论 PD患者的血清YKL-40水平显著增高,并与病情和认知功能密切相关。YKL-40可成为PD诊断和病情判断的生物学指标。     

定振汤治疗帕金森病的临床观察

目的 观察定振汤治疗帕金森病(PD)的临床疗效.方法 选择2006年3月～2008年9月我院PD患者65例,将其随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组根据"国际帕金森病治疗指南"用药原则进行治疗,治疗组在此基础上予以定振汤,连续服用6月.在治疗前、治疗后3月和6月分别进行帕金森病统一评分量表(UPDRS)评分、观察两组在治疗前、治疗后3月及6月自主神经症状发生率.结果 治疗后两组患者UPDRS评分均呈上升趋势,治疗组较对照组UPDRS评分上升明显减慢,在治疗后第6月时,两组UPDRS评分比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).治疗后3月时,治疗组便秘的发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗6月时,治疗组泌尿障碍的发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 定振汤能有效减慢PD患者的UPDRS评分的上升速度,延缓病情进展,改善便秘、泌尿障碍等自主神经症状.     

帕金森病冻结步态的临床特征分析

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者中冻结步态(FOG)的发生率及临床特征。方法随机搜集2016年11月至2019年3月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院就诊的114例PD患者的临床资料。计算FOG发生率,依据是否合并FOG分为伴FOG组和不伴FOG组,采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析PD伴FOG患者的临床特征。结果114例PD患者中FOG发生率为40.35%。PD伴FOG组的病程(U=147.500,P=0.015)、肌强直(x2=4.665,P=0.031)、强直型(x2=9.893,P=0.002)、语言障碍(x2=11.443,P=0.001)、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分(U=1187.500,P=0.029)、改良 Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y)分级(U=1001.000,P=0.001)、便秘(x~2=4.250,P=0.039)、不宁腿综合征(x~2=5.394,P=0.020)、快眼动睡眠行为障碍(x~2=4.332,P=0.037)、HAMD评分(U=1114.500,P=0.009)均高于不伴FOG组。强直型(OR=2.843,95% CI 1.034~7.821,P=0.043)是PD患者伴发FOG的独立危险因素。结论病程长、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分高、改良H-Y分级高、强直型、合并肌强直、语言障碍、便秘、不宁腿综合征、快眼动睡眠行为障碍和抑郁的患者易出现FOG。其中,运动亚型为强直型是独立危险因素。     

440例帕金森病患者非运动症状的发生率及相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病(PD)患者非运动症状的发生率及其相关因素.方法 连续选取自2008年1月至2011年12月北京宣武医院PD专科门诊确诊为原发性PD的440例患者,详细记录其起病年龄、病程等临床资料,选择非运动症状筛查量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)进行评分,并对相关数据进行统计学分析.结果 440例PD患者中,排便不尽感和便秘发生率最高,分别为60.5％和60％,其次是记忆力下降(56.6％)、多汗(52％)和情绪低落(47.7％).病程、HAMD总分、UPDRSⅡ和Ⅲ部分总分与非运动症状数量呈正相关关系(P均＜0.05).不同病程的患者白天流涎、味觉或嗅觉异常、吞咽困难或饮水呛咳、便秘等发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而记忆力注意力下降、情绪低落等的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 胃肠道症状、记忆力及注意力下降、情绪障碍是PD最常见的非运动症状.病程越长、抑郁症状越重、病情越重,患者非运动症状的数量越多.     

伴与不伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍帕金森病患者临床差异的meta分析

目的系统评价伴与不伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)帕金森病(PD)患者之间临床特征的差异。方法检索Pub Med、EMbase等外文数据库及中国生物医学数据库(CMB)、中国知识基础设施工程(CNKI)、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP)、万方数据库等中文数据库关于PD与RBD相关性分析的病例对照研究,检索时限从建库至2018年09月01日。对入选文献进行质量评价,并用Stata 12. 0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入了17项符合标准的病例对照研究,共计PD患者3006例,Meta分析结果显示:与不伴RBD的PD患者相比,伴RBD的PD患者年龄更大(SMD=0. 26; 95%CI0. 19～0. 34; P 0. 00 001)、病程更长(SMD=0. 29; 95%CI 0. 21～0. 37; P 0. 00 001)、Hoehn-Yahr分级更高(SMD=0. 22; 95%CI 0. 11～0. 33; P 0. 00 001)、UPDRS-III评分更高(SMD=0. 25; 95%CI 0. 15～0. 36; P 0. 00 001)、左旋多巴剂量更大(SMD=0. 17; 95%CI 0. 08～0. 26; P 0. 00 001),更易出现症状波动(OR=1. 65; 95%CI1. 34～2. 03; P0. 00 001)、异动症(OR=2. 24; 95%CI 1. 74～2. 88; P 0. 00 001),MMSE评分更低(SMD=-0. 23; 95%CI-0. 40～-0. 06; P=0. 008),幻觉(OR=3. 15; 95%CI 2. 06～4. 80; P 0. 00 001)更多见,而性别(OR=1. 15; 95%CI 0. 99～1. 35; P=0. 07)、发病年龄(SMD=0. 09; 95%CI-0. 01～0. 19; P=0. 08)组间差异不明显。结论 PD患者中RBD的发生与患者年龄、病程有关,且伴RBD的PD患者需要更高的左旋多巴剂量、更易出现运动并发症,非运动症状更明显,提示伴RBD的PD患者中枢神经系统变性程度更严重、损害范围更广泛。     

帕金森病相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响。方法根据是否伴有疼痛将120例PD患者分为疼痛组(49例)和非疼痛组(71例)。采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)和Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级评估患者的严重程度,采用PD生活质量量表-39(PDQ-39)测评其生活质量,用数字评分法(NRS)评估疼痛组患者疼痛程度。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和MMSE评价患者的焦虑、抑郁及认知情况。结果与无疼痛组比较,疼痛组H-Y分期及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢ服药后(med-on)、UPDRSⅢ服药前(med-off)、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分均显著升高(P0.05～0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,NRS评分与H-Y分级及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢmed-off、UPDRSⅢmed-on、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分呈正相关(P0.05～0.01),与年龄、发病年龄、病程、受教育年限及UPDRSⅡ、MMSE评分无相关性(均P0.05)。线性回归分析显示,UPDRSⅡ、HAMA、NRS评分对PDQ-39有显著性影响(均P0.01)。结论 PD相关性疼痛可能与精神活动、运动症状、焦虑抑郁相关。PD相关性疼痛是影响PD患者生活质量的独立预测因子。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激对帕金森病患者生活质量影响的研究

目的对给予丘脑底核(STN)电刺激治疗的帕金森病(PD)患者进行生活质量评估,以评价治疗的有效性及不同因素对生活质量的影响。方法41例接受双侧STN深部电刺激(DBS)治疗的PD患者分别于术前及术后12个月应用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn和Yahr分期、Schwab和England日常生活活动量表、医院焦虑和抑郁量表(HADS)评价其临床情况;帕金森病生活质量问卷(PDQ-39)评价生活质量,并对统计结果进行配对t检验和Spearman相关性检验。结果UPDRS评分中日常生活活动、运动检查、并发症均有明显改善(P<0.001),而精神、行为和情绪无明显改善。HADS量表结果显示患者的焦虑及抑郁评分均有明显改善(P<0.001)。PDQ-39评分中运动、日常生活活动、情绪状态、身体不适、总评分等项均有明显改善(P<0.001),羞耻感也有改善(P<0.05)。相关性检验的结果提示与PDQ-39总评分变化程度成相关性的因素依次为:UPDRS运动检查“关”期(P<0.001), Schwab和England日常生活活动量表“关”期(P<0.001),UPDRS日常生活活动“关”期(P<0.01),HADS-抑郁(P< 0.05)。结论脑深部电刺激能明显改善PD患者的生活质量。     

Freezing of gait affects quality of life of peoples with Parkinson's disease beyond its relationships with mobility and gait.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between freezing of gait (FOG) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients (n = 118) completed the PDQ-39 (QoL) and FOG-Q questionnaires. Disease severity was assessed by the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The relations between those parameters were assessed using regression models. 66 men and 52 women (mean age 65.8 +/- 10.2 years, UPDRS total score 48.4 +/- 17.1, disease duration 8.5 +/- 5.8 years, H&Y stage 2.7 +/- 0.8) participated. FOG severity had a significant effect on QoL (P < 0.0015), accounting for disease severity assessed by UPDRS. Specifically, FOG severity was correlated with all the dimensions of the PDQ-39 except for stigma and social support, as follows: with mobility, bodily discomfort, activity of daily living (ADL) (P < 0.005 in all), with emotional, communication, and cognition (P < 0.05 in all). FOG severity (FOG-Q) was also found to affect a modified PDQ total score, without the mobility aspect (P = 0.0081). FOG should be viewed as a highly important symptom with regard to QoL of PD patients beyond its effect on gait and mobility. On the basis of the present results, special attention should be given to FOG in the treatment of patients with PD.     

Freezing of Gait Questionnaire: validity and reliability of the Swedish version

Background – Patient‐reported assessments of freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as the FOG questionnaire (FOGQ), are needed because FOG is difficult to assess objectively. However, the measurement properties of the FOGQ have been sparsely assessed. Aim – To assess the measurement properties of the Swedish FOGQ, and to explore relationships between FOGQ scores and other aspects of PD. Methods – Thirty‐seven people with PD were assessed with the FOGQ, Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY), Falls‐Efficacy Scale [FES(S)], timed gait tests, and the SF‐36 physical functioning (PF) scale. Results – Mean (SD) FOGQ item scores ranged between 1.3 and 2.1 (1.2–1.5); corrected item–total correlations ranged between 0.80 and 0.94. Reliability was 0.95. Mean (SD) and median (q1–q3) FOGQ scores were 9.6 (7.4) and 10 (2–15). Floor and ceiling effects were ≤5.4%. FOGQ correlated strongest with UPDRS part II (ADL), UPDRS item 14 (freezing), and HY (r_S 0.65–0.66). FOGQ scores correlated with PD duration, the Timed Up and Go test, dyskinesia, motor fluctuations, FES(S), and PF scores (r_S 0.40–0.62). Fallers had higher FOGQ scores than non‐fallers (median 12.5 vs 5.0). Conclusion – Data support the measurement properties of the Swedish FOGQ by replicating and extending previous psychometric reports.     

Freezing of gait and executive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a frequent, disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). FOG usually lasts a few seconds. It refers to brief paroxysmal events during which a subject is unable to start or continue locomotion. Despite its frequency, FOG pathophysiology is unclear. Because a frontal lobe dysfunction or a disconnection between the frontal lobe and basal ganglia has been implicated in FOG, we explored frontal functions in PD patients using neuropsychological tests. Thirteen early‐stage PD patients [Hoehn & Yahr score (H&Y) ≤ 2.5] with freezing during “on ” state (FOG+), and 15 age‐, H&Y score‐, and disease‐duration‐matched PD patients without freezing (FOG?) were investigated. No patient was demented or depressed. Assessment included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), FOG questionnaire, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), frontal assessment battery (FAB), phonemic verbal fluency, Stroop test (parts II and III), and ten‐point clock test (TPCT). UPDRS and MMSE scores did not differ between the two groups. FAB, verbal fluency, and TPCT scores were significantly lower in FOG+ patients than in FOG? patients (FAB: P = 0.008; phonemic verbal fluency: P = 0.011; TPCT: P = 0.024). FOG correlated with lower scores at frontal tests in patients with early‐stage PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society     

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinson's disease after successful pallidotomy: clinical and electrophysiological observations.

Unilateral pallidotomy is an effective treatment for contralateral parkinsonism and dyskinesia, yet symptoms progress in many patients. Little is known about whether such patients obtain a useful response to subsequent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Motor and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, medication requirements, and dyskinesias were measured. Clinical outcomes were compared to patients with de novo STN DBS. Neuronal recordings were performed. STN DBS resulted in a significant reduction in UPDRS Motor scores (42.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.9-57.4; P = 0.03), comparable with de novo STN DBS surgery (41%; 95% CI, 26-46%; P < 0.001). There was also less change in dyskinesia duration and disability scores (P = 0.017, 0.005). There were no side-to-side differences clinically or in the STN neuronal firing rates and patterns. Bilateral STN DBS is safe and efficacious in improving motor symptoms in patients with prior pallidotomy.     

Determinants of quality of life in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease.

Our objective was to identify determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cohort of Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients were evaluated by means of the Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Schwab and England scale (S&E), Mini-Mental State Exam, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HRQol was assessed using the MOS-Short-Form 36 (SF-36), the Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), and the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Psychosocial Questionnaire (SCOPA-PS). 144 patients were evaluated (mean age 62 years; 53.5% men; mean duration of illness 6.6 years; median H&Y, 2 (range: 1-4). Mean SCOPA-PS and PDQ-39 Summary Index (SI) were 39.2 and 40.7, respectively. Both, PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS SIs correlated at a moderate level (r = 0.30-0.50) with H&Y, S&E, total UPDRS, HADS subscales, and SF-36 Physical and Mental Components. PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS were closely associated (r = 0.73). HRQoL significantly deteriorated as H&Y progressed, as a whole. Mood disturbances, disability, motor complications, and education were independent predictors of HRQoL in the multivariate analysis model. In PD Brazilian patients, HRQoL correlated significantly with diverse measures of severity. Depression showed to be the most consistent determinant of HRQoL, followed by disability, motor complications, and education years. There was a close association between the PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS summary scores.     

Ten-year follow-up of Parkinson's disease patients randomized to initial therapy with ropinirole or levodopa.

In a 5-year, double-blind study, subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) who were randomized to initial treatment with ropinirole had a significantly lower incidence of dyskinesia compared with subjects randomized to levodopa, although Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores were significantly more improved in the levodopa group. Subjects who completed the original study were eligible to participate in a long-term extension study conducted according to an open, naturalistic design and were evaluated approximately every 6 months until they had been followed for a total of 10 years. Comparing subjects randomized to initial treatment with ropinirole (n = 42) and levodopa (n = 27), the incidence of dyskinesia was significantly lower in the ropinirole group (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1, 1.0; P = 0.046) and the median time to dyskinesia was significantly longer (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8; P = 0.007). The incidence of at least moderate wearing off ("off" time >/=26% of the awake day) was also significantly lower in the ropinirole group (adjusted OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.03; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in change in UPDRS activities of daily living or motor scores, or scores for the 39-item PD questionnaire, Clinical Global Impression, or the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Early treatment decisions for individual patients depend largely on the anticipated risk of side effects and long-term complications. Both ropinirole and levodopa are viable treatment options in early PD.     

Controlled pilot study of the effects of neuromuscular therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease.

The objectives of this study is to examine the effects of neuromuscular therapy (NMT) on motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Thirty-six subjects with PD were randomly assigned to NMT or music relaxation (MR, or active control). Subjects received treatment twice a week for 4 weeks. Testing was conducted at baseline, after final treatment, and 8 days after final treatment. Primary outcome measures were the Motor subscale of the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI-Change). Secondary outcome measures included a PD-specific quality of life scale (PDQ-39), quantitative measures of motor function, and severity scales for anxiety and depression symptoms. NMT resulted in a significant and sustained improvement in the Motor subscale of the UPDRS (P < or = 0.0001), most notable in the tremor scores. Also improved 1 week after the last treatment were the CGI scores (P = 0.007) and the finger-tapping speed (P = 0.001). The MR active control group had a slight improvement in tremor but evidenced no other change in motor function. Both groups exhibited a modest improvement in quality of life immediately after the last treatment. This effect was sustained for 8 days only in the MR group. In the nonmotor domains, the MR group evidenced improvements in mood (P = 0.001) and anxiety (P = 0.002), whereas NMT had no effect on mood (P = 0.09), and its initial effect on anxiety (P = 0.0009) dissipated after 8 days (P = 0.40). Group differences for UPDRS motor score and patient CGI-Change were superior in the NMT compared to the MR group. There was no group difference in PDQ-39 scores or in nonmotor measures. The findings suggest that NMT can improve motor and selected nonmotor symptoms in PD and that this effect is more durable for the motor symptoms. The results of this pilot study warrant larger controlled studies to examine dose range, durability, and mechanisms of NMT in PD function.     

Impact of the motor complications of Parkinson's disease on the quality of life.

The impact of motor complications of Parkinson's disease (PD), especially levodopa-induced dyskinesias, on quality of life (QL) was studied in 143 patients with PD. All were evaluated on the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale, and the Motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Motor complications were analyzed using the UPDRS Parts IV(A) and IV(B) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. A specific Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire (39-item version, PDQ-39) was used. Motor complications significantly worsened the PDQ-39 Summary Index (PDQ-SI) of patients with PD. The dimensions of Mobility, Activities of Daily Living, Stigma, and Communication were the most strongly affected. "Peak dose" dyskinesia decreased Mobility, Emotional Well-Being, and Cognition, whereas biphasic dyskinesia affected Mobility, Stigma, Communication, and Activities of Daily Living. Morning akinesia, end-of-dose fluctuations, and "unpredictable offs" decreased QL on the dimensions of Mobility, Activities of Daily Living, Stigma, and Communication. Nocturnal akinesia led to a deterioration of all dimensions of the PDQ-39. Thus, motor complications and especially nocturnal akinesia and biphasic dyskinesias worsened the QL of PD patients.     

The importance of educational and psychological factors in Parkinson''s disease quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To define the factors correlated with quality of life (QoL) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND: PD has a substantial impact on QoL. Although several clinical factors have been associated with QoL in PD, the influence of patient's education still remains controversial. METHODOLOGY: A consecutive series of patients with PD were examined using the unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS part I, II, III), Schwab and England (SE), and Hoehn and Yahr stage (H&Y). QoL was rated with the PDQ-39, cognition with the Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE), and the presence of depressive symptoms with the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Patient's characteristics, estimated cumulative levodopa dose (CLD), UPDRS, H&Y, MMSE and GDS were correlated with the PDQ-39 using univariate and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of one hundred 58 patients (68 men, 90 women) with a mean age of 65.6 +/- 9.3 years, PD duration of 8.1 +/- 10.6 years, and education of 6.6 +/- 3.9 years were included. The mean PDQ-39 was 48.8 +/- 27.8, mean MMSE was 25.7 +/- 4, and mean GDS was 11.7 +/- 6.8. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the most important predictive factors were depression, UPDRS part I, UPDRS part II, and educational background, which accounted for a 61% of the variability of the PDQ-39 scores. CONCLUSIONS: In our PD sample, educational, behavioural, and psychological factors influenced life satisfaction more than physical ones.