单纯性脑震荡大鼠海马mPGES-1的表达

目的:观察单纯性脑震荡(pure cerebral concussion,PCC)大鼠脑内海马区膜结合型前列素E合酶1(membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1,mPGES-1)的表达变化,探讨mPGES-1是否通过前列腺素代谢途径参与PCC的病理变化及其变化规律。方法:采用清醒状态下自制金属单摆闭合式脑损伤打击装置制备PCC模型,致伤后随机分为3 h、12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、7 d组(n=5),另设正常对照组(n=5)。采用mPGES-1多克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学法和Western blot技术,检测PCC组和正常组大鼠海马CA1-4区mPGES-1的定位及定量情况。结果:正常状态下,海马CA1-4区mPGES-1阳性细胞极少,轮廓不清,致伤后3 h海马各区的mPGES-1表达水平开始增高,至3 d达高峰,与正常组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),3 d后逐渐下降,至7 d接近正常水平。mPGES-1蛋白的变化规律和免疫组化结果相似。结论:PCC损伤早期海马区出现mPGES-1表达增强,提示mPGES-1通过前列腺素代谢途径参与PCC致伤后的病理变化。     

EP2受体抑制剂AH6809对单纯性脑震荡大鼠皮质中肿瘤坏死因子表达的调控

目的:观察单纯性脑震荡(pure cerebral concussion,PCC)后使用AH6809干预大鼠前额叶皮质(prefrontal cortex,PC)、颞叶皮质(temporal cortex,TC)和梨状皮质(piriform cortex,Pir)肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的表达及其变化规律,探索AH6809对脑损伤后TNF-α的调控作用。方法:在清醒状态下,采用"金属单摆式闭合脑损伤打击装置"复制PCC模型,分别于损伤后即刻和12 h腹腔注射AH6809(EP2受体抑制剂)进行干预,随机分为1、2、3和7 d的PCC损伤组(n=5),另设生理盐水(NS)对照组(n=5)。通过免疫组化和Western Blot法,观察和比较AH6809组和NS组大鼠PC、TC和Pir脑区TNF-α的表达变化。结果:AH6809干预组的TNF-α阳性表达在各个时间点较NS组明显减弱,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。结论:AH6809对PCC大鼠致伤后TNF-α的高表达具有一定抑制作用,一定程度上减轻炎症反应。     

单纯性脑震荡对大鼠海马iNOS表达影响的实验研究

目的　观察单纯性脑震荡( pure cerebral concussion, PCC )大鼠海马脑区诱导性一氧化氮合酶( inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS )的表达变化,探讨iNOS表达变化规律及其与PCC之间的病理联系。 方法　采用单摆闭合式脑损伤打击装置制造PCC大鼠模型,造模后随机分为3 h、12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、7 d 六个损伤组( n=5 ),另设正常对照组( n=5 )。采用iNOS单克隆抗体(鼠)进行免疫组织化学SP法染色和Western Blot实验,检测PCC组和正常组大鼠海马( CA1~4及上、下齿状回 ) iNOS表达的定位及定量情况。 结果　正常生理状态下,海马iNOS阳性细胞染色较浅、轮廓不清,且iNOS蛋白表达较弱,致伤后3 h组iNOS阳性表达开始增强,在3 d组出现表达高峰,iNOS蛋白表达高峰出现在2 d组,与正常组比较均有显著性差异( P<0.05 ),随后均出现下降,至7 d均仍高于正常组。 结论　PCC损伤早期海马脑区出现iNOS表达增强,提示iNOS是参与PCC继发性病理损伤的主要炎症因子之一。     

单纯性脑震荡大鼠海马OX-42阳性小胶质细胞的表达

目的:观察单纯性脑震荡(pure cerebral concussion,PCC)大鼠脑内海马小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)的反应和变化,探讨小胶质细胞是否参与脑损伤后的病理变化以及变化规律。方法:采用清醒状态下自制金属单摆闭合式脑损伤打击装置制备PCC模型,致伤后随机分为3 h、12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、7 d组(n=5),另设正常对照组(n=5)。采用小鼠抗鼠OX-42单克隆抗体(MG特异性标记物)进行免疫组织化学SP法(streptavidin-peroxidase,SP)和免疫荧光染色,观察PCC组和正常组大鼠海马CA1～4区和上、下齿状回OX-42的表达变化。结果:正常状态下,OX-42表达很少甚至很难发现,PCC组大鼠海马CA1～4区和上、下齿状回的OX-42的表达呈现伤后逐渐增高趋势,与正常组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),7 d后有下降趋势,但仍高于正常组。结论:PCC损伤早期海马MG出现激活后的形态和数量的变化,提示MG参与PCC致伤后的病理变化。     

氯化锂匹罗卡品诱导癫痫大鼠海马神经元GPER1表达的变化

目的:观察G蛋白偶联雌激素受体1(GPER1)在癫痫大鼠海马神经元中表达的变化。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠分成对照组(control)和癫痫组(epilepsy),利用腹腔注射氯化锂-匹罗卡品方法制备癫痫模型,分别在1、2、3、7、14 d和28 d,利用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,利用尼氏染色观察大鼠海马神经元形态变化;利用免疫组化和Western Blot技术观察GPER1在海马的表达。结果:水迷宫结果显示,与Control组相比,造模14 d的大鼠逃逸潜伏时间明显延长(P 0. 05),穿越目标象限区域的次数较Control组显著降低(P 0. 05)。尼氏染色结果显示:与Control组相比,造模1 d和2 d的大鼠CA1及CA3区锥体细胞层细胞及DG区颗粒细胞层细胞体积缩小,细胞间距增加,尼氏染色减弱;造模3和7 d的大鼠细胞体积明显缩小,细胞间隙明显增大,尼氏染色加深,CA1及CA3细胞数量明显减少;造模14 d和28 d的大鼠神经元体积逐渐向正常恢复,但仍较Control组小。免疫组化结果显示:GPER1免疫阳性细胞以海马锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞为主,主要分布在细胞膜。与Control组相比,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠海马CA1及CA3区GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),7 d后增加最明显(P 0. 01),14、28 d后表达下降;在DG区,造模3 d及7 d的大鼠GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),14 d后表达下降(P 0. 05),28 d大鼠无显著差异。Western Blot结果显示:与Control组比较,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠GPER1相对表达量开始增高,7 d后明显增高(P 0. 05),14 d及28 d的大鼠表达降低。结论:GPER1在海马神经元的表达随着神经元损伤的加重而增高,随着神经元损伤的恢复逐渐降低,提示其表达变化与神经元的损伤与修复有关。     

慢性吗啡处理及戒断后大鼠前额皮质、海马和杏仁核中Parvalbumin的表达变化

为了观察慢性吗啡处理及戒断后大鼠前额皮质、海马和杏仁核中parvalbumin(PV)的表达变化,为其功能的研究提供形态学依据,本实验将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为吗啡依赖组和生理盐水对照组。吗啡依赖组大鼠腹膜腔注射吗啡,2次/d,起始剂量为5mg/kg,逐日递增5mg,至第10d为50mg/kg;对照组注射同体积的生理盐水。于末次注射后动物分别存活3h、3d和14d。用免疫组化方法和相对平均灰度值检测前额皮质、海马和杏仁核内PV的表达。结果显示:在生理盐水处理组各存活时间点,前额皮质、海马和杏仁核内PV的表达相同。和生理盐水对照组相比,3h时海马和杏仁核内PV的表达明显增加(P<0.05),但前额皮质内PV的表达减少。第3d时,海马CA1、CA3、CA4、齿状回和杏仁核内PV的表达减少,但CA2区PV表达继续增加,而前额皮质的表达开始恢复。至第14d时,CA2区PV的表达开始恢复,但CA1、CA4和杏仁核内PV的表达又开始增加,明显高于第3d组(P<0.05)。以上结果提示慢性吗啡处理及戒断后PV的表达具有区域特异性和时相特异性;这种变化在戒断早期可能主要与躯体依赖相关,而戒断晚期主要与精神依赖相关。     

铝对大鼠记忆及海马内组蛋白乙酰基转移酶1表达的影响

目的:通过研究亚慢性铝暴露对大鼠记忆功能及组蛋白乙酰基转移酶1(HAT1)表达的影响,探究铝损伤记忆功能的机制。方法:将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(control)和低染毒组(Al-L)、中染毒组(Al-M)、高染毒组(Al-H),以出生当天(1 d)至90 d持续染毒方式建立亚慢性铝暴露大鼠模型。用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的记忆功能,用尼氏染色法观察海马CA1区神经细胞的形态改变,real time RT-PCR检测大鼠海马HAT1 mRNA的表达,Western Blot检测大鼠海马HAT1蛋白的表达。结果:与对照组相比,染铝组大鼠在目标象限停留时间较短,穿越平台次数较少,表明大鼠空间记忆能力受损;尼氏染色显示大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞形态受损,同时大鼠海马HAT1 mRNA和蛋白表达均降低。结论:亚慢性铝暴露降低大鼠海马CA1区HAT1表达,可能导致大鼠空间记忆功能障碍。     

血管性痴呆大鼠海马神经元LC3和Beclin-1的表达

目的:在血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)模型大鼠,观察自噬相关蛋白LC3和Beclin-1在海马CA1区神经元中的表达变化情况。方法:采用重复夹闭双侧颈总动脉(CCA)同时腹腔注射硝普钠溶液方法制备VD大鼠模型,在1、3、5和7 d四个时间点,分别采用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;HE染色观察CA1区神经元形态变化情况;免疫组化和Western Blot观察海马CA1区神经元上LC3和Beclin-1的表达情况。结果:模型组大鼠各时间点的逃逸潜伏期(escape latency,EL)比假手术组均明显延长(P0.01)。HE染色结果发现,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠海马神经元出现严重损伤,且随时间延长逐渐加重。免疫组化和Western Blot积分光密度值测定结果显示,模型组大鼠各时间点LC3和Beclin-1的表达均比假手术组明显升高(P0.01),5 d时间点达到高峰。结论:VD模型大鼠缺血再灌注短时间内海马CA1区神经元出现严重损伤,伴有自噬相关的LC3和Beclin-1一过性表达升高。     

PTSD大鼠海马RGMa的表达变化

目的观察RGMa(repulsive guidancemoleculea)在创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)大鼠海马神经元的表达变化。方法建立连续单一刺激(single prolonged stress,SPS)的Wistar大鼠PTSD模型,随机分为SPS刺激后第7天组(SPS7d)、第14天组(SPS14d)及正常对照组,采用免疫组织化学、Western Blot方法检测各组海马神经元RGMa的表达变化。结果免疫组织化学及Western Blot结果均显示SPS7d组海马神经元RGMa表达水平较正常对照组增加(P<0.01),第14天组降低但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论 PTSD模型大鼠海马RGMa蛋白水平变化可能是海马神经元遭遇巨大应激源后修复异常并最终导致神经元凋亡、海马体积缩小的重要分子机制之一。     

银杏叶提取物预处理对VD模型大鼠海马CA1区P-GP和GLT-1表达的影响

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物(EGB761)预处理对血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠海马CA1区P-糖蛋白(P-GP)及谷氨酸转运体1(GLT-1)的影响。方法:大鼠分为假手术组、模型组和EGB761预处理组。EGB761预处理组在造模前7 d给予EGB761生理盐水混悬液灌胃,假手术组和模型组给予等体积的生理盐水灌胃。采用重复夹闭双侧颈总动脉(CCA)同时腹腔注射硝普钠溶液方法复制VD大鼠模型。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,用神经颗粒素(Ng)/P-GP和胶质细胞酸性蛋白(GFAP)/GLT-1免疫荧光双标法,观察海马CA1区神经元P-GP和胶质细胞GLT-1表达水平的变化,Western Blot技术检测VD大鼠海马区P-GP和GLT-1蛋白的表达量。结果:(1)Morris水迷宫检测显示,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠的逃逸潜伏期(Escape latency,EL)明显延长(P0.01),而EGB761预处理组大鼠EL明显缩短(P0.01)。(2)阳性细胞计数观察到,与假手术组相比,模型组海马CA1区Ng/P-GP的阳性细胞数明显减少,GFAP/GLT-1的阳性细胞数则显著增多(P0.01),EGB761预处理组海马CA1区Ng/P-GP和GFAP/GLT-1的阳性细胞数较模型组均明显增多(P0.01)。(3)积分光密度值测定观察到,模型组和EGB761预处理组的Ng/P-GP和GFAP/GLT-1阳性细胞的IOD值较假手术组均明显增大(P0.01);EGB761预处理组的Ng/P-GP和GFAP/GLT-1阳性细胞IOD值均显著高于模型组(P0.01)。(4)Western Blot分析结果显示,模型组和EGB761预处理组大鼠海马CA1区P-GP和GLT-1蛋白表达的灰度值均比假手术组增大(P0.01),EGB761预处理组大鼠海马CA1区P-GP和GLT-1蛋白表达的灰度值均显著大于模型组(P0.01)。结论:EGB761预处理可能通过上调VD模型大鼠海马CA1区P-GP和GLT-1的表达来预防VD的发生。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008