开展国人症状性颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术与强化药物治疗随机对照研究的迫切性

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranialatherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)是导致卒中的重要原因之一,也是再发卒中的重要危险因素。在美国,10%的脑缺血事件(卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作)系ICAS所致,其再发卒中率每年15%。ICAS是国人常见病,40岁以上无症状人群的患病率为6.9%;更是国人卒中最主要原因,33%～50%的缺血性卒中系ICAS所致;尽管采用了内科药物治疗,国人第1年卒中复发     

症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的预后分析

目的探讨唐山地区急性缺血性卒中住院患者的症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,s ICAS)的发生率和6个月预后情况。方法前瞻性、连续登记唐山工人医院缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)的住院患者231例,均经头及颈部计算机断层扫描血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查评估颅内外大血管,按血管病变分布情况,分为s ICAS组、非s ICAS组,并对s ICAS组进行6个月随访,按结局分为预后良好组和预后不良组,应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归方程分析s ICAS患者6个月预后的影响因素。结果本研究共纳入急性缺血性卒中患者231例,其中有108例(包括单纯颅内动脉病变95例和颅内外联合病变组13例)存在s ICAS,s ICAS发生率为46.8%。单因素分析显示s ICAS患者6个月良好预后与入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分[比值比(odds ratio,OR)0.872,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)0.775~0.980,P=0.022]、高同型半胱氨酸血症(OR 0.354,95%CI 0.132~0.984,P=0.039)、抗凝治疗(OR 2.597,95%CI 1.123~6.004,P=0.026)有关;多因素分析显示:与轻度狭窄患者相比,血管重度狭窄(OR 0.182,95%CI 0.035~0.943,P=0.042)和闭塞(OR 0.156,95%CI 0.029~0.833,P=0.021)患者、入院NIHSS评分更高(OR 0.768,95%CI 0.661~0.892,P=0.001)患者以及伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症(OR 0.177,95%CI 0.051~0.608,P=0.006)患者6个月预后更差;给予抗凝治疗(OR 7.714,95%CI 2.440~24.389,P=0.001)患者6个月预后更好。结论唐山地区急性缺血性卒中住院患者中接近半数存在s ICAS。入院NIHSS评分更高、血管重度狭窄和闭塞、伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的s ICAS患者6个月预后更差,而抗凝治疗能够改善s ICAS患者的6个月神经功能残障。     

无症状颈动脉狭窄的评价和处理

颈内动脉狭窄（ICAS）是约30％的缺血性卒中的病因。在50-79岁人群中，约有4％～8％存在〉50％的颈内动脉狭窄。自然史研究和临床试验均已证实，患者的卒中风险随ICAS严重程度的增加而略微升高，尤其是当颈动脉直径减小超过80%时。多中心前瞻性随机试验已经发现，在治疗近期有症状的严重ICAS患者方面，颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）比内科治疗更有效。然而，在无症状患者中进行CEA治疗的几项随机对照试验并不支持对大多数无症状患者实施CEA；同时，无创性筛查在这些患者中的作用仍然不清楚而且存在争论。此外，在避免非致残性卒中方面的益处是否在统计学上超过手术操作的总体成本和风险还不确定。临床医生一直致力于研究无症状ICAS患者的治疗决策。只有那些狭窄程度≥80％、病情稳定且预期存活至少5年的无症状ICAS患者才应该考虑进行CEA治疗，而且只能在具备已经证实围手术期并发症发生率很低（〈3％）的外科医师的医疗中心实施手术。本文对ICAS的患病率和自然史、CEA治疗无症状ICAS患者的证据、对ICAS进行筛查和监测的作用、评价ICAS的方法以及对执业医师的建议进行概述。     

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄与认知功能的关系研究

目的 探索颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS）患者的认知功能改变。方法 本研究连续入组2021年12月—2022年12月就诊于北京协和医院神经内科门诊诊断为ICAS（狭窄>50%）的患者,根据既往是否有狭窄侧血管负责的急性缺血性卒中或TIA,分为症状性ICAS组和无症状性ICAS组。同时纳入年龄及受教育年限相匹配的对照组。进行整体认知和各认知域（包括记忆、执行功能、语言功能、视空间结构功能）的测评。比较组间传统脑血管病危险因素、脑大小血管病负荷、脑萎缩、载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,ApoE)基因型差异,筛选认知功能可能的影响因素,采用协方差分析控制混杂因素,比较3组间整体认知和各认知域Z分差异。结果 本研究共纳入170例ICAS患者,其中无症状性ICAS患者103例[男性52例,平均年龄（55.86±11.78）岁],症状性ICAS患者67例[男性44例,平均年龄（57.49±10.75）岁],同时纳入91例对照[男性39例,平均年龄（56.21±9.70）岁]。症状性ICAS组较无症状性...     

责任性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄致首发缺血性脑卒中解剖模式与发病机制的关系

目的探讨责任性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)致首发缺血性脑卒中(Ischemic stroke,IS)解剖模式与发病机制的关系。方法回顾性分析261例责任性ICAS致首发IS患者的临床资料。根据弥散加权成像(DWI)的影像学表现分为单发病灶(皮质-皮质下梗死、皮质梗死、皮质下梗死),弥散病灶,多发病灶(单侧前循环或后循环多发梗死);卒中机制分为动脉到动脉栓塞、原位血栓形成、穿支动脉闭塞、低灌注、多发机制等。结果单发皮质下梗死是责任性ICAS致首发IS最常见的卒中模式(41.38%,108/261);责任性ICAS致IS主要发病机制为穿支动脉闭塞(41.38%,108/261);责任性ICAS致IS的解剖模式与发病机制显著相关(r=0.384,P=0.001),穿支动脉闭塞与皮质下梗死相关(r=0.805,P=0.001),弥散梗死、单侧前循环多发梗死、后循环多发性梗死,分别与动脉到动脉栓塞(r=0.853,P=0.001;r=0.860,P=0.001;r=0.281,P=0.001)、及多发机制(r=0.792,P=0.001;r=0.883,P=0.001;r=0.213,P=0.001)相关。结论卒中解剖模式有助于明确责任性ICAS致缺血性脑卒中的发病机制,有利于指导其临床诊治及预防措施的拟定。     

症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄血管内治疗中国专家共识2018

正颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)是导致缺血性卒中重要原因之一,不同人种之间差异明显,亚裔人群中颅内动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者占30%～50%,北美人群中仅有8%～10%~([1-2])。2014年中国症状性颅内大动脉狭窄与闭塞研究(Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis,CICAS)结果显示中国缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)患者中颅     

高分辨率磁共振成像评估大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄研究进展

<正>颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)是缺血性脑卒中的主要发病机制之一,因大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)的供血区域广泛,且易发生粥样硬化性狭窄,其供血区域的缺血性卒中发生率高,严重威胁中国人群的健康~([1])。研究显示,颅内动脉粥样硬化易损斑块破裂是缺血性卒中发生的主要促进因素~([2])。目前临床治疗     

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的治疗

<正>颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)是脑血管病(cerebral vascular disease,CVD)的危险因素,开展对ICAS的治疗,是预防和减少ICAS相关性卒中最佳选择。ICAS的治疗分为外科、内科及血管介入治疗。一、外科治疗据Garrett等[1]的回顾性分析,颅外-颅内血管旁路移植术     

颅内动脉前向血流与侧支循环的影像评估

正颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)是目前全球范围内引起缺血性卒中的常见原因之一,尤其好发于亚洲人群[1]。血流动力学损害是ICAS导致缺血性卒中的一个重要病理生理机制,它可独立引起脑梗死,也可与其他病因如栓子栓塞,共同作用引起靶区域组织梗死[2]。为了维持脑组织正常血供,当脑组织灌注压减低,脑血流量出现下降趋势时,机体可通过自我调节,局部微血管扩张,伴或不伴侧支循环开放,来维持脑血流量稳定或耐受范围内的轻微下降。当局部微循环障碍伴或不伴侧支循环开放时,脑血流量明显减低,当达到电衰竭阈值以下时,则会发生脑梗死[3]。     

缺血性卒中的个体化治疗的依据及策略

缺血性卒中是各种原因所导致的一组临床综合征,具有不同的病因、发病机制及临床表现。因此,缺血性卒中的处理应强调规范化诊断基础上的个体化治疗。本文从缺血性卒中的临床病理学特点及神经影像学改变出发,阐述了缺血性卒中患者的分型诊断原则和规范化治疗程序。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.