反义GFAP逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及其对反应性星形胶质 …

目的 构建反义ＧＦＡＰ逆转录病毒表达载体,评价其对２正常及损僵星形胶质细胞（Ａｓｔ）形态及ＧＦＡＰ基因表达的影响。方法 用定向克隆,将１．１ｋｂ的ＧＦＡＰ基因片段反向插入逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ上,获得重组体ＰＬＢｓｋＧ,经病毒包装,抗性克隆筛选、滴度测定等,挑选滴度高的抗性克隆细胞株扩展培养,收获病毒上清液感染体外培养的Ａｓｔ,通过免疫组织化学、原位杂交、ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ     

Rh-bFGF用于临床治疗脊髓半离断继发脑病变的实验性研究

目的：探讨ｂＦＧＦ是否对脊髓损伤后的大脑皮质运动神经元具有保护作用。方法：用Ｎｉｓｓｌ染色和ＧＦＡＰ免疫色对脊髓半离断后的大脑皮质运动区神经元和胶质细胞进行了定量和定性研究。结果：１ Ｎｉｓｓａｌ染色显示：（１）在对照组大鼠额皮质内神经元和神经胶质细胞未见异常；（２）在损伤组大鼠额皮质内见到大量神经元变性和胶质细胞增生明显以及胶质细胞嗜神经元现象：（３）在治疗组大鼠额皮质区内未见嗜神经元现象，但胶     

低温对原代星形胶质细胞的胶质纤维酸性蛋白和微丝的影响

用荧光染色方法，观察了低温（２～２２℃）对原代培养的星形胶质细胞的胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）和微丝（ＭＦ）的影响。发现在低于２２℃中处理后，ＧＦＡＰ束和ＭＦ束变细，ＭＦ数量减少。处理时间越长，变化越明显。形态分化良好的细胞的ＧＦＡＰ束耐低温能力提高。结果表明，低温时ＧＦＡＰ束间联结断裂，而其本身无解聚；ＭＦ束间联结断裂，ＭＦ本身出现解聚。     

肺及肺血管受体在低氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用

肺及肺血管受体在低氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用张桦，薛全福（中国医学科学院基础医学研究所，北京１００００５）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｔｗａｓｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆａ１ａｄｒｅｎｏｃｅｐｔｏｒ．ＰＤＧＦＡａｎｄＢｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ．...     

海马区星形胶质细胞的活化状态与缺血耐受性关系的研究

目的：观察海马区星形胶质细胞的活化与缺血耐受性的关系。方法：钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型,尼氏染色及免疫荧光法染色,观察海马锥体细胞迟发性神经元坏死及抗胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）染色的改变。结果：脑缺血组,ＣＡ１区锥体细胞几乎全产中丧失,只见很量少的细胞残存,零星散在分布;预缺血组,ＣＡ１区锥体细胞少部分丧失,大部分幸存。对照组有少量微弱的ＧＦＡＰ染色阳性细胞;脑缺血组有些ＧＦＡＰ染色     

反应性星形胶质化的形成机制及研究进展

脑损伤后修复过程中，小胶质细胞释放出多种多肽，神经元和星形胶质细胞分泌的ｂＦＧＦ以及星形胶质细胞释放的ＧＭＦ均参与和调节星形胶质细胞的激活。与此同时，脑源性抑制因子活性降低。反应性星形胶质化以细胞肥大为主，其ＧＦＡＰ含量增加。ＧＦＡＰ的生成，受到ｇｆａ基因的控制     

胶质纤维酸性蛋白基因调控及其在胶质瘤诱导分化中的作用

胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ｇｌｉａｌｆｉｂｒｉｌａｒｙａｃｉｄｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＧＦＡＰ）是星形细胞胞质内特异性蛋白，它在星形细胞源性胶质瘤的诊断上已发挥出重要作用。不仅如此，人们对ＧＦＡＰ表达与胶质细胞分化和瘤细胞生物学特性的关系、ＧＦＡＰ基因的结构和功...     

脑啡肽对早期反应性胶质增生形态及其神经营养功能的影响

目的　研究脑啡肽对早期反应性胶质细胞形态、增殖及神经营养功能的影响。方法　在相差显微镜下观察反应性胶质细胞形态,３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入实验检测反应性胶质细胞增殖,以Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ反应测定亚硝酸盐含量表示一氧化氮（ＮＯ）量,原位杂交实验检测生长相关蛋白（ｇｒｏｗ ｔｈ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达。结果　脑啡肽能促进损伤边缘的胶质细胞向损伤裸露区伸出宽大扁平的突起,增强反应性胶质细胞３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ的掺入（Ｐ＜０．０５）,抑制其ＮＯ的生成（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）;经脑啡肽处理的反应性胶质细胞能增强神经元ＧＡＰ－４３ ｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　脑啡肽增强反应性胶质增生的同时抑制了反应性胶质细胞ＮＯ 的生成而增强反应性胶质细胞的神经营养功能。     

缺氧促进猪肺动脉内皮细胞sis／PDGF—B链基因的表达

应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ和Ｓｌｏｔ－ｂｌｏｔ杂交技术研究了缺氧对猪肺动脉内皮细胞血小板源性生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）基因表达的影响，结果表明，缺氧能明显中肺动脉内皮细胞ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链ｍＲＮＡ的表达，而ＰＤＧＦ－Ａ链ｍＲＮＡ表达无明显影响，提示缺氧可能是体内刺激肺动脉内皮细胞ｓｉｓ／ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链基因表达的因素之一，通过肺动脉平滑机细胞增生和收缩，在肺动脉高压血管改建中可能具有重要作用。     

10例胶质肉瘤临床病理和免疫组织化学观察

１０例胶质肉瘤临床病理和免疫组织化学观察徐惠芳秦进喜孔繁明一、材料和方法从１９８８年３月～１９９５年３月共诊断胶质肉瘤１０例，全进行常规病理切片光镜观察，并均作免疫组化染色，采用ｓｔｒｅｐＡ－Ｂ法，所用抗体为ＧＦＡＰ、ＦⅧ／ＲＡｇ、Ｓ－１００、ｖｉｍ...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.