胰器官内淋巴管的研究

应用光镜和电镜的观察方法研究了新生儿尸体的胰器官肉淋巴管的微细分布及超微结构。结果是在胰小叶间结缔组织内存在有丰富的毛细淋巴管及淋巴管，在胰被膜内有较多的淋巴管。而胰小叶内，胰岛内部及其周围均未见到毛淋巴管，仅有丰富的毛细血管，胰的毛细淋巴管具有其他器官毛细淋巴管超微结构的特点。     

大鼠胰淋巴管的微细分布

采用半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片电镜观察方法研究了大鼠胰淋巴管的微细分布。结果证明 ,在胰小叶内包括胰岛内及其周围均不存在毛细淋巴管和淋巴管而有丰富的血管 ;胰的毛细淋巴管和淋巴管仅见于小叶间的结缔组织内。     

小鼠胰腺淋巴管的分布及其与胰岛的关系

目的:探讨小鼠胰腺淋巴管的形态分布及其结构特点。方法:对小鼠胰组织切片进行HE染色,5核苷酸酶(5-Nase)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)双重染色,光镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜二次电子和背散射电子图像(SEI/BEI)观察。结果:小鼠胰腺的淋巴管结构较典型,在胰腺的小叶间结缔组织内,较大淋巴管与血管和导管相互伴行;毛细淋巴管起自胰腺腺泡周围,并且均匀地分布于整个小叶内;小叶内有单独走行的集合淋巴管,亦存在与血管并行情况;在胰岛内部未发现毛细淋巴管,但胰岛周围可见丰富的毛细淋巴管。结论:小鼠胰腺小叶间和小叶内结缔组织中,均有淋巴管分布;胰岛内部虽无淋巴管,但胰岛与周围毛细淋巴管的关系较密切。     

非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰腺淋巴管分布及微细结构的酶组织化学 …

应用酶组织化学的方法对非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰腺淋巴管的分布及微细结构进行了光镜及电镜观察。５’－核苷酸酶（５－Ｎａｓｅ）阳性小叶间淋巴管具明显的神经支配和丰富的瓣膜，分布于整个胰腺。小叶内毛细淋巴管虽有典型的结构特征，如不规则的管腔，极薄的管壁和淋巴管内皮细胞的独特连接方式（端端、重叠与指状突起连接），但数量很少，其分布相对独立于毛细血管（碱性磷酸酶，即ＡＬＰａｓｅ阳性）。胰岛周围淋巴细胞浸润出现在     

新生儿腮腺的器官内淋巴管

用普鲁士蓝甲苯溶液淋巴管间接注射法、动脉内墨汁硝酸银水溶液注入法和电镜观察方法研究了１００侧新生儿腮腺器官内淋巴管的微细分布和超微结构。在腮腺小叶间结缔组织中存在较多的毛细淋巴管和淋巴管；在腮腺被膜内也存有淋巴管。但于腮腺小叶内未见到有毛细淋巴管和淋巴管，而仅有丰富的毛细血管。腮腺器官内淋巴管的超微结构具有一般淋巴管的超微结构特点。     

肝深淋巴管的分布及其与肝浅淋巴管的交通

目的：探讨肝浅淋巴管和深淋巴管的交通，以及肝淋巴管的交通在肝脏病理学方面的意义。材料和方法：采用普鲁士蓝注射、厚片透明和组织切片的方法，在５２例小儿和８例胎儿的肝脏对肝淋巴管作了形态学观察。结果：肝深淋巴管包括小叶间淋奥管和小叶下淋巴管，分别位于门管区的疏松结缔组织和小叶下静脉的外膜内。星状浅淋巴管和少数区域洒巴管经肝表面的小凹或裂隙注入小叶间淋巴管。阻断肝深淋巴管时，注射剂经肝深淋巴管返流人肝浅     

非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰腺淋巴管分布及微细结构的酶组织化学研究

应用酶组织化学的方法对非肥胖型糖尿病（ｎｏｎ－ｏｂｅｓｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃ，ＮＯＤ）小鼠胰腺淋巴管的分布及微细结构进行了光镜及电镜观察。５′－核苷酸酶（５′－Ｎａｓｅ）阳性小叶间淋巴管具有明显的神经支配和丰富的瓣膜，分布于整个胰腺。小叶内毛细淋巴管虽有典型的结构特征，如不规则的管腔、极薄的管壁和淋巴管内皮细胞的独特连接方式（端端、重叠与指状突起连接），但数量很少，其分布相对独立于毛细血管（碱性磷酸酶，即ＡＬＰａｓｅ阳性）。胰岛周围淋巴细胞浸润出现在生后４～５周，并开始于近血管或淋巴管一侧。糖尿病发病后，血糖浓度在短期内急剧上升，胰岛由严重的淋巴细胞浸润转化为β细胞脱颗粒及坏死。淋巴管内一般充满大量淋巴细胞。淋巴管内皮细胞内小泡明显增多，并有广泛的细胞质突起。其开放性细胞间连接均匀地附着有５－Ｎａｓｅ反应颗粒，形成了相当大的细胞间通路（５００～１５００ｎｍ），可见细胞或纤维碎片从组织间隙经此进入淋巴管腔。结果提示，糖尿病胰腺的淋巴管对浸润的淋巴细胞、坏死的细胞成分和某些溶质等的转运具有重要的作用。     

睾丸间质细胞及淋巴管的超微结构

目的　探明睾丸间质细胞及淋巴管的超微结构。方法　灌流固定后半薄超薄切片光镜和电镜下观察。结果　睾丸间质细胞有二种亚群 ,各有其特点。淋巴管存在于纵隔内 ,小叶内未见典型淋巴管。结论　睾丸间质细胞分明细胞和暗细胞二种 ,纵隔内有丰富的淋巴管及毛细淋巴管 ,而小叶内则存在广泛的淋巴间隙     

胰组织结构提示多肽胰岛素的正常转运经淋巴而非门脉途径

目的　探讨胰岛多肽激素释放形式和细胞外正常转运途径的结构基础。方法　对大鼠和人胰尾部组织进行了光镜 (LM )和透射电镜 (TEM)观察。结果　胰组织主要由腺泡构成的腺小叶和分隔腺小叶的结缔组织所组成。胰腺的导管、血管和淋巴管 ,有髓和无髓神经纤维 ,均穿行于胰结缔组织内。在胰岛周围的结缔组织间隙内也可见到完整的膜包分泌颗粒 (2 0 0～ 5 0 0nm)。胰腺的毛细血管为窗孔 (5 0nm)型。结论　胰组织结构特点提示 :胰岛多肽激素的释放形式 ,可能是连同颗粒膜的整体释放而非传统认为的胞吐分泌 ;释放入胰组织液中的多态胰岛素或分泌颗粒 ,更易进入淋巴而非门脉血液     

先天性肺淋巴管扩张症

介绍６例少见先天性畸形——肺淋巴管扩张症。肺的特征性改变为肺呈蜂窝状，肺膜下、肺小叶间隔内、支气管周围和血管周围结缔组织内淋巴管极度扩大。其壁很薄，仅以内皮细胞围成。扩张的淋巴管可能由于先天性发育缺陷或由于淋巴管主干梗阻，但仅表现于肺静脉高压时。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.