大鼠颌下腺颗粒曲管神经肽的分布

目的 研究颌下腺内神经肽的性质、分布。方法 免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ方法。结果 大鼠颌下腺颗粒曲管和纹状管上皮细胞呈ＳＯＭ、ＳＰ、ＶＩＰ和ＮＰＹ免疫反应性,崦腺兆细胞为阴性。结论 大鼠颌下腺导管上皮细胞内含有多种神经肽,可能参与腺体的分泌活动、血液供应乃至消化道功能的调节。     

大鼠心瓣膜含神经肽Y血管活性肠肽P物质和降钙素基因相关…

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法结合葡萄糖氧化酶－ＤＡＢ－硫酸镍铵增强技术，研究了１月、８月和１８月龄大鼠心瓣膜中ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ、ＣＧＲＰ和ＳＰ免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布。结果显示，以上４种含肽神经纤维在８月龄大鼠房室瓣上均有分布，密度顺序为ＮＰＹ〉ＣＧＲＰ〉ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ，含ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度相近。三尖瓣中含ＮＰＹ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度大于二尖瓣，含ＶＩＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经纤维的密度与二尖瓣的相近。瓣膜中     

大鼠脑血管含神经肽Y,含降钙素基因相关肽,含P物质神经的年龄…

本文应用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、含降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）神经在大鼠完整脑底动脉环分的年龄变化，结果表明在２周、２月、８月龄大鼠脑底动脉上含ＮＰＹ神经的密度依次降低；含ＣＧＲＰ和含ＳＰ神经的密度依次升高。至１８月龄，含ＮＰＹ神经的密度和８月龄时的接近，而含ＳＰ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度比８月龄时明显降低。大鼠脑血管含肽神经支配的这种增龄变化表现出有     

大鼠习瓣膜含神经肽Y血管性肠肽P物质和降钙素基因相关肽神经的分布及年龄变化

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法结合葡萄糖氧化酶－ＤＡＢ－硫酸镍铵增强技术，研究了１月、８月和１８月龄大鼠心瓣膜中ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ、ＣＧＲＰ和ＳＰ免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布。结果显示，以上４种含肽神经纤维在８月龄大鼠房室瓣上均有分布，密度顺序为ＮＰＹ＞ＣＧＲＰ＞ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ，含ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度相近。三尖瓣中含ＮＰＹ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度大于二尖瓣，含ＶＩＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经纤维的密度与二尖瓣的相近。瓣膜中的含肽神经纤维可从瓣膜附着处的心壁及乳头肌内的神经两个方向延伸而来。主动脉和肺动脉瓣内仅发现有ＮＰＹ神经。随大鼠年龄增长，房室瓣中含ＮＰＹ神经的密度有增加趋势。含ＣＧＲＰ、ＶＩＰ、ＳＰ神经在１月龄大鼠房室瓣上的密度为零，在８月和１８月储时的密度与１月龄时的差异非常显著，８月和１８月龄时的密度间无明显差异。１月龄和１８月龄大鼠的主动脉和肺动脉瓣上，未见到４种含肽神经。我们的结果为心瓣膜的神经支配提供了新的资料，但这些含肽神经在心瓣膜的作用尚待探讨。     

大鼠脑底动脉环含NPY、VIP、SP、CGRP神经的来源

本文应用免疫组织化学结合颈上神经节切除术探讨了支配大鼠脑底动脉的含ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ、ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ神经的来源，并用交点计数法进行定量分析。结果表明去左侧颈上节后，含ＮＰＹ神经Ⅲ类纤维（环行纤维）在同侧筛内动脉，大脑前动脉的中段、尾侧段，颈内动脉，大脑后动脉吻侧段，后交通支上的密度降低约５０％；Ⅰ类纤维（纵行纤维）仅在同侧后交通支上的密度有降低，而Ⅱ类纤维（斜行纤维）在各段血管上的密度基本上不变，提示脑底动脉环仅部分血管上的含ＮＰＹ神经部分来自同侧颈上节。去一侧颈上节后，脑底动脉上含ＶＩＰ、ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ神经元无明显改变，说明支配大鼠脑底动脉的含ＶＩＰ、ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ神经既不在颈上节起源，它们的纤维也不经过此神经节。     

大鼠脑血管含神经肽Y、含降钙素基因相关肽、含P物质神经的年龄变化

本文应用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、含降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）神经在大鼠完整脑底动脉环分布的年龄变化，结果表明在２周、２月、８月龄大鼠脑底动脉上含ＮＰＹ神经的密度依次降低；含ＣＧＲＰ和含ＳＰ神经的密度依次升高．至１８月龄，含ＮＰＹ神经的密度和８月龄时的接近，而含ＳＰ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度比８月龄时明显降低．大鼠脑血管含肽神经支配的这种增龄变化表现出有利于脑血管扩张的趋势，它可能是脑血管硬化导致脑血流量下降的一种代偿机制。     

人胚胎期小肠六种肽能神经发生的研究

采用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法，对５３例不同胎龄的人胚胎小肠的亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－Ｅｎｋ）、Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）和甘丙素（ＧＡＬ）等６种肽能神经的发生发育过程进行观察，并与ＡＣｈ能神经和膀胱的肽能神经的发生做了对比研究。结果表明，人胚胎小肠神经中ＡＣｈ能神经发生早于肽能神经；同一个体不同器官肽能神经并非同时发生。本文观察到的小肠肽能神经的     

冠心病患者血浆中6种神经肽水平的临床研究

为了解冠心病患者血浆中６种神经肽（６ＮＰ）,即神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）,降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、脑啡肽（ＥＮＫ）、神经降压肽（ＮＴ）及血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）的含量,探讨其在冠心病发病中的临床意义,选择符合ＷＨＯ诊断标准的急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）２０例,心绞痛（ＡＰ）３０例,应用放射免疫法动态观察血浆６ＮＰ的含量变化,并以３０例正常人作对照。结果显示：ＡＭＩ组发病第１天６ＮＰ与对照组比     

自发性高血压大鼠心瓣膜上含神经肽Y和含降钙素基因相关肽神经的变化

用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＤ）神经在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）心瓣膜分布的变化。结果表明，在ＳＨＲ二尖瓣、三尖瓣上含ＮＰＹ、含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度，和对照Ｗｉｓｔａｒ－Ｋｙｏｔｏ（ＷＫＹ）大鼠相比较，无明显差异。但ＳＨＲ二尖瓣及三尖瓣含ＮＰＹ神经的Ｒ值，即心壁和乳头肌两个来源的含肽神经相延续所在的腱索数目与本片瓣膜上的总腱索数的比值，大于ＷＫＹ大鼠；而ＳＨＲ心瓣膜含ＣＧＲＰ神经的Ｒ值和ＷＫＹ大鼠无差异。本文对ＳＨＲ心瓣膜上含ＮＰＹ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的变化作了讨论。     

迷走神经切断后大鼠心房室结区神经肽变化的研究

切断大鼠颈部一侧迷走神经后，用组织化学方法结合图像分析定量观察了心房室结区乙酰胆碱酯酶，神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化，同时用生物深化法测定了ＡＶＮ区ＡＣＨＥ、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）的含量。并用逐步回归分析了各递质间的相互关第。本实验发现：ＡＶＮ区有ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ、ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应神经纤维和神经细胞。图像分析表明，左侧或右侧迷走神经切断５ｄ后ＡＶＮ区Ｎ     

人胎儿舌下腺副交感神经节细胞内的神经肽

目的：对人胎儿舌下腺组织中神经肽SP、VIP、NPY、SOM和铬粒素A(GGA)的分布特点及共存关系进行免疫组织化学观察。方法：采用HE染色法及免疫组织化学ABC法。结果：在第19w人胚胎舌下腺小叶间结缔组织中，可见有明显的副交感神经节，神经节内神经元胞体分别呈SP、VIP、NPY、SOM和GGA免疫反应阳性，免疫反应强度无明显增龄变化，但神经节内神经元胞体数量随增龄略有增多。结论：SP、VIP、NPY、SOM等神经肽和CGA共存于人胚胎舌下腺副交感神经节神经元内，它们可能调节局部血流量，对腺体的发生和发育有一定作用。     

Immunohistochemical localization of VIP and Met-enkephalin in the rabbit submandibular and sublingual glands

The existence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and Met-enkephalin pentapeptide were investigated by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique in rabbit submandibular and sublingual glands. In the submandibular gland, VIP immunostaining was observed in some peripheral acinar cells, while in sublingual one VIP positive fibres surrounded semilunes. Ductal cells of both glands were also reactive. These findings suggested a role of VIP in regulating volume and composition of salivary secretion.     

大鼠舌组织中肥大细胞与肽能神经纤维的分布

目的探讨舌组织内肥大细胞与肽能神经的关系及其功能意义。方法采用甲苯胺蓝染色和免疫组织化学ABC染色法对10只Wistar大鼠舌组织进行SP、VIP和NPY染色。结果经与甲苯胺蓝邻片对比观察,舌组织内肥大细胞分别呈SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应性;在舌组织固有层及肌间结缔组织中还分布有丰富的SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应阳性纤维;在肽能神经纤维附近或周围可见有免疫反应阳性的肥大细胞,这些肥大细胞与神经纤维紧密相靠或接触。结论 大鼠舌组织内肥大细胞和神经纤维分别呈SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应性,提示肥大细胞与周围神经无论是在形态还是在功能上有着密切的联系。     

P物质,血管活性肠肽和神经肽Y在大鼠舌肥大细胞内的定位研究

采用甲苯胺蓝染色和免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ方法，对大鼠舌组织中肥大细胞的分布，形态特点以及细胞内的Ｐ物质、血管活性肠肽和神经肽Ｙ的定位进行了研究。结果表明，大鼠舌组织内肥大细胞主要分布于固有层和肌层，多呈圆形，椭圆形或长梭形。经与甲苯胺蓝染色的相邻切片比较，几乎所有肥大细胞分别呈Ｐ物质、血管活性肠肽和神经肽Ｙ免疫反应阳性。提示：舌组织肥大细胞内Ｐ物质，血管活性肠肽和神经肽Ｙ等生物活性肽可能与其局部血液供     

Co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivities in the nerve fibers of the rat adrenal gland

The co-localization of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) with Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or its C-flanking peptide (C-PON) was investigated with immunocytochemistry methods in the adrenal gland of the rat. Most of the VIP immunoreactive (+) nerve fibers found in the capsule/glomerular zone also exhibited NPY or C-PON immunoreactivity (IR). We found that at least two populations of VIP varicose nerve fibers can be observed, the most prevalent exhibited both VIP/NPY or VIP/C-PON IR and the other which was rather scarce lacked NPY or C-PON IR. In the superficial cortex VIP/NPY or VIP/C-PON IR nerve fibers were often associated with capsular or subcapsular vascularization and extended into the zona glomerulosa. In the deeper layers of the adrenal cortex radial fibers were closely associated with the inner vascularization of the zona fasciculata and reticularis. In the adrenal medulla NPY or C-PON immunoreactivity was associated with ganglion neurons as well as chromaffin cells; these last cells were always VIP (-). VIP and NPY/C-PON IR could be co-localized in catecholaminergic nerve terminals of the adrenal cortex but not in the adrenal medulla.     

Detection of Alterations in the Levels of Neuropeptides and Salivary Gland Responses in the Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Model for Autoimmune Sialoadenitis

The salivary glands of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and BALB/c controls were evaluated for the stimulatory effects of the following neuropeptides; substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Injection of either of the three neuropeptides in combination with the muscarinic–cholinergic agonist pilocarpine increased saliva flow rates in BALB/c mice while there was no observable augmentation to flow rates in pre-diabetic or diabetic NOD mice. Small increases in protein content of the stimulated saliva were observed in the BALB/c group of animals with the injection of any of the above neuropeptides in combination with pilocarpine. In pre-diabetic NOD animals, only VIP and NPY increased the protein content-ratio above pilocarpine alone. Radioimmunoassay determination of neuropeptide concentrations in the submandibular and parotid glands revealed reduced levels of SP with diabetes onset as compared with pre-diabetic NOD or BALB/c mice. The levels of NPY were similar between BALB/c and NOD animals except in the pre-diabetic parotid gland where NPY concentrations were 1.3-fold greater. On the other hand, VIP concentrations were substantially reduced in the submandibular gland of NOD mice, while in the parotid gland neuropeptide levels were evaluated 3.8-fold relative to BALB/c controls. Immunohistochemical staining of the parotid and submandibular glands for SP revealed primarily ductal cell staining which was reduced with diabetes onset in NOD animals. These findings further define the sialoadenitis observed in NOD mice to be due, in part, to a general loss of neurotransmitter responsiveness on the part of salivary gland cells.     

大鼠、小鼠颌下腺副交感神经节神经肽的免疫组织化学观察

本实验采用免疫组织化学 ABC法对大鼠、小鼠颌下腺副交感神经节细胞的神经肽进行了定性观察。结果证明 :在颌下腺小叶间结缔组织中存在着副交感神经节 ,神经节内神经元胞体呈圆形、椭圆形或不规则形 ;还可看到有发自神经元胞体的细长或短的突起 ,与邻近神经元似有联系。神经元胞体呈 SP、VIP、NPY、SOM和 CGRP免疫反应阳性 ,细胞核为阴性反应。本实验结果提示 :大鼠、小鼠颌下腺副交感神经节细胞内的神经肽可能以神经递质或神经调质的方式 ,调节其复杂的分泌活动     

Immunohistochemical characteristics of human paraganglion cells and sensory corpuscles associated with the urinary bladder. A developmental study in the male fetus, neonate and infant

Triple label immunohistochemistry was used to study the coexistence of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and several neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (SOM) and galanin (GAL) as well as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in developing pelvic paraganglion cells in a series of human male fetal, neonatal and infant specimens ranging in age from 13 wk of gestation to 3 y postnatal. 13–20 wk old fetal specimens possessed large clusters of paraganglion cells lying lateral to the urinary bladder and prostate gland which were intensely DBH-immunoreactive (-IR) but lacked TH, NOS and the neuropeptides investigated. With increasing fetal age small clusters of paraganglion cells were observed in the muscle coat of the urinary bladder. At 23 wk of gestation occasional paraganglion cells were NOS or NPY-IR while at 26 wk of gestation the majority of paraganglion cells were TH-IR and a few were SOM or GAL-IR. Some postnatal paraganglia within the bladder musculature contained cells which were all VIP, SP or CGRP-IR while others displayed coexistence of NOS and NPY, SP and CGRP, or NPY and VIP. The presence of NOS in certain paraganglion cells indicates their capacity to generate nitric oxide (NO). These results show that human paraganglion cells develop different phenotypes possibly dependent upon their location within the bladder wall. A delicate plexus of branching varicose nerves was observed in the fetal paraganglia which increased in density with increasing gestational age. The majority of these nerves were VIP-IR while others were CGRP, SP, NPY, NOS or GAL-IR. The presence of nerve terminals adjacent to the paraganglion cells implies a neural influence on the functional activity of the paraganglia. Some paraganglia in the late fetal and early postnatal specimens contained Timofeew's sensory corpuscles, resembling pacinian corpuscles in their morphology. The central nerve fibre of these corpuscles displayed immunoreactivity for SP, CGRP and NOS, the latter indicating a possible role for NO in afferent transmission from the urinary bladder. In addition, a few corpuscles were penetrated by a noradrenergic nerve fibre immunoreactive for NPY and TH, which may have a modulatory role on the sensory receptor.     

Immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in rat and mouse salivary and exorbital lacrimal glands

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozyme I and isozyme II have been localized with the immunoperoxidase bridge method in cells of mouse and rat salivary glands and exorbital lacrimal glands. Immunostaining proved optimal in Carnoy fixed specimens for some sites and in Bouin fixed glands for other sites. Staining in mouse largely resembled that in rat glands, but minor species differences were observed. Serous acinar cells in the submandibular gland stained uniformly and exclusively for CA I. From 50 to 100% of the serous acinar cells in the parotid glands evidenced content of both CA I and CA II. A minor population of serous acinar cells in the mouse exorbital lacrimal gland stained for CA I and CA II, but these glands in the rat failed to stain. Immunostaining was observed in ducts in Bouin fixed glands. Some cells in striated ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands stained for CA I and CA II and other cells in these ducts were negative. Such cellular heterogeneity was also observed in excretory ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands. These findings thus demonstrate the presence of CA in two morphologically and functionally diverse cell populations in rodent salivary glands. Immunolocalization of the CA isozymes in serous acinar cells and intercalated duct cells, presumably packaged in secretory granules, implies a role for this enzyme in salivary secretions whereas localization of CA in striated and excretory ducts suggests their traditional function in fluid and electrolyte transport.