经导管动脉化疗栓塞在肝母细胞瘤综合治疗中的应用评价及文献回顾

目的：探讨经导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE ）在肝母细胞瘤综合治疗中的作用及疗效。方法回顾性总结2005年-2013年收治的10例经TACE 治疗的肝母细胞瘤患儿的临床资料。随访治疗后患儿的全身情况、血AFP值及瘤体体积大小的变化及生存情况。结果患儿10例,男女比例4∶1,发病中位年龄9.5个月（1个月～10岁）,10例患儿首诊后均予以1～4次TACE 治疗,其中6例TACE＋手术＋化疗,1例TACE＋化疗,3例在TACE 治疗后放弃继续治疗。介入治疗后肿瘤体积较前均有明显缩减（26.2％～10.00％,平均70.0％）,血清AFP值下降明显（28.5％～99.7％,平均83.6％）。所有患儿在接受TACE 治疗后均出现不同程度的发热、呕吐、一过性肝功能损害（Ⅰ度3例,Ⅱ度2例,Ⅲ度1例）、轻度骨髓抑制、贫血等不适,未见明显心脏毒性及肾毒性损害。随访时间2～114个月,平均随访时间为36.1个月,1年存活率100％（7／7）,2年存活率86％（6／7）,3年存活率71％（5／7）。6例患儿在接受TACE治疗后成功行手术切除,术后均接受全身化疗,1例仅经过4次TACE治疗及化疗后肿瘤消失,未行手术治疗,均无瘤存活至今。3例放弃治疗患儿分别于2～8个月后死亡。结论 TACE治疗可作为肝母细胞瘤术前重要的辅助治疗方式,能够使肿瘤体积明显缩小,血供减少,促进肿瘤包膜增厚,为尽可能完整切除创造了条件,能够改善肝母细胞瘤患儿的生活质量,提高长期存活率。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗及延期手术治疗小儿切除困难的肝母细胞瘤

自2003年1月至2005年2月我科共收治小儿肝母细胞瘤8例，其中5例经B超，CT或MRI等检查临床诊断为ⅢA期肝母细胞瘤，无法Ⅰ期手术完整切除，行肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）疗程后均能完整切除肿瘤，无手术死亡病例，存活最长已2年，平均存活时间11个月，无肿瘤复发或转移。     

动脉化疗栓塞术对小儿肾母细胞瘤细胞凋亡和增殖的影响

目的探讨动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)对肾母细胞瘤(WT)细胞凋亡指数(AI)和细胞增殖指数(PI)的影响,并评价其在临床治疗中的地位。方法将24例肾母细胞瘤患儿按临床分期、病理分型进行配对设计研究,设动脉化疗栓塞组12例,全身化疗组12例,采用TUNEL法和免疫组织化学超敏二步法测定标本的细胞凋亡指数和细胞增殖指数。结果动脉化疗栓塞组AI高于全身化疗组(P<0.05),PI低于全身化疗组(P<0.05),AI与PI成负相关(P<0.05),动脉化疗栓塞组术后瘤体缩小,坏死程度高于全身化疗组(P<0.05),而骨髓抑制少(P<0.05)。结论与全身化疗组相对比,术前采用动脉化疗栓塞法能更有效地诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,促使肿瘤缩小、坏死,有利于手术根治,取得更好的疗效,提高生存率。     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

目的 评价婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤,行经导管动脉栓塞治疗的疗效及安全性.方法 选择2005年至2007年间我院25例婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤连续病例,行经股动脉插管血管瘤硬化栓塞(TASE)治疗,血管瘤供血动脉插管依次使用碘油博来霉素乳剂及聚乙烯醇泡沫颗粒栓塞.结果 25例共行TASE术35次,每例行1～3次,平均1.4次.平均住院3.2 d(2～5 d).25例中达治愈标准19例(76.0%),达显效标准6例(24.0%),无效0例,显效率100%,治疗结束后平均随访10.4个月,最长16个月,最短6个月,无复发病例.本组未出现肺栓塞、脑栓塞等严重并发症.结论 婴儿巨大血管瘤经导管动脉硬化栓塞治疗具有创伤小、安全、住院时间短、疗效显著、大多数病例术后不留瘢痕等优点.     

介入栓塞治疗后手术切除肝母细胞瘤

目的 评价介入栓塞对肝母细胞瘤的手术切除率及预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年12月介入栓塞后经手术治疗的肝母细胞瘤33例患儿的临床资料.本组术前予介入栓塞治疗2～4个疗程后,均可手术切除,术后2周均予辅助化疗.结果 所有病例均获得肿瘤的完整切除,手术效果良好,术后随访6个月～5年,存活30例.结论 术前介入栓塞治疗可减少肿瘤血供,缩小肿瘤体积,提高手术切除率,综合治疗后可提高生存率.     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of transcatheter arterial em-bolization (TAE) in infantile huge hemangiomas. Methods From 2005 to 2007, 25 consecutive cases of huge hemangioma that aged 1- 9mon ( mean 3.7±1.34 mon) and weighed 4.3 to 8kg (mean 6.52 ±0.86 kg) were treated by TAE. The support artery of hemangioma was embolized by Bleomycin-lip-iodol emulsion (PLE) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in succession. Results Twenty-five cases under-went 35 times of TAE (1-3 times per each case with a mean of 1.4 times). The average hospitalization was 3.2 days (range 2-5 d ). The effective rate was 100% (25/25). The average follow-up period was 10. 44 months (range 6-16 months) without relapse. No serious complications such as pulmonary em-bolism and cerebral embolism occurred. Conclusions The advantages of TAE in the treatment for huge hernangioma in infancy are safe , effective, less trauma, short hospitalization and good cosmetic out-come.     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of transcatheter arterial em-bolization (TAE) in infantile huge hemangiomas. Methods From 2005 to 2007, 25 consecutive cases of huge hemangioma that aged 1- 9mon ( mean 3.7±1.34 mon) and weighed 4.3 to 8kg (mean 6.52 ±0.86 kg) were treated by TAE. The support artery of hemangioma was embolized by Bleomycin-lip-iodol emulsion (PLE) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in succession. Results Twenty-five cases under-went 35 times of TAE (1-3 times per each case with a mean of 1.4 times). The average hospitalization was 3.2 days (range 2-5 d ). The effective rate was 100% (25/25). The average follow-up period was 10. 44 months (range 6-16 months) without relapse. No serious complications such as pulmonary em-bolism and cerebral embolism occurred. Conclusions The advantages of TAE in the treatment for huge hernangioma in infancy are safe , effective, less trauma, short hospitalization and good cosmetic out-come.     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of transcatheter arterial em-bolization (TAE) in infantile huge hemangiomas. Methods From 2005 to 2007, 25 consecutive cases of huge hemangioma that aged 1- 9mon ( mean 3.7±1.34 mon) and weighed 4.3 to 8kg (mean 6.52 ±0.86 kg) were treated by TAE. The support artery of hemangioma was embolized by Bleomycin-lip-iodol emulsion (PLE) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in succession. Results Twenty-five cases under-went 35 times of TAE (1-3 times per each case with a mean of 1.4 times). The average hospitalization was 3.2 days (range 2-5 d ). The effective rate was 100% (25/25). The average follow-up period was 10. 44 months (range 6-16 months) without relapse. No serious complications such as pulmonary em-bolism and cerebral embolism occurred. Conclusions The advantages of TAE in the treatment for huge hernangioma in infancy are safe , effective, less trauma, short hospitalization and good cosmetic out-come.     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of transcatheter arterial em-bolization (TAE) in infantile huge hemangiomas. Methods From 2005 to 2007, 25 consecutive cases of huge hemangioma that aged 1- 9mon ( mean 3.7±1.34 mon) and weighed 4.3 to 8kg (mean 6.52 ±0.86 kg) were treated by TAE. The support artery of hemangioma was embolized by Bleomycin-lip-iodol emulsion (PLE) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in succession. Results Twenty-five cases under-went 35 times of TAE (1-3 times per each case with a mean of 1.4 times). The average hospitalization was 3.2 days (range 2-5 d ). The effective rate was 100% (25/25). The average follow-up period was 10. 44 months (range 6-16 months) without relapse. No serious complications such as pulmonary em-bolism and cerebral embolism occurred. Conclusions The advantages of TAE in the treatment for huge hernangioma in infancy are safe , effective, less trauma, short hospitalization and good cosmetic out-come.     

经导管动脉栓塞治疗婴儿颌面部巨大血管瘤

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of transcatheter arterial em-bolization (TAE) in infantile huge hemangiomas. Methods From 2005 to 2007, 25 consecutive cases of huge hemangioma that aged 1- 9mon ( mean 3.7±1.34 mon) and weighed 4.3 to 8kg (mean 6.52 ±0.86 kg) were treated by TAE. The support artery of hemangioma was embolized by Bleomycin-lip-iodol emulsion (PLE) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in succession. Results Twenty-five cases under-went 35 times of TAE (1-3 times per each case with a mean of 1.4 times). The average hospitalization was 3.2 days (range 2-5 d ). The effective rate was 100% (25/25). The average follow-up period was 10. 44 months (range 6-16 months) without relapse. No serious complications such as pulmonary em-bolism and cerebral embolism occurred. Conclusions The advantages of TAE in the treatment for huge hernangioma in infancy are safe , effective, less trauma, short hospitalization and good cosmetic out-come.     

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization as an initial treatment for hepatoblastoma

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization using Lipiodol Ultra-fluid (Laboratoire Guerbet), doxorubicin HCl, and Gelfoam (Upjohn)(L-TAE) produced good results in an infant with a hepatoblastoma initially considered to be difficult to resect. Lipiodol selectively accumulated in the tumor, and a marked reduction in tumor size with decrease of alpha-fetoprotein was observed. One month after L-TAE, left hepatectomy was performed uneventfully with a good postoperative course. L-TAE appears to be a useful treatment for hepatoblastoma. Offprint requests to: I. Yamagiwa     

Combined treatment of hepatoblastoma with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and surgery

Hepatoblastoma (HB) frequently presents at an advanced and unresectable stage. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) had been attempted to improve the feasibility of removing the bulky tumor in the authors' hospital and the results were presented here to evaluate the effectiveness and therapeutic role of TACE in the HB infants. Eight patients (6 boys, 2 girls), ranging in age from 2 months to 12 months, had unresectable HB based on clinical manifestation, B-ultrasound (B-US), chest X-ray film, computed tomography (CT), blood chemistry, and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and were subjected to TACE 1-3 times. On each TACE, Adriamycin (ADR, 20 mg/m2), vincristine (VCR, 1.5 mg/m2), and cisplatin (CDDP, 40 mg/m2) dispersed in 5-10 mL lipiodol were infused into the tumor, and stainless-steel embolization coils were released into the main feeding artery until completely embolized. Then, all the patients were reexamined once a month. Digital subtractive angiography was performed and the therapeutic strategy of further TACE or surgery was individualized in terms of the changes of tumor stain and the newly forming feeding artery. Six children (75%) had a marked response after the first TACE and were judged as being surgically resectable, but one boy died of pneumonia just before the scheduled operation and another boy preferred further TACE. The other 2 patients had only a partial response and required further TACE before the operation. Thus 6 children eventually underwent complete surgical resection and 1 boy achieved successful disappearance of tumor after 3 episodes of TACE alone. Seven children had an excellent recovery and remained tumor-free for 15-49 months. The results indicate that TACE is an effective and useful preoperative therapeutic choice for unresectable hepatoblastoma, and can improve the resectablity of the bulky tumor and the survival rate of HB patients. Multiple TACE could enhance the therapeutic effect and should be considered if indicated.     

Preoperative chemoembolization for unresectable hepatoblastoma

 Complete surgical resection offers the only chance for cure in patients with hepatoblastoma (HB). Patients with unresectable lesions are given preoperative chemotherapy in an attempt to create a resectable lesion. We present a case of an 11-month-old with an unresectable stage III HB unresponsive to systemic chemotherapy. Transfemoral hepatic-artery chemoembolization resulted in a surgically resectable tumor. The patient underwent a right trisegmentectomy with complete resection of the tumor and remains tumor-free 24 months postoperatively. Salvage chemoembolization can be an effective preoperative modality to convert an unresectable tumor into a resectable one. Accepted: 19 January 2001     

婴儿肝母细胞瘤的介入治疗及延迟手术治疗

目的　评价经动脉栓塞化疗 (TACE)结合延迟手术治疗婴儿巨大肝母细胞瘤的效果。方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 4年 1月不能手术切除的肝母细胞瘤 8例患儿 (男 6例 ,女 2例 )接受 1～ 3次栓塞化疗。年龄 2～ 12个月。每次栓塞化疗前均行数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查 ,栓塞化疗时首先超选择进入肿瘤的供血动脉 ,经该动脉先灌注化疗药物和超液化碘油的混悬乳液 ,再使用弹簧圈栓塞该肿瘤血管。结果　每次TACE均未遇到任何大技术问题和明显化疗毒性反应。 6例TACE结合手术患儿及经 3次TACE及静脉化疗患儿均无瘤存活至今。另 1例 1个月后死于肺炎。结论　TACE是治疗婴儿肝母细胞瘤有效、安全的方法     

不可切除型肝母细胞瘤的术前介入治疗临床研究

目的探讨术前介入性动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）在不可切除型肝母细胞瘤治疗中的可行性。方法分析对8例经检查诊断为不可切除型肝母细胞瘤行TACE的治疗结果。结果8例患儿TACE后均有不同程度呕吐、发热、一过性肝功能损害，1例有骨髓抑制，无心、肾功能损害。有6例复查B超检查，肿瘤体积较前均有明显缩小，缩小比例为22．5％～57．5％；5例手术完整切除，均已无瘤存活1～4年，3例复诊检查发现有肺转移或多发转移，家属放弃进一步治疗后死亡。结论TACE具有化疗药物剂量小、全身副作用少、化疗效果好的优点，可作为一种术前治疗方法应用于不可切除型肝母细胞瘤。     

P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白1、肺耐药相关蛋白和胎盘型谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶在肝母细胞瘤中表达特点及临床意义

目的探讨4种耐药基因蛋白P-糖蛋白（P-gp）、多药耐药相关蛋白1（MRP1）、肺耐药相关蛋白（LRP）和胎盘型谷胱甘肽-S转移酶（GST-π）在肝母细胞瘤中的表达特点与肝母细胞瘤病理类型的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测20例肝母细胞瘤中P-gp、MRP1、LRP和GST-π的表达强度和分布。结果肝母细胞瘤具有原发耐药性，P-gp和LRP在肝母细胞瘤的多药耐药机制中起主要作用，MRP1起补充作用，GST-π起协同作用；4种耐药基因蛋白在肝母细胞瘤的表达与标本来源无关（P〉0．05）；P—gp在肝母细胞瘤不同病理类型中呈高强度强阳性表达。结论P—gP、MRP1、LRP和GST-π在肝母细胞瘤中表达的差异性，有助于肝母细胞瘤预后判断以及新辅助化疗中个体化化疗方案的制定。     

Preliminary experience with arterial chemoembolization for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in children

The objective of this work was to test feasibility and efficacy of hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) in unresectable malignant liver tumors. Five patients aged from 1-12 years were treated in the Medical University of Gdansk from 1999 to 2002. All had locally advanced tumors, which did not respond to systemic chemotherapy: four, hepatoblastoma (HB) and one, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Arteriography was performed and chemoembolization suspension (cisplatin + doxorubicin + mitomycin mixed with lipiodol) was injected, followed by gelatin foam particles. The procedure was performed one to three times in each patient. In four patients (three, HB, one, fibrolamellar HCC), tumor response was observed, with decrease in the diameter of the mass of 25-33% and fall in the AFP level of 83-99%. One child with HB was non-evaluable due to early death caused by systemic myelotoxicity. Two patients (2 HB) underwent macroscopically complete tumor resection, 1 is alive and well, and 1 died at the end of surgery for an unknown reason (possibly related to cardiotoxicity of earlier systemic chemotherapy). One HB patient was successfully transplanted after two HACE courses. The only HCC patient died because of pulmonary oil embolism immediately after the third HACE course. HACE can lead to tumor regression in most cases and may be considered an alternative for patients with unresectable liver tumors who do not respond to primary systemic chemotherapy and are not candidates for liver transplantation for various reasons.     

Successful multimodal therapy with chemotherapy and surgery for bilateral pulmonary metastases secondary to hepatoblastoma

Two children with hepatoblastoma and bilateral pulmonary metastases were effectively treated with an aggressive combination of chemotherapy and surgery. Chemotherapeutic agents included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, THP-adriamycin, and cis-platinum. The pulmonary metastases were temporarily responsive to a regimen of these agents, recurred, and were subsequently resected without further recurrence. Such multimodal therapy is advocated for the treatment of pulmonary metastases secondary to hepatoblastoma.