影响急性脑梗死出血性转化的危险因素

目的 探讨急性脑梗死的出血性转化的危险因素。方法 收集2012年1月～2015年1月在湖北省恩施州利川市人民医院神经内科住院的急性脑梗死患者的临床及实验室检查资料,并在入院后10 d内行头颅CT复查,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定出血性转化的独立危险因素。结果 共纳入345例急性脑梗死患者,其中男205例,女140例,101例发生出血性转化。出血性转化组的年龄、脑梗死体积、脑卒中史或TIA史、高血压病、糖尿病、抗凝药和房颤的比例均显著高于非出血性转化组(P<0.05),而2组抗血小板聚集药、他汀类、高脂血症史、吸烟或饮酒史无明显差异(P>0.05)。多变量logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.168,95%,CI=1.059～3.412; P=0.021)、梗死体积(OR=3.461,95%C1=1.317～6.270; P=0.044)和房颤(OR=1.284,95%C1= 1.117～2.903; P=0.015)为出血性转化的独立危险因素。结论 急性脑梗死患者出血性转化的发生率为29.3%,年龄、脑梗死体积和房颤为出血性转化的独立危险因素,绝大多数出血性转化不会加重临床症状,临床症状加重的患者主要是脑实质血肿型。     

dl-3-正丁基苯酞软胶囊治疗轻中度急性缺血性脑卒中的开放临床研究

目的 观察国家Ⅰ类新药dl-3-正丁基苯酞软胶囊对轻中度急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效及安全性。方法对急性缺血性脑卒中患者进行随机对照或开放临床试验，参加随机试验的受试者依服药方法不同再分为3次／d给药（200mg／次）和2次／d给药（200mg／次）两个亚组；开放试验受试者均3次／d给药（200mg／次）。所有受试者基础用药均为复方丹参注射液。分别于治疗后第11天和第21天进行神经功能缺损评分及日常生活活动能力量表评分，观察和记录不良事件。结果（1）随机对照试验共入选28例患者，经dl-3-正丁基苯酞软胶囊治疗后，A组（3次／d给药）有效率为83．33％（15／18），B组（2次／d给药）40．00％（4／10），组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；A组治疗第11天和第21天神经功能缺损评分和日常生活活动能力量表评分与B组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。开放试验入选患者34例，与随机试验28例合计进行总体疗效评估。（2）总体疗效评估显示，总有效率为72．58％（45／62）；与治疗前相比，治疗后第11天神经功能缺损评分明显减少，日常生活活动能力量表评分明显增加（均P〈0．01）；治疗后第21天神经功能缺损评分和日常生活活动能力量表评分优于第11天（均P〈0．01）。（3）RE用dl-3-正丁基苯酞软胶囊后的主要不良反应为丙氨酸转氨酶及天冬氨酸转氨酶水平轻中度升高，发生率为4．62％（3／65），停药后可恢复至正常水平。结论dl-3-正丁基苯酞软胶囊对轻中度急性缺血性脑卒中疗效显著，不良反应少且为可逆性，临床应用安全；3次／d用药组疗效优于2次／d用药组。     

Temporal profile of serum anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory interleukins in acute ischemic stroke patients

The presence of an inflammatory response in the pathophysiology of acute brain ischemia is relatively well established, but less is known about the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate part of the immune response in acute stroke patients and to analyze a possible correlation with other hematological parameters, clinical outcome, size of infarct and subtypes of strokes. We prospectively studied 42 stroke patients, without signs of infections or inflammatory diseases, at days 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14, and 39 healthy control subjects. We measured serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) by ELISA method. We observed a highly inverse correlation between these two molecules in control subjects (r=−0.78, p=0.0000001), and this correlation was lost in stroke patients. Patients had significantly lowered IL-10 serum levels soon after the acute event (p=0.00005), with a slight increase at the seventh day. On the other hand, patients had increased IL-6 serum levels compared with controls after day one until day 14 (p<0.04), with a maximum increase at day 3. Interleukin-6 correlated with clinical outcome whereas interleukin-10 did not. Low levels of interleukin-10 indicate that the anti-inflammatory response is down-regulated in acute stroke patients. The pro-inflammatory response begins 24 hours after the onset of acute cerebral ischemia, as indicated by the increased serum levels of interleukin-6. The physiological balance between these two molecules is altered in acute stroke patients. Received: 9 March 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 25 October 2001     

Structural genomic variation in ischemic stroke

Technological advances in molecular genetics allow rapid and sensitive identification of genomic copy number variants (CNVs). This, in turn, has sparked interest in the function such variation may play in disease. While a role for copy number mutations as a cause of Mendelian disorders is well established, it is unclear whether CNVs may affect risk for common complex disorders. We sought to investigate whether CNVs may modulate risk for ischemic stroke (IS) and to provide a catalog of CNVs in patients with this disorder by analyzing copy number metrics produced as a part of our previous genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association study of ischemic stroke in a North American white population. We examined CNVs in 263 patients with ischemic stroke (IS). Each identified CNV was compared with changes identified in 275 neurologically normal controls. Our analysis identified 247 CNVs, corresponding to 187 insertions (76%; 135 heterozygous; 25 homozygous duplications or triplications; 2 heterosomic) and 60 deletions (24%; 40 heterozygous deletions; 3 homozygous deletions; 14 heterosomic deletions). Most alterations (81%) were the same as, or overlapped with, previously reported CNVs. We report here the first genome-wide analysis of CNVs in IS patients. In summary, our study did not detect any common genomic structural variation unequivocally linked to IS, although we cannot exclude that smaller CNVs or CNVs in genomic regions poorly covered by this methodology may confer risk for IS. The application of genome-wide SNP arrays now facilitates the evaluation of structural changes through the entire genome as part of a genome-wide genetic association study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Mar Matarin, Javier Simon-Sanchez, Hon-Chung Fung, Sonja Scholz and J Raphael Gibbs contributed equally to this article.     

重视颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性卒中关系

颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis,CA)是缺血性卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)重要的危险因素之一.随着生活水平的提高及人口老化社会的到来,目前我国CA的发病呈日益增加趋势.     

缺血性脑卒中患者动脉粥样硬化分布的临床研究

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中不同亚型与颈动脉粥样硬化分布的相关性。方法通过经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)方法检测颅内、外动脉粥样硬化程度,并结合病史、生化指标及影像学提示的病变部位进行综合分析。结果411例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,颅内动脉狭窄率为38.93%(160/411),颈动脉颅外段狭窄率24.09%(99/411)。颈动脉颅外段狭窄者年龄大、吸烟比例高,与无狭窄者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.020,0.013);而颅内动脉狭窄者糖尿病发病率明显高于无狭窄者(P=0.005)。411例中皮质梗死49例、皮质下梗死108例、腔隙性梗死72例和短暂性脑缺血发作30例,颈动脉颅外段狭窄者以皮质梗死为主(P=0.001),并且动脉内-中膜层厚度明显增加(P=0.020);而颅内动脉狭窄者以腔隙性梗死更多见(P=0.016)。颅内、外动脉狭窄者的年龄、性别、血糖及血脂之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论临床和影像学检查所确定的急性缺血性脑卒中亚型与颅内、外动脉粥样硬化的病变部位相关,提示发病的原因可能不同。糖尿病与吸烟是引起颅内、外动脉病变的重要原因。     

血清肿瘤坏死因子-α对急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的影响

目的通过观察急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的动态变化,探讨其对急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的影响及在发病机制中的临床意义。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法,连续检测55例急性缺血性脑卒中患者发病第1、3、7和28天血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平,并与23例短暂性脑缺血发作患者和30例正常对照者进行比较,根据梗死灶体积及临床神经功能缺损程度评价患者预后。结果急性缺血性脑卒中组患者于发病第1天血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平即开始升高（P〈0.05）,第3天达峰值水平（P〈0.01）,然后逐渐下降,至第28天时仍高于对照组和短暂性脑缺血发作组（P〈0.05）;梗死灶体积越大、临床神经功能缺损程度评分越高者,血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平越高,与其他各组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;恢复良好者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平高于无改善者（P〈0.05）。短暂性脑缺血发作组患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平与正常对照组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论血清肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的动态变化与急性缺血性脑卒中的发生、发展有关,在发作期间对患者进行动态观察有助于评价脑损害程度和预后。     

Mechanical recanalization for acute ischemic stroke

Thrombolysis has become accepted as an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, two major problems remain: failure of recanalization and hemorrhagic complications. The combined use of mechanical recanalization techniques with thrombolytic agents occasionally may be required to improve recanalization rates and to reduce hemorrhagic complications. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), clot extraction utilizing retrieval devices, and clot fragmentation using energy of ultrasonic or laser vibrations and suction-creating saline jets are possible effective mechanical recanalization strategies, but mainly as a rescue therapy for patients with failed thrombolysis. However, for large artery occlusions, thrombolysis alone often results in failure of recanalization. In such cases, to minimize the total dose of thrombolytic agents and to prevent hemorrhagic complications, mechanical recanalization may be alternatively selected as the first choice of treatment. The safety and effectiveness of PTA for acute middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion has been reported using additional thrombolysis with low doses of thrombolytic agents for distal embolism by crushed fragments. Reduction of total doses of thrombolytic agents may decrease serious hemorrhagic complications, resulting in better clinical outcome.     

急性缺血性脑卒中的诊治

急性缺血性脑卒中的分型有助于确定治疗原则。静脉溶栓治疗及血管取栓治疗是最有效的恢复脑再灌注的特异治疗方法。抗栓治疗、改善循环、降纤、扩容、神经保护、传统医药及对并发症的管理对预后有重要影响。康复治疗是促进卒中患者功能恢复、减少并发症、提高生活质量的重要措施。卒中后应尽早开始二级预防。     

急性脑梗死症状学、影像学及病因学分类之间的关系研究

目的：探讨急性脑梗死症状学、影像学及病因学分类之间的关系。方法：对125例起病48小时内的急性脑梗死患者进行3步骤分类诊断，第一步为症状学分类：(1)完全前循环梗死(TACI)；(2)部分前循环梗死(PACI)；(3)腔隙性梗死(LACI)；(4)后循环梗死(POCI)。第二步为影像学分类：(1)前循环皮质梗死或纹状体内囊区梗死(C0)；(2)低灌流梗死(LFI)；(3)深穿技区的皮质下小梗死(SSI)；(4)除SSI以外的后循环梗死(PCI)；(5)无异常发现(N0)。第三步为病因学分类：(1)大动脉粥样硬化(LAA)；(2)心源性栓塞(CE)；(3)小动脉病(SAD)；(4)其它病因、病因不明或混合性病因。结果：在症状学分类诊断为TACI、PACI和POCI的患者中，CT或MRI所示病灶与其临床症状的对应性良好，但只有67．3％的LACI影像学分类为SSI。大多数TACI患者是由CE造成的。在PACI患者中，CE和LAA的数量相同。只有57．7％的LACI患者被划分为SAD，而28．8％被划分为LAA。用LACI和SSI来预测SAD的阳性预测率较高(78％)。POCI的病因诊断多种多样。结论：除LACI以外，症状学分类与影像学分类的对应性良好，用症状学分类可预测TACI和PACI患者的病因分类，但难以预测POCI患者的病因分类。不少的LACI是由LAA造成的。     

缺血性脑卒中后疼痛危险因素分析

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中后疼痛的危险因素.方法 分析60例缺血性脑卒中后疼痛（poststroke pain,PSP）患者的临床资料.结果 卒中严重程度增加、年龄、女性、饮酒、抑郁症、高脂血症、糖尿病7个危险因素2组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Logistic回归分析显示,卒中严重程度增加及抑郁症为PSP发病独立危险因素.结论 卒中严重程度增加及抑郁症患者更易患PSP,应及早采取积极有效的预防措施.     

Beta-blockers reduce the risk of early death in ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: Beta-blockers reduce mortality in patients after myocardial infarction. Experimental studies suggest that beta-blockers have also neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to assess if use of beta-blockers is associated with reduced risk of early death in ischemic stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data analysis of 841 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the stroke unit within 24 h after stroke onset. RESULTS: 10.6% of patients received beta-blockers during hospitalization. Thirty-day case fatality was significantly lower in patients treated with beta-blockers than in those not treated with beta-blockers (6.8% versus 19.0%, P < 0.01). After adjustment for other prognostic factors, the use of beta-blockers was associated with reduced risk of early death (relative hazard 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.84) independently of age, stroke severity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol level and pneumonia. When patients who died of cardiovascular causes were excluded from the analysis, the use of beta-blocker was no longer significantly associated with risk of death (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: In a retrospective series the use of beta-blockers was associated with reduced risk of early death in patients with ischemic stroke.     

超早期脑梗死的血管造影分析

目的 观察缺血性脑卒中超早期血管造影显示的血管狭窄或闭塞的比例及其分布。方法 观察对象为发病6h以内中度至重度的缺血性卒中,头颅CT排除出血,拟选择进行动脉内溶栓的患者。全部进行高选择性颈部和颅内血管造影。同步检查正侧位血管造影相和连续动态电影录像。必要时增加检查斜位相。使用血管直径和血管床灌注评分(TIMI)判断血管狭窄程度。分析血管狭窄部位、受累血管数目以及血管狭窄形态。结果 共收集了30例患者,平均57岁,其中男性23例。发病至血管造影时间(218±64)min。头颅CT显示陈旧脑梗死灶2例,可疑低密度9例,其余正常。血管造影显示87％患者有血管狭窄或者闭塞,其中20例(77％)为前循环受累,6例(23％)后循环受累;另外还发现10条无临床症状的血管狭窄或者闭塞。4例(13％)血管造影正常。大脑中动脉和颈内动脉受累最为常见。后循环受累的血管中以椎动脉最为常见。多部位和多血管受累达11例(37％)。高度狭窄的血管中需要高选择加压才显示血管残腔。1例患者同时有双侧后交通动脉起始部动脉瘤。结论脑梗死6 h内超早期血管造影显示大部分患者有肯定的脑血管狭窄或者闭塞。在选择治疗的方法和治疗途径上应该考虑不同的血管狭窄程度、部位和同时受累的血管数目。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清C反应蛋白含量的变化

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清C反应蛋白的含量变化及临床意义。方法采用免疫浊度法检测急性脑梗死患者和正常人对照组的血清CRP的浓度。结果急胜缺血性脑卒中组CRP与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论CRP可作为缺血性脑卒中发病和治疗的观察指标。     

三七总皂苷对急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物静脉溶栓疗效及出血性转化的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷对急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓疗效和出血性转化的影响。方法共200例急性(发病至入院时间4.50 h)缺血性卒中患者采用随机数字表法随机分为常规rt-PA静脉溶栓组(对照组,100例)和rt-PA静脉溶栓联合三七总皂苷治疗组(治疗组,100例),分别于治疗前、静脉溶栓后24 h和14 d检测缺血-再灌注损伤指标[丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]、出血性转化指标[基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)]和神经功能指标[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、Barthel指数(BI)],观察静脉溶栓后14 d药物不良反应和出血性转化发生率,评价静脉溶栓后12个月预后(病死率和BI评分)。结果治疗组患者血清SOD(P=0.000)和BI评分(P=0.000)高于,血清MDA(P=0.001)和MMP-9(P=0.001)、血浆FN(P=0.000)和NIHSS评分(P=0.006)低于对照组。rt-PA静脉溶栓联合三七总皂苷治疗后24 h,血清MDA(P=0.000)和MMP-9(P=0.000)、BI评分(P=0.000)升高,NIHSS评分降低(P=0.000);治疗后14 d,血清MDA(P=0.000)和MMP-9(P=0.000)反而降低,血清SOD(P=0.000)和BI评分(P=0.000)持续升高,血浆FN(P=0.000)和NIHSS评分(P=0.000)持续降低。静脉溶栓后14 d,治疗组患者出血性转化发生率低于对照组[9例(9%)对19例(19%);χ2=4.153,P=0.042)],药物不良反应发生率组间差异无统计学意义[14例(14%)对11例(11%);χ2=0.411,P=0.521]。静脉溶栓后12个月,两组病死率差异无统计学意义[5例(5%)对1例(1%);χ2=1.546,P=0.241],而治疗组生存患者BI评分高于对照组(88.51±11.49对84.47±9.83;t=2.451,P=0.015)。结论三七总皂苷可以减轻急性缺血性卒中患者rt-PA静脉溶栓后缺血-再灌注损伤,降低出血性转化发生率,改善患者预后,且安全性良好。     

HAT、SEDAN评分及相关脑血管病危险因素预测急性缺血性卒中溶栓后出血性转化临床研究

目的探讨溶栓后出血评分(HAT)、症状性溶栓出血危险因素评分(SEDAN)和相关危险因素预测急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓后出血性转化的临床应用价值。方法共143例发病4.50 h内行rt-PA静脉溶栓且临床资料完整的急性缺血性卒中患者,根据溶栓治疗后头部CT所示分为出血性转化组(18例)和非出血性转化组(125例),二分类Logistic回归分析筛选静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化的危险因素、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价HAT和SEDAN评分预测出血性转化的敏感性和特异性。结果单因素Logistic回归分析显示,心房颤动、入院时收缩压和血糖水平、发病早期CT呈低密度征象、溶栓时间窗、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、HAT和SEDAN评分均为静脉溶栓后出血性转化危险因素(P0.05);代入二分类Logistic回归方程后,除发病早期CT呈低密度征象,其余各项均为静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化之危险因素。ROC曲线显示,HAT评分预测出血性转化灵敏度为94.40%、特异度为41.60%、曲线下面积0.70,SEDAN评分则为94.40%、65.62%和0.77。结论心房颤动、入院时收缩压和血糖水平、溶栓时间窗、NIHSS评分、HAT和SEDAN评分均为缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化的危险因素,但以SEDAN评分预测价值较高。     

C-反应蛋白与急性脑缺血损伤的关系

最近研究发现．多种炎性介质介导或参与了脑缺血及再灌注损伤的病理生理过程．是缺血后导致细胞死亡的主要因素之一。C-反应蛋白（C-reactive protein，CRP）是炎症的一种敏感性指标。[第一段]     

急性缺血性与出血性脑卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的 探讨各种危险因素在脑卒中患者中的构成比,并对脑梗死与脑出血的危险因素进行比较,为脑卒中防治提供依据.方法 收集1995-2002年福建医科大学附属第一医院急性脑卒中住院病例1875例,其中缺血性脑卒中1504例,出血性脑卒中371例;男1216例,女659例;平均年龄(73.42±10.35)岁,对两种脑卒中类型的多种危险因素进行描述性对比分析研究.结果 高血压、脉压增大是本组脑卒中患者突出的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关更密切的危险因素依次是房颤(OR=3.942)、糖尿病(OR=3.674)、肥胖(OR=3.647)、高纤维蛋白原(OR=2.781)、高血压家族史(OR=2.573)、高LDL-C(OR=2.167)、高甘油三酯(OR=1.976)、吸烟(OR=1.849)、年龄增大(OR=1.588)、低Apo A(OR=1.460)(P＜0.05).相对脑梗死,仅高血压(OR=0.545)和饮酒(OR=0.662)与脑出血有更显著的相关性(P＜0.05).除共同危险因素外,高尿酸血症和低HDL-C血症与男性脑梗死关系更密切,而肥胖、高LDL-C及高纤维蛋白原血症与女性脑梗死相关性更强.结论 高血压、饮酒是脑出血患者主要的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关密切的危险因素除了高血压外,依次为房颤、糖尿病、肥胖、高纤维蛋白原、高血压家族史、高LDL-C等.不同危险因素对男女脑梗死的影响不同.     

急性缺血性与出血性卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的通过对1个大样本的医院脑卒中注册资料的分析,观察各种危险因素在脑卒中患者中的发生率,并对脑梗死与脑出血的危险因素,特别是心脏和动脉病变的因素进行比较。方法研究资料来自瑞士洛桑卒中注册的卒中患者共3901例,其中脑梗死3525例,脑出血376例,均预先对各项临床和辅助资料进行编码,输入计算机数据库。所有病例均进行系统的临床和辅助检查,心脏病变经心电图和超声心动图证实;颈内动脉和椎基底动脉的病变采用彩色超声多普勒、磁共振血管成像或常规脑血管造影确诊。结果高血压在脑出血和脑梗死患者中的发生率分别为53.7%和46.7%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高血压是本组脑卒中最突出的危险因素,其后依次是吸烟、轻度颈内动脉狭窄(≤50%)、高胆固醇血症、短暂性脑缺血发作、糖尿病以及心脏缺血。多因素分析研究发现,本组卒中患者无论是男性还是女性,吸烟、高胆固醇血症、短暂性脑缺血发作、心房纤颤、器质性心脏疾病以及动脉病变是脑梗死而非脑出血密切相关的危险因素。易患脑出血的惟一显著相关的危险因素是高血压(OR=0.64,P<0.01);心脏和动脉病变患者更容易发生脑梗死,但是,器质性心脏病和轻度颈内动脉狭窄在全体卒中患者中均特别常见。结论缺血性卒中和出血性卒中的危险因素并不一致,心脏和动脉病变是脑梗死而非脑出血的重要的危险因素,某些危险因素还存在性别差异。