多层螺旋CT评价不同类型心房颤动患者左心房和左心耳功能

目的 采用多层螺旋CT定量测量心房颤动（AF）患者左心房、左心耳功能,探讨不同类型AF患者之间左心房及左心耳功能的差异。方法 收集71例AF患者,包括阵发性房颤（PAF）40例（PAF组）,持续性房颤（PeAF）31例（PeAF组）。应用心功能后处理软件测量AF患者左心耳最大容积（LAAV_max）、左心耳最小容积（LAAV_min）、左心房最大容积（LAV_max）和左心房最小容积（LAV_min）,并计算左心耳射血分数（LAAEF）、左心耳射血量（LAAEV）、左心房射血分数（LAEF）、左心房射血量（LAEV）。结果 PeAF组LAAEF、LAEF、LAEV均小于PAF组（P均<0.01）,LAAV_max、LAAV_min、LAV_max、LAV_min均大于PAF组（P均<0.05）。2组间LAAEV差异无统计学意义（P=0.23）。AF患者LAAEF与LAEF呈正相关（r_s=0.57,P<0.01）,与AF持续时间呈负相关（r_s=－0.26,P=0.03）。结论 应用多层螺旋CT可以客观评价左心房和左心耳功能,对认识不同分型AF患者左心耳和左心房功能改变有重要临床意义。     

Normal pulmonary veins anatomy is associated with better AF-free survival after cryoablation as compared to atypical anatomy with common left pulmonary vein

Background: Pulmonary vein cryoablation (PVC) is a new approach in the treatment of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF). Computed tomography (CT) can be used to evaluate the left atrium anatomy and PVs dimensions to facilitate the procedure. In radiofrequency procedures, some anatomic variants such as common left (CLPV) or right (CRPV) PV were reported as factors associated with technical procedure difficulties and potential long‐term complications. We hypothesized that the absence of CLPV as determined by CT would predict better AF‐free survival after PVC. Methods and results: We included 118 consecutive patients (mean age 56 ± 10 years; 77% males) with drug refractory paroxysmal (72%)/persistent (28%) AF, with more than 6 months follow‐up, who underwent PVC. On CT scanning images performed within 1 month prior to ablation, we evaluated PV anatomic patterns: presence of CLPV or CRPV. Each patient was evaluated by 24‐hour Holter monitoring within 1 and 3 months and all patients were periodically evaluated at 1, 3, and 6 months, and every 6 months thereafter. Patients were asked to record their 12‐lead electrocardiogram whenever they experienced symptoms suggestive of AF. Recurrence was defined as AF that lasted at least 30 seconds. CLPV was present in 30 (25%) patients and no patients with CRPV were identified. At the end of the 13 months follow‐up, patients with normal PVs had significantly better AF‐free survival compared to patients with CLPV (67% vs 50%, P = 0.02). The difference was present in patients with paroxysmal AF (P = 0.008) but not in patients with persistent AF (P = 0.92). Conclusion: In patients undergoing cryoballoon PV isolation for AF, the presence of normal PVs pattern is associated with better AF‐free survival as compared to atypical PV anatomy with CLPV, particularly in patients with paroxysmal AF. (PACE 2011; 34:837–843)     

The impact of atrial fibrillation ablation on left atrial function: association with baseline left atrial function

Background: The effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation on left atrial (LA) function has not been sufficiently determined. Methods: We enrolled 115 consecutive patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF that underwent AF ablation. Multidetector computed tomography was performed in sinus rhythm before and 3 months after ablation to evaluate LA volume (LAV) and function. Estimates of maximum and minimum LAV were used to calculate LA emptying fraction (LAEF) ([maximum–minimum LAV]/maximum LAV × 100). Results: AF ablation significantly decreased maximum LAV (59.0 ± 20.4 to 53.3 ± 16.7 cm³, P = 0.001), and maintained LAEF (44.5 ± 13.1% to 43.7 ± 10.9%, P = 0.49). The larger the baseline maximum LAV, the greater the decrease in LAV after ablation, and a smaller baseline LAEF was associated with a larger recovery of LAEF after ablation (regression coefficient =−0.45 and −0.56, respectively, P < 0.0001). Multivariable analyses revealed that an impaired baseline LAEF was an independent predictor of an improvement in LA function (an increase in LAEF of >10%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, P < 0.0001), while an older age and preserved baseline LAEF were independently associated with a deterioration of LA function (a decrease in LAEF of >10%; OR = 1.06, P = 0.03; and OR = 1.10, P = 0.0001). Conclusions: AF ablation appears to have a beneficial effect on LA function in patients with impaired LA function at baseline. However, it may reduce LA function in patients with an older age and preserved baseline LAEF. (PACE 2011;1–8)     

右肺动脉左房瘘1例

患者，男，23岁．因反复咳血5天于当地医院就诊，行胸部CT示右下后纵隔肿瘤样病变就诊。查体：口唇青紫．杵状指．双肺呼吸音清，无啰音．心律齐，无杂音。血常规：RBC8．29&#215;10^12／L，HRG184．1g／L。血气Pa 44．8mmHg，SO2 82．3％．考虑是否合并心脏病，追问病史，患者有家族发绀病史。     

环肺静脉电隔离术对心房颤动患者左心房、左心耳、左心房顶部结构的影响

目的应用64排螺旋CT观察环肺静脉电隔离（CPVA）术对心房颤动患者左心房（LA）、左心耳（LAA）、LA顶部结构的影响。方法心房颤动患者共28例,行CPVA术3~14.8（6.5±3.9）个月后进行随访,根据术后有无复发分为成功组（22例）和复发组（6例）。应用64排螺旋CT测量CPVA术前、后LA[包括LA横径（LA1）、上下径（LA2）和前后径（LA3）、LA容积]、LAA（包括LAA口长径、短径和面积、LAA长度、LAA容积）、LA顶部（包括LA顶长度、距离和深度）的相关径线。结果成功组CPVA术后的LA1、LA2、LA3、LA容积、LAA口长径、LAA口面积、LAA容积、LAA长度、LA顶长度、LA顶距离术后比术前减小,术前术后分别为LA1（6.97±0.87）cm vs（6.32±0.94）cm,LA2（6.02±0.84）cm vs（5.63±0.63）cm,LA3（3.71±0.64）cm vs（3.46±0.59）cm,LA容积（83.61±25.98）cm3vs（66.11±22.84）cm3,LAA口长径（3.01±0.54）cm vs（2.64±0.62）cm,LAA口面积（4.99±1.79）cm2vs（4.11±1.94）cm2,LAA容积（11.11±4.34）cm3vs（9.59±4.82）cm3,LAA长度（3.99±0.84）cm vs（3.74±0.82）cm,LA顶长度（4.02±0.89）cm vs（3.55±0.76）cm,LA顶距离（3.90±0.88）cm vs（3.43±0.73）cm（均P〈0.05）;LAA口短径和LA顶深度无明显变化（P〉0.05）。复发组CPVA术前、后比较,除了LA2较术前减小（6.43±1.04）cm vs（5.92±1.27）cm（P〈0.05）,余LA、LAA、LA顶部结构无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论成功组CPVA术后的LA、LAA、LA顶部较术前减小,即结构重构可以逆转;而复发组CPVA术前、后比较LA、LAA、LA顶部无明显变化,未出现逆重构。     

低管电压、低浓度碘对比剂联合多模型迭代重建在心房颤动射频消融术前左心房和肺静脉CT成像中的应用价值

目的  探讨低管电压、低浓度碘对比剂联合多模型迭代重建（ASIR-V）在心房颤动患者经导管射频消融术前左心房（LA）和肺静脉（PV）CT成像中的运用价值。方法  回顾性分析2019年1月~2021年6月在遂宁市中心医院确诊经导管射频消融的所有心房颤动患者,并按管电压分为实验组（A组）和对照组（B组）,143例/组。A组使用低管电压100 kVp,对比剂碘海醇300 mgI/mL,ASIR-V 10%~100%间隔10%重建;B组使用常规管电压120 kVp,对比剂碘帕醇370 mgI/mL,ASIR-V 50%重建。LA和PV图像质量客观评价采用信噪比和对比噪声比进行比较,主观评分采用双盲法以5分法评价。对患者一般临床资料、辐射剂量、碘摄入量、LA和PV解剖变异显示率及相关测量指标及图像质量进行评价。结果  A、B两组比较,LA和PV的CT值、解剖变异显示率以及相关测量指标差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。A组有效辐射剂量和碘摄入量分别较B组减少约37.4%、29.9%（P < 0.05）。随ASIR-V重建比例的增加,A组的SD值逐渐降低,而信噪比及对比噪声比逐渐升高（P < 0.05）;A组重建图像中,70%和80% ASIR-V的主观评分最高（P < 0.05）。结论  低管电压（100 kVp）、低浓度碘对比剂（300 mgI/mL）联合70%或80% ASIR-V扫描方案可用于心房颤动患者经导管射频消融术前对LA和PV解剖及相关指标的评价,在保证图像质量的前提下,可显著降低电离辐射并减少碘剂摄入量。     

左心房与肺静脉容积比预测导管消融术后心房颤动复发

目的 观察左心房容积(LAV)与肺静脉容积(PVV)比(LAV/PVV)预测导管消融术后心房颤动(AF)复发的价值。方法 纳入95例接受导管消融术治疗的AF患者，根据术后随访1年内有无AF复发将其分别归入复发组(n=23)与未复发组(n=72)。采用2种方法(方法1,对各支肺静脉均渲染至距肺静脉开口部后2 cm;方法2,对各支肺静脉均渲染至肺静脉分叉后1 cm)基于心脏CT血管成像(CTA)测量左肺上静脉容积(LSPVV)、左肺下静脉容积(LIPVV)、右肺上静脉容积(RSPVV)及右肺下静脉容积(RIPVV),计算LAV及PVV;比较2种方法测值，评估LAV/PVV预测导管消融术后AF复发的价值。结果 方法1、2所测LIPVV差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据单因素分析结果，性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、心力衰竭、LAV及LAV/PVV均为导管消融术后AF复发的危险因素；多因素分析结果显示，仅LAV/PVV为AF复发的危险因素。以8.27为方法1所获LAV/PVV的最佳截断值，其预测导管消融术后AF复发的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度及特异度分别为0.774、78.26%...     

Dilatation of the pulmonary veins in atrial fibrillation: a transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation

Ectopic beats originating from sleeves of atrial tissue within the pulmonary veins (PVs) can induce and sustain paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial stretch and dilatation favors the development of atrial ectopy and AF. Similarly, PV dilatation, if present, might trigger PV ectopy in patients with AF. This study was designed to evaluate whether PV dilatation is present in patients with nonfocal AF and whether the PV diameter correlates to the left atrial diameter (LAD). The diameters of the right superior (RSPV) and left superior PV (LSPV) were measured at the ostium and at a depth of 1 cm in 170 patients (AF, n = 75; sinus rhythm [SR], n = 95) using transesophageal echocardiography. The LAD was determined by transthoracic echocardiography. The diameters of the PVs were significantly larger in patients with AF than in patients with SR (LSPV(ostium): AF 13.6 +/- 3.5 mm vs SR 10.6 +/- 2.7 mm, P < 0.001; LSVP(1cm): AF 12.5 +/- 2.9 mm vs SR 10.2 +/- 2.5 mm, P < 0.001; RSPV(ostium): AF 13.9 +/- 3.5 mm vs SR 11.7 +/- 2.9 mm, P < 0.001; RSVP(1cm): AF 12.8 +/- 2.8 mm vs SR 10.6 +/- 2.6 mm, P < 0.05). Similarly, LAD was larger in patients with AF (44.7 +/- 7.7 mm) as compared to patients with SR (38.8 +/- 6.8 mm, P < 0.001). Neither for the SR nor the AF group did the PV size correlate to the LAD. AF is associated with a significant enlargement of the RSPV, LSPV, and LAD. There is no correlation between LAD and PV diameters. This raises the question whether PV dilatation in patients with AF is a cause or a consequence of AF and whether it may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF.     

超声心动图评估完全型肺静脉异位连接中肺静脉病变

目的 探讨超声心动图评估完全型肺静脉异位连接（TAPVC）中肺静脉病变的价值。方法 收集55例TAPVC患儿的超声心动图资料,并与CTA及术中所见进行对比。结果 应用超声心动图根据肺静脉引流部位对55例TAPVC患儿进行分类,分为心上型24例、心内型20例、心下型7例及混合型4例。15例垂直肺静脉梗阻中,心上型的梗阻多出现在垂直静脉与无名静脉或上腔静脉之间,心下型的梗阻均出现在垂直静脉与肝静脉或门静脉之间。肺静脉狭窄4例,其中3例局限性狭窄均为心内型,出现在分支肺静脉与共同肺静脉腔或右心房之间,1例弥漫性狭窄为心下型。分支肺静脉异常9例,其中超声心动图仅检出1例,而CTA检出8例。结论 超声心动图能对TAPVC中的肺静脉的引流、梗阻和分支肺静脉近端的狭窄做出更为全面的评价。CTA评估分支肺静脉的汇入和数目异常及远端肺静脉的成像方面优于超声心动图。     

左心房及肺静脉同步食管CT血管造影检查指导心房颤动射频消融术中解剖位置

目的  分析左心房及肺静脉同步食管CT血管造影检查应用于指导心房颤动射频消融术中解剖位置的价值。 方法  选取我院2018年7月~2020年10月收治的61例心房颤动患者作为实验组,另选取31例非心房颤动的患者作为对照组,两组患者均接受左心房及肺静脉同步食管CT血管造影检查。对比两组患者各支肺静脉开口和食管径线、左心房大小和体积、食管走行分型。 结果  实验组肺静脉上下径右下开口显著高于对照组,肺静脉前后径右上开口显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）;两组患者食管跨左心房后壁距离、食管前壁到左心房的最短距离、左心房后壁厚度以及食道厚度差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）;实验组比对照组左心房前后径和左心房体积更高（P < 0.05）。根据食管走行分型后发现,实验组Ia型39例,Ib型12例,Ic型11例,IIa型5例,IIb型3例,IIc型2例;对照组Ia型13例,Ib型6例,Ic型6例,IIa型3例,IIb型2例,IIc型1例。 结论  左心房及肺静脉同步食管CT血管造影检查应用于心房颤动射频消融术中价值较高,能够有效指导解剖位置,同时了解患者肺静脉和心房的变化情况,使手术安全性得到提高。     

超声心动图联合增强CT对肺静脉异位引流的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声心动图（ECG）联合增强CT对肺静脉异位引流（APVC）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的34例APVC患者，术前均接受ECG检查，其中18例联合增强CT检查，统计诊断准确率、漏诊率、误诊率。结果 34例APVC患者中，ECG正确诊断28例（28/34，82.35%），漏诊3例（3/34，8.82%），误诊3例（3/34，8.82%）。经ECG联合CT诊断的18例患者中，单独经ECG正确诊断15例（15/18，83.33%），无漏诊，误诊3例（3/18，16.67%）；ECG联合CT正确诊断17例（17/18，94.44%），无漏诊0例，误诊1例（1/18，5.55%）。结论 ECG联合增强CT可准确诊断APVC。     

Treatment of sustained left atrial tachycardia by ostial pulmonary vein isolation

This report describes two patients with sustained regular left atrial tachycardias originating from multiple pulmonary veins in the absence of clinical evidence of atrial fibrillation. The tachycardias were eliminated by activation map-guided pulmonary vein isolation. Stable sustained regular pulmonary vein tachycardias unassociated with atrial fibrillation are uncommon, and they belong to the spectrum of pulmonary vein arrhythmias that include the more common paroxysmal and unstable tachycardias engendering atrial fibrillation.     

超声心动图结合Flash CT对肺静脉畸形引流的诊断价值

目的评价超声心动图结合Flash CT对肺静脉畸形引流（APVC）的诊断价值。 方法2011年9月至2015年5月郑州大学第一附属医院收治行心脏畸形矫治的各种不同类型的APVC患者71例。所有患者均经手术确诊。包括完全性肺静脉畸形引流（TAPVC）患者44例,部分性肺静脉畸形引流（PAPVC）患者27例。所有患者术前均行超声心动图与Flash CT检查。记录所有病例的CT剂量指数和剂量长度乘积（DLP）,计算有效辐射剂量（ED）。采用Fisher确切概率法比较超声心动图与Flash CT对TAPVC/PAPVC分型、TAPVC/PAPVC合并畸形的诊断准确率差异。 结果超声心动图与Flash CT对TAPVC分型的诊断准确率分别为86.4%（38/44）和97.7%（43/44）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。超声心动图与Flash CT对TAPVC合并畸形的诊断准确率分别为100%（62/62）和95.2%（59/62）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。Flash CT对PAPVC分型的诊断准确率为96.3%（26/27）,高于超声心动图对PAPVC分型的诊断准确率74.1%（20/27）,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。超声心动图对PAPVC合并畸形的诊断准确率为97.7%（43/44）,高于Flash CT对PAPVC合并畸形的诊断准确率72.3%（34/44）,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。71例APVC患者的辐射剂量：平均DLP为（13.5±3.9） mGy ? cm,平均ED值为（0.324±0.065）mSv。 结论超声心动图是诊断APVC传统的可靠方法,尤其对瓣膜病变、肺动脉压力及心功能可以做出全面评价。Flash CT大螺距扫描技术对心脏周围血管畸形的诊断具有独特的优势,在不影响诊断准确率的前提下,大大减少了射线的辐射剂量,尤其对于PAPVC患者,Flash CT诊断准确率要高于超声心动图,对超声心动图起到了很好的补充诊断作用。     

脑静脉窦及脑静脉血栓CT平扫表现及影像学诊断策略

目的：分析脑静脉窦/脑静脉血栓形成（CVST/CVT）CT平扫的影像学表现特征，以便提高CT平扫对CVST/CVT的早期认识，优化诊断方法，减少误诊。材料与方法：搜集拟诊为CVST/CVT病例25例的平扫及部分增强病例，经与MR与DSA等对照。重点回顾会诊前后血栓本身的CT平扫的直接征象及间接征象并进行对照，比较两者的结果。结果：CT平扫初诊血栓的直接征象的阳性率为13/25，阴性率为12/25，其中假阳性3例，假阴性8例。会诊后血栓阳性征象为21/25，阴性率为4/25，经统计学分析两者差别有显著性。而脑实质改变，会诊前检查的阳性率为20/25，阴性为5/20，而会诊后影像学阳性率为21/25，阴性为4/25，经统计学分析两者的差别无显著性。同时分析了CT平扫误诊原因及正确进行影像学检查的策略。结论：CVST/CVT CT初次平扫，大多都有血栓的直接征象及间接征象，正确认识这些征象，可以提示CVST/CVT的存在，并推荐立即行CTV检查来证实CT平扫的初步意见。     

双源CT超低管电压结合迭代重建技术在婴幼儿肺静脉异位引流术前评估中应用价值

目的 比较双源CT(dual-source computed tomography,DSCT)超低管电压结合迭代重建技术与经胸超声心动图(trans-thoracic echocardiography,TTE)检查对婴幼儿复杂先天性心脏病肺静脉异位引流(anomalous pulmonary venous connec...