Tobacco and myocardial infarction in middle-aged women: a study of factors modifying the risk

BACKGROUND: Although myocardial infarction (MI) is strongly related to smoking, few have studied why some smokers are more vulnerable than others. This study explored how the risk of MI in current and former smokers is modified by other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Incidence of MI (fatal and nonfatal) amongst 10619 women, 48.3 +/- 8.2 years old, were studied in relation to smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, marital status and occupational level over a mean follow-up of 14 years. RESULTS: Of the 3738 smokers, one-third had at least one major biological risk factor besides smoking; 228 women had MI during follow-up. Smoking and hypertension showed a synergistic effect on incidence of MI. The adjusted relative risks (RR) were 12.2 (95% CI: 7.5-19.8) for smokers with hypertension, 5.3 (CI:3.3-8.1) for smokers with normal blood pressure and 2.4 (CI:1.4-4.3) for never-smokers with hypertension (reference: normotensive never-smokers). The corresponding RRs for diabetic smokers and diabetic never-smokers were 19.0 (CI: 10.2-35.4) and 8.8 (CI: 4.4-17.4), respectively (reference: nondiabetic never-smokers). In terms of attributable risks, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes accounted for 12.9, 11.5 and 7.2%, respectively, of MI in female smokers. Low socio-economic level and being unmarried accounted for 19.6 and 1.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although smoking is a major risk factor for MI, the risk varies widely between women with similar tobacco consumption. The results illustrate the need of a global risk factor assessment in female smokers and suggest that female smokers should be targets both for intensified risk factor management and programmes to stop smoking.     

Procoagulant factors and the risk of myocardial infarction in young women

Abstract:  Objectives:  We investigated whether elevated levels of factor VIII, IX and XI is associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in young women. In addition, we studied ABO blood group, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods and results:  We compared 200 women with MI before age 49 years with 626 controls from a population-based case–control study. Mean levels of factor VIII activity (VIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF), factor IX activity (IX) were higher in patients (133, 134 and 132 IU/dL) than in controls (111, 107 and 120 IU/dL, respectively). Mean levels of factor XI (XI) were equal in patients (114 IU/dL) and controls (113 IU/dL). The odds ratio (OR) for MI for blood group non-O vs. O was 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–2.3]. The OR adjusted for age, index year and area of residence for the highest quartile >150 IU/dL of factor VIII was 2.7 (95% CI 1.6–4.6), of VWF 4.7 (95% CI 2.3–9.7), of factor IX 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–5.4) and of factor XI 0.9 (95% CI 0.5–1.4), all compared with the lowest quartile <100 IU/dL. Conclusions:  Non-O blood group, high VWF, factor VIII and factor IX levels are associated with an increased risk of MI in young women, while high factor XI levels are not.     

心肌梗死急性期合并恶性室性心律失常患者的院内死亡危险因素资料分析

目的：探讨心肌梗死急性期合并恶性室性心律失常患者的院内死亡危险因素。方法：选取我院2012年6月到2014年12月期间,收治的172例心肌梗死急性期合并恶性室性心律失常患者作为研究对象,按照患者的最后治疗结果分为两组,存活出院的患者设为A组,院内死亡的患者设为B组,观察两组基线对比情况。结果：存活出院的A组患者比院内死亡的B组患者,男性占比高,年龄更小,心功能状况较好,有合并糖尿病和心绞痛病的患者占比更少,急性心肌梗死发作距离恶性室性心律失常间隔时间短,肌酐平均水平和血清钾平均水平更低,P＜0.05,具有统计学意义;在体表心电图中J波的检出率中,A组患者比B组患者更低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。通过Logistic回归分析显示,NYHA高于I级（危险比：5.66;95%,Cl：1.45~22.02;P＜0.05）,心电图存在J波（危险比：4.36;95%,Cl：1.84~10.46;P＜0.05）,急性心肌梗死发作距恶性室性心律失常间隔时间超过24h（1~13天危险比：3.01;95%Cl：0.28~6.94;P＜0.05。14~30天危险比：3.40;95%Cl：1.41~8.30;P＜0.05）血清肌酐水平高于正常（危险比：5.25;95%Cl：2.11~13.15;P＜0.05）。结论：在心肌梗死急性期合并恶性室性心律失常患者的临床治疗中,患者的心功能级别,合并症,心电图J波的存在,以及急性心肌梗死发作距恶性室性心律失常间隔时间是否超过24h,血清肌酐水平高于正常等,是决定其存活出院和院内死亡的相关危险因素。     

老年急性心肌梗死患者死亡及危险因素的回顾性分析

目的：探讨不同年龄段老年急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的死亡情况及危险因素。方法回顾性地分析2006年12月至2012年1月入院的883例60～89岁的AMI患者（按年龄分为两组,60～74岁为老年组共473例,75～89岁为高龄组共410例）的一般情况、既往病史及家族史、临床检查及诊断、并发症、治疗及生存情况。结果老年组死亡率明显低于高龄组（5.9%vs 14.6%,P＝0.000）,经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗率明显高于高龄组（92.6%vs 69.8%,P＝0.000）。两组患者死亡均与尿素氮、血糖、白细胞、脑钠肽（BNP）水平高,并发窦性停搏、心室颤动、心房颤动、心源性休克、Killip 3-4级,使用主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）,未手术呈正相关;与药物（包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、β受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物）使用率呈负相关。尿素水平高、并发窦性停搏与心源性休克、未手术为两组患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论积极PCI治疗可改善老年AMI患者预后,需重视其尿素氮水平及窦性停搏、心源性休克等并发症。     

不同年龄急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变造影分析

目的:探讨不同年龄段急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变特征.方法:回顾性分析597例急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉造影结果.根据年龄分为3组:①组1,年龄<60岁,114例;②组2,年龄60～75岁,279例;③组3,年龄≥75岁,204例.应用目测法和冠状动脉病变严重度积分法分析冠状动脉造影结果.结果:①3组冠状动脉前降支(LAD)、回旋支(LCX)、右冠状动脉(RCA)3支血管发生病变的概率相似(P>0.05),但≥75岁组左主干(LM)受累的概率显著高于其余2组,P<0.01;冠状动脉病变严重程度积分无差异,分别为7.58±2.71,7.66±2.98,8.72±3.30,P>0.05;而冠状动脉病变支数随年龄增加而增加,分别为1.89±0.86,2.00±0.83,2.32±0.92,且各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②各年龄组梗死相关动脉在LM、LAD、LCX和RCA的分布差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).年龄<60岁组、60～74岁组和≥75岁组梗死相关动脉"罪犯"病变狭窄程度差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01):临界病变(50%～75%狭窄)在各组中分布比率分别为2.6%、9.7%和2.9%;重度狭窄(76%～95%狭窄)的比率随年龄增加而增加,分别为18.4%、36.5%和45.6%;次全闭塞和完全闭塞病变的比率随年龄增加而减少,分别为79%、53.8%、51.5%.低危"罪犯"病变比率在年龄<60岁组、60～74岁组和≥75岁组中分别为53%、40%和35%,P<0.05;中危"罪犯"病变比例各年龄组差异没有显著性(P>0.05);高危"罪犯"病变比率组2和组3差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余各组差异有有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组即刻手术成功率分别为97.3%、96.8%和97.1%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:不同年龄急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变有不同的特点.随着年龄的增长冠状动脉病变更加复杂,但并不影响罪犯冠状动脉急诊手术即刻成功率.     

年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死患者住院期预后的影响

目的 探讨年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死患者住院期预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析1993年1月至2000年11月因急性心肌梗死连续收住我院的1547例急性心肌梗死患者的病历资料,比较各老年组与非老年组及不同性别组间住院期病死率及其危险度的异同。结果 <60岁、60～69岁、70～79岁和≥80岁各年龄组的住院期病死率分别为5.04％,12.21％,22.28％和23.84％;与<60岁组比较,>60岁各组死亡相对危险度比数比及95％可信区间分别为2.62(1.64～4.18),5.40(3.54～8.24)和5.90(3.59～9.70),均为P<0.001。男、女组住院期病死率分别为12.86％和17.07％。与男性组比较,女性组死亡相对危险度比数比及95％可信区间为1.40(0.99～1.09),P=0.06。结论 老年急性心肌梗死患者心血管并存症多,病情复杂,充血性心力衰竭发生率高,住院期病死率增高。女性急性心肌梗死患者住院期病死率高于男性,但差异未达显著性统计学意义。     

老年非ST段抬高心肌梗死临床特点及院内死亡因素分析

目的评价老年非ST段抬高心肌梗死（NSTEMI）患者的临床特点、院内死亡的相关因素并总结院内死亡病例的临床特征。方法选择自2001年1月至2008年4月NSTEMI住院病例428例,分为老年组和非老年组,其中死亡病例32例。回顾性地分析其临床资料并评价院内死亡相关因素。结果老年NSTEMI有糖尿病史、心绞痛史、心肌梗死史、。肾功能不全史及症状不典型者均多于非老年组,入院时心功能Killip Ⅲ～Ⅳ级多,住院期间接受冠脉造影者较非老年组少,差异均有统计学意义;死亡组的年龄明显高于存活组[（76．22±5．02）岁VS（68．89±11．9）岁,P〈0．013,肺感染为死亡组最常见的发病诱因（占37．5％）和合并症（占56．2％）;Logistic分析显示,年龄（OR1．095）及入院时心功能高Killip分级（OR3．418）、心率（OR1．073）、血白细胞计数（OR1．213）、血糖水平（OR1．399）是老年NSTEMI患者住院期间死亡的独立预测因素。结论老年NSTEMI患者糖尿病史、心绞痛史、心肌梗死史、肾功能不全史及症状不典型者多见,住院期间接受冠脉造影者少;死亡组的年龄明显高于存活组,肺感染为死亡组最常见的发病诱因和合并症;年龄及人院时心功能高Killip分级、心率、血白细胞计数、血糖水平是老年NSTEMI患者住院期间死亡的独立预测因素。     

Platelet glycoprotein IIb polymorphism, traditional risk factors and non-fatal myocardial infarction in young women

Several platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms have been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in studies that included predominantly men. In a population-based sample of 68 Caucasian women < 45 years old with non-fatal MI and 346 demographically similar control subjects, we found an increased risk of MI among women who possessed at least one copy of the glycoprotein IIb Ser843 allele compared with those lacking the Ser843 allele (odds ratio 1.85; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-3.33). The increased risk was present only in subgroups of women who smoked cigarettes, had hypercholesterolaemia or who had a family history of early onset MI. The Ser843 variant of glycoprotein IIb may be associated with an increased risk of MI in young women with other cardiovascular risk factors. Additional studies involving larger numbers of subjects are needed to confirm this preliminary finding.     

血红蛋白水平对急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者入院时血红蛋白水平与30d心性死亡和并发症之间的关系。方法在解放军总医院住院的660例急性心肌梗死患者，依据血红蛋白水平将其分为A（〈100g／L）、B（100～119g／L）、C（120～139g／L）、D（140～159g／L）、E（≥160g／L）5组。分析不同血红蛋白水平对急性心肌梗死30d病死率及并发症的影响并探讨其相关因素。结果30d病死率分别为25．0％，20．4％，10．6％，4．3％和8．5％（P〈0．001）；心力衰竭为36．1％，25．5％，20．9％，8．6％和5．1％（P〈0．001）；肺炎为33．3％，23．5％，8．5％，2．2％和5．1％（P〈0．001）；消化道出血为19．4％，5．1％，0．9％，0．9％和1．7％（P〈0．001）；但是，心源性休克和室速／室颤的发生率5组间差异无统计学意义。偏相关分析显示急性心肌梗死患者的血红蛋白水平与患者年龄呈负相关（P〈0．001）；与血浆白蛋白和载脂蛋白A1正相关（P〈0．001和P=0．001）。结论依据急性心肌梗死患者血红蛋白水平，其近期死亡和（或）严重并发症的发生率呈J型曲线，血红蛋白水平越低，近期死亡和（或）严重并发症的风险越大；较多的老年急性心肌梗死患者血红蛋白水平低于非老年患者。     

The predictability of risk factors with respect to incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction and total mortality. A 12-year follow-up of the Oslo Study,Norway

Abstract. Objectives. To study the prognostic value of several risk factors on incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) and total mortality in men. Design. Prospective cohort study of 12 years' follow-up. Setting. All men in Oslo aged 40–49 and a 7% sample of men aged 20–39 were invited for screening. Subjects. Of all 30025 invited men, of whom 25015 were aged 40–49, a total of 16209 men aged 40–49 attended the screening and risk factors were recorded for these men. Main outcome measures. Incidence of first MI (nonfatal and fatal), mortality of MI, total mortality. Results. When examining the rate ratio of the fifth to the first quintile of risk factors we found that systolic and diastolic blood pressures were stronger predictors for mortality than incidence of MI. The rate ratios (95% confidence interval) of systolic blood pressure were 3.73 (2.56, 5.44) and 2.56 (2.01, 3.25) respectively. For diastolic blood pressure the corresponding rate ratios were 4.14 (2.84, 6.04) and 2.78 (2.18, 3.54). Small differences in the rate ratios for these end-points were found for total serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Daily cigarette smoking versus non-cigarette smoking was a stronger predictor for MI mortality than incidence, with rate ratios of 3.16 (2.45, 4.24) and 2.34 (2.00, 2.79) respectively. The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis confirmed the above results. Conclusions. Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides predicted incidence and mortality of MI equally well. Whereas blood pressure and daily cigarette smoking predicted mortality of MI more strongly.     

Alcohol drinking pattern and non-fatal myocardial infarction in women

AIMS: Evidence continues to emerge indicating the pattern of alcohol consumption has important implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the majority of studies have focused on men. The aim of the study is to examine the association between alcohol volume and various drinking patterns and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) in women aged 35-69 years. DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based case-control study, 1996-2001. PARTICIPANTS: Incident MI cases (n = 320) recruited from Western NY hospitals, controls (n = 1565) identified from motor vehicle rolls and Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) files. MEASUREMENTS: Incident MI, volume and drinking patterns for the 12-24 months prior to interview (controls) or MI (cases) were assessed in detail. FINDINGS: Of cases and controls, 13% were life-time abstainers; current drinkers averaged 2.3 +/- 2.2 drinks/drinking day. Compared to life-time abstainers, current drinkers tended to have a reduced likelihood of MI [odds ratio (OR), 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-1.03]. Volume, drinks/drinking day and frequency were associated inversely with MI risk (P trends < 0.001). Wine drinkers (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.96) and consumers of mixed beverage types (OR, 0.56, 0.31-1.01) had lower odds of MI compared to abstainers. Among current drinkers, for volume and most patterns, similar but somewhat weaker associations were noted than when abstainers were the reference. In contrast, frequency of intoxication at least once/month or more was associated with a strong increased risk compared to abstention (OR, 2.90; 95% CI 1.01-8.29) or in current drinkers, never drinking to this extent (OR, 6.22; 95% CI 2.07-18.69). CONCLUSION: In this population of light to moderate drinkers, alcohol consumption in general was associated with decreased MI risk in women; however, episodic intoxication was related to a substantial increase in risk.     

早发心肌梗死患者的临床危险因素及冠脉病变特点分析

目的：探讨早发心肌梗死患者的临床危险因素及冠脉病变特点。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,2014年8月到2016年5月选择在我院诊治早发心肌梗死(男性<55岁或女性<65岁)患者40例作为观察组,同期选择在我院诊治的非早发心肌梗死患者89例作为对照组,记录两组的冠脉病变特点,调查临床资料并进行危险因素分析。结果：观察组冠脉病变以单支病变为主,对照组主要为多支病变(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示LDL-C、吸烟史及冠心病家族史是早发心肌梗死的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。观察组的心力衰竭、恶性心律失常、心源性休克等主要心脏不良事件发生率5.0%,对照组为16.8%,观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。住院期间病死率观察组为5.0%,对照组为11.2%,观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：早发心肌梗死患者的冠脉病变以单支病变为主,LDL-C、吸烟史及冠心病阳性家族史是早发心肌梗死的独立危险因素;早发心肌梗死患者住院期间病死率低,预后好。     

Sub-grouping of post myocardial infarction patients according to their one-year death risk

This study was undertaken to investigate whether sub-groupingpost myocardial infarction (M1) patients with various risksof death was possible. Data on 6900 consecutive patients withclinical sympstoms of acute M1 were collected prospectivelywithin 48 h of their admission. Vital status at one year wasobtained for all but 264 (3.8%) A total of 476 (7.2%) patientsdied within the first 7 days. Correlation of baseline historical,demographic, biological and ECG variables with total mortalitywas first investigated with univariate analysis. Fifty-threesecondary risk factors (SRF) were identified, based on: (1)a P value for comparison between dead and alive lower than 0.02;(2) a minimum number of 100 subjects in each cell of the four-foldtable. Based on this set of SRFs, two approaches were used toinvestigate the distribution of patients still alive at 8 daysregarding the one-year mortality risk, and to assign them inthree sub-groups of equal size of increasing risk compared witha logistic regression. Both approaches gave consistent findings.One third of the patients with the lowest risk of death within12 months had an individual risk between 0% and 8%; the averagemortality was 5–6% which represented 10.7% of the totalnumber of deaths. The third swith the highest individual riskshad an individual risks had an individual risk ranging from17–19% to 100%, with an average mortality of 35–37%;they accounted for 66–67% of the total number of deaths.Thus it seems possible to identify sub-groups of post M1 patientswith either low risk, or very high risk, or very high risk.Only the latter deserve attention for secondary prevention.     

Sub-grouping of post myocardial infarction patients according to their one-year death risk

This study was undertaken to investigate whether sub-groupingpost myocardial infarction (M1) patients with various risksof death was possible. Data on 6900 consecutive patients withclinical sympstoms of acute M1 were collected prospectivelywithin 48 h of their admission. Vital status at one year wasobtained for all but 264 (3.8%) A total of 476 (7.2%) patientsdied within the first 7 days. Correlation of baseline historical,demographic, biological and ECG variables with total mortalitywas first investigated with univariate analysis. Fifty-threesecondary risk factors (SRF) were identified, based on: (1)a P value for comparison between dead and alive lower than 0.02;(2) a minimum number of 100 subjects in each cell of the four-foldtable. Based on this set of SRFs, two approaches were used toinvestigate the distribution of patients still alive at 8 daysregarding the one-year mortality risk, and to assign them inthree sub-groups of equal size of increasing risk compared witha logistic regression. Both approaches gave consistent findings.One third of the patients with the lowest risk of death within12 months had an individual risk between 0% and 8%; the averagemortality was 5–6% which represented 10.7% of the totalnumber of deaths. The third swith the highest individual riskshad an individual risks had an individual risk ranging from17–19% to 100%, with an average mortality of 35–37%;they accounted for 66–67% of the total number of deaths.Thus it seems possible to identify sub-groups of post M1 patientswith either low risk, or very high risk, or very high risk.Only the latter deserve attention for secondary prevention.     

早发冠心病心肌梗死型与非心肌梗死型危险因素差异分析

目的探讨早发冠心病中心肌梗死型与非心肌梗死型的危险因素差异。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年12月在沈阳医学院附属奉天医院心血管内科住院并确诊的45岁及以下冠心病患者165例,分为急性心肌梗死(AMI)组和非AMI组。对两组患者的相关临床资料及危险因素进行统计分析。结果 AMI组吸烟史比例、男性比率、血浆纤维蛋白原及D-二聚体均高于非AMI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组的血脂异常率、血小板计数(PLT)、血小板压积、凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)的差异无统计学意义。结论吸烟、男性性别、血脂水平异常是早发冠心病重要危险因素;血浆纤维蛋白原水平增高对于预测早发冠心病心肌梗死可能具有一定的临床意义。     

Prothrombotic coagulation defects and cardiovascular risk factors in young women with acute myocardial infarction

We investigated the effect of prothrombotic coagulation defects in combination with smoking and other conventional risk factors on the risk of myocardial infarction in young women. In 217 women with a first myocardial infarction before the age of 50 years and 763 healthy control women from a population-based case-control study, factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A status were determined. Data on major cardiovascular risk factors and oral contraceptive use were combined with the presence or absence of these prothrombotic mutations, and compared between patients and controls. The overall odds ratio for myocardial infarction in the presence of a coagulation defect was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.9]. The combination of a prothrombotic mutation and current smoking increased the risk of myocardial infarction 12-fold (95% CI 5.7-27) compared with non-smokers without a coagulation defect. Among women who smoked cigarettes, factor V Leiden presence versus absence increased the risk of myocardial infarction by 2.0 (95% CI 0.9-4.6), and prothrombin 20210A presence versus absence had an odds ratio of 1.0 (95% CI 0.3-3.5). We conclude that factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A do not add substantially to the overall risk of myocardial infarction in young women. However, in women who smoke, the presence of factor V Leiden increased the risk of myocardial infarction twofold.     

Myocardial infarction in young adults under 30 years: risk factors and clinical course

The clinical features and course of 30 patients (26 men and 4 women) under 30 years of age (mean age 27.3 years) with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) are described. The most common risk factor among this group of patients was smoking in 20 patients (66%). The prevalence of the other risk factors was low: hyperlipidemia in four patients and family history of ischemic disease in another four patients, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity each in one patient. Seven patients (23%) had none of the conventional risk factors. Three patients were exerting themselves prior to the onset of their MI pain; all of them had normal coronaries. Five patients experienced chest pain prior to MI, among them only two experienced classical angina pectoris. Eighteen patients underwent uncomplicated MI. The complications in the other 12 during the acute MI were rhythm disturbances in eight and congestive heart failure in four. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 25 patients. The occurrence of zero, one, or multivessel disease was equal. The 30 patients were followed up from six months to 15 years (mean 7 years). In 18 patients circulating aggregated platelets were measured one year after the MI. Elevated values were found in all of them (mean +/- SD 34.9 +/- 9.1%). In 6 of the 18, all heavy smokers, extreme values were found in the range of 39-55%. Three out of the 30 patients died within five years after their first MI. The other 15 patients developed complications, most of them angina pectoris. Five patients were hospitalized for reinfarction. None of the 30 underwent aortocoronary bypass operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Obesity is associated with premature occurrence of acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association has classified obesity as a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, but its relationship with age at presentation with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is poorly documented. HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of obesity on age at presentation, and on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with AMI. METHODS: Our analysis includes a consecutive series of 906 Olmsted County patients (mean age 67.7 years, 51% male) admitted with AMI to the Mayo Clinic Coronary Care Unit (CCU). The patients were entered into the Mayo CCU Database, a prospective registry of data pertaining to patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic CCU with AMI. Age at AMI occurrence and in-hospital morbidity and mortality were noted. RESULTS: Obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >30) with AMI were significantly younger than patients with AMI in the overweight (BMI 25-30) and normal-weight (BMI < 30) groups (62.3+/-13.1 vs. 66.9+/-13.2 and 72.9+/-13.4, respectively. p < 0.001). Obesity and overweight status were associated with male gender, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking history; however, after multivariate adjustment for these risk factors, excess weight and premature AMI remained significantly associated. Compared with normal-weight patients, overweight patients presenting with AMI were 3.6 years younger (p < 0.001, confidence interval [CI] 1.9-5.4) and obese patients 8.2 years younger (p < 0.001, Cl 6.2-10.1). No significant increase in in-hospital morbidity and mortality was seen. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study, overweight and obese status are independently associated with the premature occurrence of AMI, but not with an increased incidence of in-hospital complications.     

血清微小RNA可能是急性心肌梗死的标志物

目的观察急性心肌梗死患者血清中微小RNA（miRNA）水平的变化。方法采用3＇端加多聚poly（A）尾的反转录后荧光定量PCR的方法测定17例急性心肌梗死患者和11例健康对照者血清中miR-1的水平,并测定其血清肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶MB（CK-MB）及心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）水平。结果心梗组miR-1水平较对照组升高（P〈0.01）;心梗组患者血清miR-1较对照组均值升高的倍数与其血清CK-MB较对照组均值升高的倍数存在正相关关系（r=0.52,P〈0.05）。结论 miR-1有可能作为急性心肌梗死的标志物,miR-1水平升高的机制可能与心肌梗死灶周围的缺血组织释放增加有关。     

One-year death rate in 270 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction, initially treated with intravenous magnesium or placebo

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 273 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were randomized to receive either 48-h magnesium (Mg) or placebo therapy intravenously, initiated immediately on admission to hospital. We describe the results from a 1-year survey in 270 of the patients, who were available for follow-up. Patients were equally divided: 135 received Mg and 135 received placebo. Mg treatment was associated with a marked reduction in 1-year death rate from 32% in the placebo group to 20% in the Mg group (p = 0.018). If only death from ischemic heart disease is considered, the figures were 28% in the placebo group as opposed to 15% in the Mg group (p = 0.006). This reduction was mainly due to a reduction in mortality during the initial 30 days after inclusion in the study (17% vs. 7%), after which the difference in mortality between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (18% vs. 15%, p = 0.56). The beneficial effect of Mg on mortality was partly linked to a reduced incidence of arrhythmias (27% vs. 16%), and partly to a reduced incidence of infarction (63% vs. 48%) during the initial hospitalization. However, factors unknown to us were also involved, as revealed by a remaining statistically significant partial regression coefficient, when sex, age, cardiovascular history, development of AMI, and development of arrhythmias were considered. It is concluded that intravenous Mg treatment is beneficial to patients with acute ischemic heart disease and should be adopted as part of the routine treatment of these patients.