经导管~(192)Ir近距离放射治疗局部晚期肝门部胆管癌

目的：观察局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后１９２Ｉｒ腔内放疗的疗效。方法：先行手术探查尽可能刮除肿瘤并放置Ｕ型管引流，术后再经导管腔内放疗。参考点距离放射源中心轴１０ｍｍ，总量２４～３０Ｇｙ／３次。３例配合肝动脉区域性灌注化疗，１例配合外照射ＤＴ４５Ｇｙ／４．５周。结果：生存期６～２６个月，中位生存期１１．５月。１５例死亡，１例目前存活８个月。全组１年生存率３７．５％，２年生存率６．０％，结论：局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后腔内放疗可提高生存期及生活质量     

Intraluminal low-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy and biliary stenting for unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of combined-modality therapy, including external beam radiotherapy, intraluminal (192)Ir, and biliary stenting for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1988 and 1998, 93 patients with unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma underwent definitive radiotherapy. The dose of external beam radiotherapy was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Low-dose-rate (192)Ir was delivered at a dose of 27-50 Gy (mean 39.2) at 0.5 cm from the source. An expandable metallic endoprosthesis was used to establish an internal bile passage. RESULTS: The median survival was 12 months, with a 1-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial survival rate of 50%, 10%, and 4%, respectively. Tumor length, hepatic invasion, and distant metastasis significantly affected survival. Ninety-six percent of patients could successfully remove external drainage catheters. The actuarial biliary patency rate for these patients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 52%, 29%, and 18%, respectively. Tumor length, tumor diameter and T stage were significantly associated with the patency rate. Mild-to-severe gastroduodenal complications were observed in 32 patients and were significantly associated with the active length of (192)Ir and linear source activity. Eight patients had treatment-related biliary fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Our combined-modality therapy provided reasonable local control and improved the quality of life of patients with extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Because none of the treatment characteristics had any impact on survival or biliary patency, lower dose levels and/or a localized target volume are recommended to minimize morbidity.     

根治性肿瘤切除术联合胆管癌栓取出术治疗肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的疗效观察

目的 观察根治性肿瘤切除术联合胆管癌栓取出术治疗肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的疗效.方法 回顾性分析86例肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓患者的临床资料,根据治疗方式的不同将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组各43例.观察组患者接受根治性肿瘤切除术联合胆管癌栓取出术,对照组患者接受肝叶(段)不规则性切除联合胆管癌栓取出术,比较两组患者的术后并发症发生率和生存时间.结果 观察组患者消化道出血、腹腔出血、腹腔积液和肝衰竭发生率高于对照组,膈下脓肿和胆汁漏发生率低于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).观察组患者的累积生存率为51.2%,中位生存时间为27个月(95%CI:23.971~30.029);对照组患者的累积生存率为25.6%,中位生存时间为25个月(95%CI:22.253~27.747).观察组患者的累积生存率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.581,P﹤0.05).结论 根治性肿瘤切除术联合胆管癌栓取出术对延长肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓患者的生存期时间,提高患者生存率具有明显作用,但需要注意并发症预防,同时积极进行对症治疗.     

Is resection of periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma with synchronous hepatic metastasis justified?

BACKGROUND: To date, no consensus has been reached regarding which primary tumor subtypes are managed appropriately with hepatic metastectomy. Specifically, the role of hepatic resection for metastatic periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains controversial. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2005, 1563 patients underwent surgical resection for periampullary carcinoma (n=608 patients) or pancreatic adenocarcinoma (head, n=905 patients; tail, n=50 patients). Data on demographics, operative details, primary tumor status, and-when indicated-extent of hepatic metastasis were collected. RESULTS: Of the 1563 patients who underwent resection of periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 22 patients (1.4%) underwent simultaneous hepatic resection for synchronous liver metastasis. The primary tumor site was ampullary (n=1 patient ), duodenal (n=2 patients), distal bile duct (n=2 patients), or pancreas (head, n=10 patients; tail, n=7 patients). The majority of patients (86.4%) had a solitary hepatic metastasis, and the median size of the largest lesion was 0.6 cm. Hepatic metastectomy included wedge resection (n=20 patients), segmentectomy (n=1 patient), and hemihepatectomy (n=1 patient). After matching patients on primary tumor histology and location, the median survival of patients who underwent hepatic resection of synchronous metastasis was 5.9 months compared with 5.6 months for patients who underwent palliative bypass alone (P=.46) and 14.2 months for patients with no metastatic disease who underwent primary tumor resection only (P<.001). Pancreatic (median, 5.9 months) versus nonpancreatic (median, 9.9 months) primary tumor histology was not associated with a difference in survival in patients who underwent resection of synchronous liver metastasis (P=.43). CONCLUSIONS: Even in well selected patients with low-volume metastatic liver disease, simultaneous resection of periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma with synchronous liver metastases did not result in long-term survival in the overwhelming majority of patients.     

胆总管浸润对Vater壶腹腺癌胰十二指肠切除预后的影响

目的 研究胆总管浸润对Vater壶腹腺癌胰十二指肠切除的预后影响.方法 回顾性分析胰十二指肠切除后存活的102例Vater壶腹腺癌患者的临床病理和生存资料,比较胆总管浸润和无浸润之间的差异.结果 T1期9例(8.8%),T2期40例(39.2%),T13期25例(24.5%),T4期28例(27.5%);NO 76例(74.5%),N1 26例(25.5%).TNM分期Ⅰ期42例(41.2%),Ⅱ期32例(31.3%),Ⅲ期27例(26.5%),Ⅳ期1例(1.0%).胆总管浸润26例(25.5%),无胆总管浸润76例(74.5%).胆总管浸润组出现胰腺浸润22例(84.6%),无胆总管浸润组为26例(34.2%),差异有统计学意义(X<'2>=19.78,P<0.001).全组有25例(24.5%)出现复发转移,中位复发转移时间为20(2～93)个月.无胆总管浸润组患者的术后中位无复发生存期和总体生存期显著优于胆总管浸润组.结论 胆总管浸润的Vater壶腹癌患者易出现胰腺浸润,无复发生存期和总体生存期显著下降,患者术后应该接受综合治疗.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌的临床分型以及手术方式选择对疾病预后的影响

目的 探讨肝细胞癌合并胆管癌的临床特征分型及手术治疗方式选择对远期效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析100例肝细胞癌合并胆管癌患者的就诊资料、肿瘤临床分型及手术方式、生存资料,手术方式有胆管切开取癌栓、肝癌切除并胆管癌切除、胆管支架置入引流等,分析不同手术方式对远期预后的影响.结果 100例确诊并进行根治手术治疗的患者有92例,其中肝细胞癌切除并胆管切口取癌栓的有38例,肝细胞癌切除并胆管癌切除的有48例,胆管支架植入引流的有6例,术后围手术期死亡的患者有9例,25例出现围手术并发症,术后1年、2年、3年的生存率分别为63.0％、25.0％、19.6％,生存期平均为(20.6 ±10.6)个月.通过单因素分析结果显示肝细胞癌合并胆管癌生存期与临床分型及手术方式选择有关.多因素分析结果显示手术方式的选择为影响生存期的独立因素.结论 手术方式的选择是影响肝细胞癌合并胆管癌治疗效果的重要因素.若能早期发现病灶并选择合理的手术方式进行根治,对于延长患者生存期具有重要的意义.     

胰腺转移肿瘤25例诊治分析

目的:探讨胰腺转移肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法:对1998年10月～2009年8 月空军总医院收治的25例胰腺转移肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果:原发肿瘤为肺癌8 例、结肠癌5 例、胃癌4 例、胆囊癌3 例、食管癌2 例、肝癌1 例、胃恶性间质瘤1 例、恶性纤维细胞瘤1 例。胰腺转移肿瘤距原发肿瘤时间间隔平均24个月（0～192 个月）。 14例行B 超引导下细针穿刺活检组织病理学诊断;4 例术中冰冻切片诊断、7 例为临床诊断。行胰十二指肠切除+ 横结肠次全切除2 例,胰腺体尾+ 脾脏切除2 例,胆道内金属支架引流术1 例;放疗+ 化疗10例,局部放疗4 例,全身化疗2 例;4 例未治疗。24例随访,手术组中位生存27个月（10～76个月）,非手术治疗组中位生存11个月（2～20个月）,未治疗组中位生存1.5 个月（0.5～6 个月）。 结论:胰腺转移性肿瘤无特异的临床表现,手术切除可延长患者的生存时间。      

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in treatment of pancreatic and bile duct malignancies: toxicity and clinical outcome

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in pancreatic and bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) malignancies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-five patients with pancreatic and bile duct cancer were treated with IMRT. Twenty-three received concurrent 5-fluoruracil. One patient with a pancreatic primitive neuroectodermal tumor received concurrent etoposide and ifosfamide. Eight patients had resected tumors, and 17 had unresectable primary (n = 14) or recurrent (n = 3) tumors. Six patients underwent treatment planning with conventional three-dimensional four-field techniques for dosimetric comparison with IMRT. RESULTS: Compared with conventional RT, IMRT reduced the mean dose to the liver, kidneys, stomach, and small bowel. IMRT was well tolerated, with 80% experiencing Grade 2 or less acute upper GI toxicity. At a median follow-up of 10.2 months, no resected patients had local failure, and only 1 of 10 assessable patients with unresectable cancer had local progression. The median survival and distant metastasis-free survival of the 24 patients with adenocarcinoma was 13.4 and 7.3 months, respectively. Grade 4 late liver toxicity occurred in 1 patient surviving >5 years. The remainder of the assessable patients experienced no (n = 9) or Grade 1 (n = 4) late toxicity. CONCLUSION: In this hypothesis-generating analysis, the acute and chronic toxicity profile with IMRT in the treatment of pancreatic and bile duct cancer was encouraging. Local control was not compromised, despite efforts to increase conformality and avoid doses to normal structures. Distant failure remains a major obstacle in pancreatic cancer.     

Surgical results for hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct invasion: a clinicopathologic comparison between macroscopic and microscopic tumor thrombus

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors and long-term results after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with bile duct invasion. METHODS: The records of 38 HCC patients with microscopic (tumor thrombus was found in more than the second order branch of the biliary tree; n = 19) and macroscopic (tumor thrombus was found in no more than the second order branch of the biliary tree; n = 19) bile duct invasion were reviewed in this study. Survival rates were calculated with regard to 18 clinicopathological factors. A log-rank analysis was performed to identify which factors predict the prognosis. The relationships between the degree of bile duct invasion and 17 clinicopathologic factors were also compared. RESULTS: The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 79%, 45%, and 33%, respectively. The indicators of a favorable prognosis included no intrahepatic metastases, curative surgical resection, and macroscopic bile duct invasion. CONCLUSION: We found a favorable long-term postoperative result for HCC patients with macroscopic bile duct invasion. Even if HCC tumor thrombus is recognized in the major branches of bile duct, extensive and curative surgical treatment should be recommended when hepatic functional reserve is satisfactory without intrahepatic metastases.     

经胆囊床右肝管置管胆囊空肠吻合术治疗肝门部癌

自1983年～1995年，我院对18例肝门部占位梗阻性黄疸，采用经胆囊床右肝管置管胆囊空肠Roux—y吻合内外引流术，术前诊断依靠B超、CT、PTC检查。18例中原发性高性胆管癌8例,胆总管癌侵入肝门4例,转移癌5例，原因不明1例.术后效果满意，生存年限：2年2例，1年12例，6个月2例，4个月1例，另1例术后1年复查一切正常至今。认为本法作为一种胆汁内外引流相结合的手术方法，克服了单纯外引流的胆汁回输困难处境，又克服了单纯内引流的一些手术难度和并发症，具有两种引流的优越性。     

28例不能手术的肝外胆道系统肿瘤放化疗疗效分析

目的 评价放疗晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤的疗效。方法 对28例手术不可切除的肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗，其中胆囊癌13例，肝外胆管癌15例。15例采用常规放疗，中位照射剂量45Gy（30～60Gy），13例采用三维适形放疗（3DcRT）多野（3～5个野）照射或加量，中位照射剂量55Gy（50～70Gy）。12例单纯放疗，16例放化结合。化疗方案为氟尿嘧啶500mg，2次／周，或氟尿嘧啶500mg＋顺铂30mg，1次／周，疗程3～6个周期。结果 全部患者近期有效率14％。全组中位生存期9．4个月（2～28个月）。1、2年生存率分别为38％、15％；其中1年生存率胆囊癌为46％，肝外胆管癌为27％，3DCRT为42％，常规放疗为33％，单纯放疗为37％，放疗＋化疗为31％；〈50Gy的为29％，≥50Gy的为45％。只有照射剂量（≥50Gy）对1年生存率有影响（X^2=5．31，P=0．023）。急性消化道反应1～2级为57％，3级为18％，仅有25％的出现1～2级血液毒性反应。结论 对晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗可取得一定疗效，且副作用可耐受。     

原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的外科治疗

目的：提高对原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的认识，探讨其诊断、治疗方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院1998年1月至2004年1月间收治的42例原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的临床资料，施行根治性手术26例，其中18例肝叶切除＋胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术；8例肿瘤局部切除＋胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术；姑息性手术16例，其中6例胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术，10例胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术＋患侧肝动脉结扎术（其中4例＋门静脉DDS泵置入术）。均获得病理诊断，肝细胞癌32例（76．2％）。结果：根治性手术及姑息性手术1年、3年、5年生存率分别为65．4％（17／26），42．3％（11／26），15．4％（4／26）及18．8％（3／16）、6．3％（1／16），0（0／16）；总的1年、3年、5年生存率分别为47．6％（20／42），28．6％（12／42），9．5％（4／42）。结论：外科治疗明显改善患者生活质量，提高了生存时间，而根治性手术是原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的积极有效方法。     

Palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction with metallic stent-clinical effectiveness in aged patients

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of metallic stent in the palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction in aged patients, 30 patients over 65 years of age with malignant biliary obstruction were investigated retrospectively. Overall survival duration after the stent placement was 13-1,275 (mean: 278, median: 169) days. The period of tube-free on the outpatient basis after stent insertion was 0-1,162 (mean: 192, median: 121) days. The estimated cost savings by eliminating hospitalization was greater than the stent cost. Four patients survived over 18 months despite their advanced clinical stages. It seems difficult to develop guidelines for the indication of stent placement in the treatment of malignant bile duct obstruction for aged patients.     

Prognostic implications of tumor diameter in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas

Two hundred twenty patients with a carcinoma in the head of the pancreas were divided into three tumor diameter groups: group 1, 0.5 to 4.4 cm (n = 72); group 2, 4.5 to 6.0 cm (n = 77); and group 3, 6.1 to 15.0 cm (n = 71). For these tumor diameter groups a six-fold eliminatory curability analysis was performed. Of the patients with liver metastases in group 1 the last patient had died at 10 months and in groups 2 and 3 no patients were alive at 18 months after the start of complaints. Patients with extrahepatic metastases did not survive 12 months in group 1, 16 months in group 2, and 25 months in group 3. The 6% actuarial survival rate for inoperable patients was reached in group 1 after 17 months, in group 2 after 36 months, and in group 3 after 27 months after the start of complaints. For groups 1 through 3 in curable, but not curatively operated patients, the respective 0% actuarial survival rate was reached at 24 months, 23 months, and 14 months. The 0% actuarial survival rate in patients with irresectable vessel invasion was reached in group 1 at 33 months, in group 2 at 23 months, and in group 3 at 25 months. The 0% actuarial survival rate in patients with an irresectable tumor was reached at 33 months, 31 months, and 27 months after the start of complaints in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The 0% actuarial survival rate in curatively operated patients was reached in group 3 after 26 months and in group 2 after 29 months. In group 1 25% of the patients were alive at 36 months after the start of complaints. Small tumors were associated with the greatest chance of curative operation and on average had the longest survival. However, small tumors with liver or other metastases carried a worse prognosis than large tumors with liver or other metastases. If tumors were found not to be resectable at the time of operation, the size of the tumor did not appear to affect survival.     

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by orthotopic liver transplantation in cholangiocarcinomas: the emory experience

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a bile duct tumor with a grim prognosis. The median survival after radiotherapy of unresectable disease is 9-12 months. The following is a review of our experience with neoadjuvant (NEO) chemoradiation followed by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for CCA.

Methods

Ten patients with CCAs were selected as candidates for NEO-OLT between 2008-2011. Patients with unresectable CCA above the cystic duct without intra or extrahepatic metastases were eligible. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients were included due to their poor resection response. Patients initially received external-beam radiation [via conventional fields or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT)] plus capecitabine (XEL) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), followed by either Iridium¹⁹² (Ir¹⁹²) brachytherapy high dose rate (HDR) or external boost. 5-FU or XEL was administered until OLT. Patients underwent periodic surveillance computed tomography (CT)/MRIs after OLT. Primary endpoints included actuarial rates (AR)/crude rates (CR) of overall survival (OS), and local control (LC) at 6, 12, and 24 months.

Results

Five males and five females were identified. Mean age was 58.3 years (range, 38-71 years). Mean composite radiation dose delivered was 59.0 Gy (range, 54-71.4 Gy). Forty percent of patients had an HDR boost. Fifty percent of patients received XEL during NEO. Two patients were excluded from the analysis as they did not go on to OLT due to metastases (n=1) and death due to GI bleed (n=1). Thirty-eight percent of the OLT patients had a pathological complete response (pCR) after NEO, while 25% required a Whipple due to positive margins. Median follow-up for the OLT group was 23 months (range, 6.5-37 months). Six, twelve, and twenty-four months LC AR was 100%. LC CR was 100% at longest interval (30 months). Six, twelve, and twenty-four months OS AR was 100%, 87.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. Mean OS AR was 30.2 months (95% CI: 22.8-37.7). OS CR was 75% at longest interval (37 months). Post OLT mortality resulted from (I) unknown causes (0.5 months), (II) allograft rejection (27.25 months). Other toxicities included: necrotic myelitis 12/10 months after NEO/OLT (n=1), post NEO biliary stricture requiring new stent (n=1); post Whipple bile leak repair (n=1), and post OLT fistula (n=1), cholangitis (n=1), and wound revision (n=2).

Conclusions

Our outcomes using NEO-OLT for CCA are promising and comparable to other series. These results further justify (I) use of NEO and (II) prioritization of available transplant livers for CCA management.     

Cholangiocarcinoma: the impact of tumor location and treatment strategy on outcome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the outcome of patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHBC) may have been influenced by tumor location and treatment selection. The primary endpoint of this study is overall survival (OS). Between January 1983 and December 1997, 221 patients with biliary tumors were evaluated at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Of these, 118 fit the inclusion criteria for this study. The extent of disease was assessed by computed tomography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. All patients had histologic confirmation of malignancy. Roux-en Y, hepaticojejunostomy, or choledochojejunostomy followed surgical resection of the primary tumor. Palliative measure (PS) included biliary catheter placement without brachytherapy or external beam irradiation (RT). RT was delivered via high-energy photons. Intraluminal brachytherapy was performed via percutaneous biliary catheterization with iridium-192 ribbon sources. Chemotherapy consisted of either intravenous 5-fluorouracil alone or in combination with doxorubicin, mitomycin C, or paclitaxel. PS consisted of metal bile duct stent placement. Median follow-up time for the entire group was 102 months and 43 months for patients who were still alive at the conclusion of the study period. Patients with proximal tumors underwent resection (n = 5), surgery and RT (n = 23), RT only (n = 31), chemotherapy only (n = 6), or PS (n = 12). Patients with distal tumors were treated with surgical resection (n = 17) or a combination of surgery and RT (n = 13), RT only (n = 6), or PS (n = 4). Median survival time (MST) for all 118 patients was 22 months. The MST for patients with distal tumors was 47 months versus 17 months for those with proximal tumors. The MST has not been reached for patients with distal EHBC treated with surgical resection and postoperative RT, whereas the median survival for those treated with surgery alone is 62.5 months. However, 4 of 17 of these patients had in situ carcinoma. Six patients had distal tumors treated with RT only with a MST of 6 months. Patients with proximal tumors treated with surgery and RT had a superior OS at 5 years compared to patients treated with RT alone (24 vs. 13 months; p = 0.007). There was an improved OS in patients with proximal tumors treated with surgical resection and RT compared to surgery alone (p = 0.023). There is no discernable influence of chemotherapy on outcome in patients with proximal EHBC. The MST for patients treated with PS was 3.5 months. Surgery and postoperative RT appear to be better than either surgery or RT alone in patients with proximal EHBC. In patients with distal EHBC, the addition of resection and RT appears to offer an advantage, which is increasingly apparent with longer follow-up time. The prognosis remains dismal for patients treated with palliative intent.     

A phase II study of high-dose octreotide in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma

This report describes the results of a phase II trial to evaluate the safety, feasibility and response of patients with irresectable, histologically proven, stage II-IV adenocarcinoma of the pancreas receiving high-dose octreotide treatment. Octreotide was self-administered subcutaneously (3 x 2000 micrograms per day) by 49 patients. Therapy was discontinued after progression of the disease. Due to the subseqment diagnosis of bile duct carcinoma and stage I disease, 2 patients were excluded, leaving 47 evaluable patients with measurable disease. The median Karnofsky score was 80%. 3 patients had stage II (6%), 19 stage III (40%), and 25 (53%) stage IV disease. Octreotide treatment resulted in stable disease in 9 patients (19%) for more than 12 weeks. No complete or partial response was observed. The median overall survival was 21.4 weeks and the median progression-free survival 9.0 weeks. Therapy with high-dose octreotide is feasible, well tolerated and might prolong survival. In a placebo-controlled phase III study the effects of octreotide in patients with pancreatic cancer will be confirmed.     

Application of endoscopic nasobiliary cutting in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Objective The aim of the study was to study the clinical efficacy and prognosis of endoscopically cutting the nasobiliary duct and leaving its residual segment as a biliary stent in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC). Methods The clinical data of 55 patients with HC treated by endoscopic biliary drainage at the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center of our hospital (Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China) from August 2017 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different drainage schemes, patients were divided into the endoscopic nasobiliary cutting group (n = 26) and the endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) group (n = 29). The postoperative liver function indexes, incidence of postoperative complications, median patency period of stents, and median survival time of patients were compared between the two groups. Results Liver function indexes (total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) were significantly decreased in 55 patients a week postoperaticely (P < 0.05), and decreases in liver function indexes in the endoscopic nasobiliary cutting group were more significant than those in the ERBD group (P < 0.05). The incidence of biliary tract infection in the endoscopic nasobiliary cutting group was significantly lower than that in the ERBD group (15.40％ vs. 41.4％, P < 0.05). In the endoscopic nasobiliary cutting subgroups, there were 1 and 3 cases of biliary tract infection in the gastric antrum cutting group (n = 21) and duodenal papilla cutting group (n = 5), respectively, and 0 cases and 2 cases of displacement, respectively; there was a statistically significant difference in terms of complications between the two subgroups (P < 0.05). The median patency period (190 days) and median survival time (230 days) in the nasobiliary duct cutting group were higher than those (169 days and 202 days) in the ERBD group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion The nasobiliary duct was cut by using endoscopic scissors in Stage Ⅱ after the bile was fully drained through the nasobiliary duct. The residual segment could still support the bile duct and drain bile. The reduction of jaundice and the recovery of liver enzymes were significant, and the incidence of biliary tract infection was low. Cutting off the nasobiliary duct at the duodenal papilla results in a higher incidence of biliary tract infection, and the residual segment of the nasobiliary duct is more likely to be displaced. Endoscopic nasobiliary-cutting drainage is an effective, simple, and safe method to reduce jaundice in the palliative treatment of HC.     

原发性肝癌并胆管癌栓的临床诊治分析：附19例报告

目的：探讨原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断方法和治疗方式的选择。方法：回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2011年12月收治的19例原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断方法、误诊原因及综合治疗效果。应用B超、CT、MRCP和PTC等检查以及术中探查等明确诊断。治疗方式为肝癌切除术＋胆管取栓术,仅行胆管切开取癌栓术及胆管支架置入引流术。结果：19例中7例行手术切除肿瘤＋胆管取癌栓,6例行单纯胆管切开取癌栓,6例仅行胆管支架植入引流术。术后随访至今,其中肿瘤切除＋胆管取癌栓患者平均生存时间超过3年,最长生存时间已超过5年,行胆管切开取癌栓平均生存时间18个月。非手术治疗组仅行胆管支架植入引流术的6例患者生存时间1~13月,平均5.6个月。结论：手术治疗方式是影响肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓术后预后首要因素。早期诊断、积极切除肿瘤并清除胆管癌栓,术后配合TACE术等综合治疗,是改善预后的有效治疗方法。     

Chemoradiation and brachytherapy in biliary tract carcinoma: long-term results

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of chemoradiation and intraluminal brachytherapy in terms of local control, disease-free survival, overall survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-two patients with unresectable (17 patients) or residual (5 patients) nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors received external beam radiation therapy (39.6-50.4 Gy) between 1991 and 1997. In 21 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, Days 1-4, 1,000 mg/m2/day) was administered. Twelve patients received a boost of intraluminal brachytherapy with 192Ir wires (30-50 Gy) 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 10 patients (45.4%) developed Grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. In patients with unresectable tumor who could be evaluated, the clinical response was 28.6% (4 of 14). Two patients showed complete response. In all 22 patients, median durations of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 44.5 months, 16.3 months, and 23.0 months, respectively. Two patients who received external beam radiation therapy and intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. In patients with unresectable tumors, median survival was 13.0 months and 22.0 months in those treated with and without brachytherapy, with 16.7% and no 5-year survival, respectively (p=0.607). Overall 5-year survival was 18.0%: 40% and 11.7% in patients treated with partial resection and in those with unresectable tumor, respectively (p=0.135). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of concurrent chemoradiation in advanced biliary carcinoma; the role of intraluminal brachytherapy boost remains to be further analyzed in larger clinical trials.