泸州西区空气中真菌的调查

目的调查泸州西区空气中飘散真菌的种类、数量及其每月的变化情况.方法于2004年3月-2005年2月采用曝片法(365 d逐日定点连续曝片采样)和曝皿法(即每月上旬定点曝皿采样1次)相结合的方法,进行为期1a的空气中飘散真菌的调查,并进行真菌的分离、培养,及时取真菌标本压片,甲蓝染液染色,镜下鉴定菌种.结果全年曝片365张,检出真菌孢子共24 139个,其中可鉴定的有23 582个,分属24个属种,全年均有真菌飘散,5-9月为高峰期,曝片中按构成比排序的前4位的真菌孢子的优势菌属依次为交链孢霉属(30.61%)、黑粉霉属(23.90%)、附球霉属(18.71%)、单孢枝霉属(13.91%)等.曝皿培养生长的霉菌种属按构成比依次为酵母菌属(50.20%)、曲霉属(12.46%)、青霉属(10.77%)和单孢枝霉属(9.29%)等.结论泸州西区空气中全年均有真菌飘散,飘散真菌的数量按不同的月份发生变化,5-9月为高峰期,优势菌属为交链孢霉属、黑粉霉属、附球霉属、单孢枝霉属、酵母菌属、曲霉属、青霉属等.     

西安市秋季空气微生物群落结构和生态分布

目的了解西安市秋季空气微生物群落结构和生态分布。方法于2006年10月，于10：00-12：00，在西安市3个功能区（工业区，公园绿地，交通干线）采用平皿沉降法进行空气细菌、真菌、放线菌的采样并将分离的单菌落鉴定到属。结果空气微生物合计的菌落数顺位为：交通干线（4404cfu／m^3） 〉工业区（2500cfu／m^3） 〉公园绿地（1354cfu／m^3）。空气微生物合计的菌落数中细菌和真菌比例较大，约占90％。共发现20属空气细菌，空气中革兰阳性菌明显多于阴性菌，优势菌属为微球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属和假单孢菌属，共占65.5％，3个功能区空气中细菌种类无明显差别。共发现11属空气真菌，青霉属、拟青霉属、枝孢菌属、无孢菌属是优势菌属，不同功能区中真菌微生物组成及优势菌属明显不同。工业区中枝孢菌属占51.5％，为优势菌属；公园绿地中青霉属和拟青霉属为优势菌属，分别占37.2％和34.3％；交通干线中无孢菌属（31.7％）和枝孢菌属（33.1％）为优势菌属。不同功能区微生物组成分布明显不同，交通干线和工业区空气细菌菌落数明显高于公同绿地，工业区和公园绿地真菌菌落数高于交通干线。结论西安市秋季空气微生物在不同功能区的群落结构和生态分市不同，不仅与环境因素、污染因子有关，还受到人类活动、动植物等因素的影响。     

呼和浩特市气传致敏真菌曝皿调查分析

目的调查本地区空气中飘浮真菌种类、数量及飘散规律,从而指导真菌变态反应疾病的诊断和治疗。方法20012年6月-2013年5月,在呼和浩特市4个区采用自然沉降法,共设4个采样点。每月下旬曝皿1次,培养鉴定。结果回收144个曝皿,经培养收集真菌菌落875个经鉴定分属42个种属,飘散量最大的前四种是酵母菌、青霉、链格孢霉和枝孢芽枝霉。空气真菌数量具有明显的季节性,高峰期在7-9月份.冬季达最低水平。结论呼和浩特市全年均有真菌孢子飘散和真菌菌落的生长,飘散量大的优势真菌是真菌变态反应疾病主要致敏原。对于呼和浩特地区真菌变态反应患者的诊断、治疗有很大的指导意义。     

地下医院真菌气溶胶的形成及其危害

目的调查地下医院真菌气溶胶污染的形成.方法对不同部位空气和物体表面进行真菌监测及菌种鉴定.结果撞击法及沉降法空气真菌浓度分别为18 046 CFU/m3及24 035 CFU/m3,与对照组比较P＜0.01,木床架及床垫表面真菌浓度分别为27 840 CFU/cm2及104 960 CFU/cm2;对580株菌株鉴定,青霉属和曲霉属占61.6%.结论真菌污染源主要为木床架及床垫表面繁殖的真菌孢子播散空气中,形成气溶胶,对人体尤其是上呼吸道造成危害.     

深部真菌感染的先发治疗

近20年来,机会真菌所致侵袭性感染显著增高,同时其发病率和病死率也随之增高,主要的机会真菌感染为白假丝酵母菌、新生隐球菌和烟曲霉所致;但近年来,其他机会真菌亦日益重要,如非白假丝酵母菌、除烟曲霉外的其他曲霉、毛孢子菌属、红酵母属、接合菌属(根霉、毛霉等)、镰刀霉属、赛多孢菌属以及各种暗色真菌等［1］。     

地下工程空气环境及致病背景

对6个地下工程进行空气卫生学调查,因通风不良,房间内细菌总数、真菌数及厌氧菌数明显高于对照组,且有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。空气中飘浮的真菌,以青霉、曲霉、互隔交链孢霉、镰刀菌及根霉等常见致敏菌占优势(75.7％),是空气环境中的致病因素。必须加强通风措施,内外空气充分交换,使工程内人员有一定良好的生活环境。     

饮用天然矿泉水水源霉菌菌相分析

目的 掌握饮用天然矿泉水水源霉菌污染现状。方法 对69个灌装厂有的73处饮用天然矿泉水水源采样调查。结果 在73件水源样品中45份（61.64%）检出霉菌982株。半知菌类发现频率最高，藻状菌纲，子囊菌纲、担子菌纲较少见。检出的18个霉菌属中，曲霉（50.41%) 、枝孢霉（33.81%）占较大优势，青霉、木霉、镰刀菌等属也较常见。霉菌检出与水源菌落总数、大肠菌群、亚硝酸盐等指标的相关性无显著意义。结论 饮用天然矿泉水水源的霉菌主要来源于开采后的外界污染。     

伊曲康唑的不良反应及注意事项

伊曲康唑是一种合成的广谱抗真菌药,为三氮唑衍生物,对皮肤癣菌、酵母菌、曲霉菌属、组织胞浆菌属、巴西副球孢子菌、申克孢子丝菌、着色真菌属、枝孢霉属、皮炎芽生菌以及各种其它的酵母菌和真菌感染有效。该药对浅部及深部真菌感染有良好疗效,但国内外医药期刊关于伊曲康唑的不良反应常有病例报道。本文对此进行简要综述,供临床用药参考。     

重症监护病房真菌监测结果分析

近年来 ,随着免疫抑制剂的广泛应用、导管技术的普遍开展、广谱抗生素的大量应用 ,真菌病的发病率有逐年增加的趋势。为研究重症监护 (ＩＣＵ)病房空气中真菌的分布与真菌病的关系 ,1999年 3月 ,对ＩＣＵ病房的空气进行了监测。1　结　果1.1　 35份样本中有 31份检出真菌 ,阳性率为 88.5 7% ,共分离出真菌 2 912 .5 6株 ,平均含量 5 82 .5 1ＣＦＵ/ｍ3,主要有青霉、毛霉、曲霉、根霉和镰刀霉等 5属。1.2　不同科室ＩＣＵ真菌监测结果见表 1。2　讨　论　　真菌广泛存在于自然界中 ,它的生长繁殖与环境条件有很大关系 ,真菌易在温度适宜 ,空…     

重症监护病房医院感染环境因素监测分析

目的了解引起重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染的环境因素。方法按照卫生部《消毒技术规范》对重症监护病房的环境、物体表面消毒后或使用中进行采样生物监测,空气采样用平板暴露法,医务人员手和物体表面用棉拭子法。结果本组共采样监测标本289份,合格182份,合格率62.98%;空气、物体表面主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和混合污染条件致病菌的载体。结论通过加强对ICU医院感染环境因素的监测分析,采取边监测边整改的措施,从而控制了ICU医院感染的流行与暴发,降低了感染率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.