胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的改善作用及降糖效果。方法对 2 4例初诊 2型糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵进行 2周的胰岛素强化治疗 ,治疗第 15天时对比治疗前后静脉葡萄糖耐量试验所诱发的胰岛素第 1时相的分泌、胰岛素曲线下面积及由 Homa模型计算胰岛素分泌指数 (Homa B)、胰岛素抵抗指数 (Homa A) ,同时观察空腹血糖、餐后 2小时血糖变化 ;3个月时对比糖化血红蛋白变化。结果　患者空腹血糖及餐后 2小时血糖分别在治疗 (3.7± 1.8)天、 (5 .5± 1.7)天达到控制标准 ,胰岛 β细胞功能显著改善 ,静脉葡萄糖耐量试验各时点的胰岛素分泌及 Homa B值较治疗前明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,Hom a A指数下降(P<0 .0 5 )。随访 3个月 ,13例患者单纯控制饮食即可维持血糖控制标准 ,糖化血红蛋白由治疗前的 (9.8± 1.2 ) %降至 (6 .3± 0 .7) %。结论　胰岛素短期强化治疗可明显改善及恢复初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛素第 1时相分泌 ,不同程度的缓解病情     

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察短期持续性皮下胰岛素输注 (CSII)治疗对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果和胰岛 β细胞功能的影响。 　方法　对空腹血糖 >11.1mmol/L的 36例初诊 2型糖尿病患者进行为期 2周的CSII强化治疗 ,分析比较其治疗前后空腹及餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1C、静脉葡萄糖耐量 (IVGTT)试验时胰岛素分泌第一时相和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、空腹血浆胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ、HomaIR等。血浆胰岛素、C肽、胰岛素原浓度均用放免法测定。　结果　 2周的CSII治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果。其中 35例患者的空腹、餐后 2h血糖分别于治疗后 ( 2 .7± 1.9)d、( 8.5± 3.5 )d达到良好控制 ,且未见明显低血糖。胰岛 β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善 :静脉注射葡萄糖后 10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素、C肽分泌相 ,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰 ,胰岛素、C肽曲线下面积和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高 ,而胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值则较治疗前明显下降。反映胰岛素抵抗的HomaIR也较治疗前明显降低。　结论　对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者 ,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病临床观察

采用自身前后对照,观察28例新诊断2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖≥10.0mmol/L,接受2周短期胰岛素泵治疗.结果2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果.其中27例患者的空腹、餐后2h血糖分别于治疗后(3.1±1.8)d、(8.9±3.6)d达到良好控制,且未见明显低血糖.胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善静脉注射葡萄糖后10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素分泌相,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰,由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高,而反映胰岛素抵抗的Homa IR也较治疗前明显降低.结论对伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,短期胰岛素泵强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照,观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗,结果治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果,其中28例空腹血糖,餐后2h血糖均良好控制,未见明显低血糖,胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善,静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相.部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌,使患者血糖良好控制.     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及血脂代谢的影响

观察短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者的胰岛β细胞功能及血脂代谢的影响。方法新诊断的2型糖尿病患者57例,给予为期2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗,治疗前后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、胰岛素释放试验(OGIRT)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)检测;对糖脂控制情况、空腹胰岛素浓度(FIns)、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、早时相胰岛素分泌指数(I30/G30)进行比较。结果经2周胰岛素泵强化治疗后,患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、HOMA-IR、血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、甘油三酯(TG)均较治疗前明显降低,空腹胰岛素浓度、胰岛素曲线下面积、I30/G30、HOMA-β、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)明显升高。结论初诊2型糖尿病短期应用胰岛素泵治疗能早期解除糖脂毒性,显著改善糖脂代谢及胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

高血糖状态对2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞分泌功能的影响

目的　了解葡萄糖毒性对胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的影响。 　方法　观察 118例 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者在不同血糖状态下 ,胰岛 β细胞分泌对口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)和胰高血糖素刺激试验 (GST)的反应能力。　结果　胰岛 β细胞的分泌功能在OGTT随空腹血糖的升高而下降(P <0 0 1) ;在GST随血糖升高而增强 ,达 9mmol/L以上时维持在高水平。OGTT胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)呈负相关 (P <0 0 1) ,GST胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛 β细胞功能指数(HOMA β)呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。 　结论　葡萄糖毒性干扰胰岛 β细胞功能的判断 ,血糖过高抑制OGTT时的胰岛素释放 ,GST受此影响小 ,能较客观反映胰岛 β细胞功能状态。     

高血压病患者胰岛β细胞功能变化及雷米普利的影响

目的探讨高血压病患者胰岛 β细胞功能变化及雷米普利对胰岛 β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性的影响。 方法　用酶联免疫吸附法检测 2 4例健康人及 44例高血压病患者血浆胰岛素原 (PI)、真胰岛素 (TI) ,用放免法测定免疫反应性胰岛素水平 (IRI) ;并利用上述指标计算胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (PI/IRI)和胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,观察 2 1例高血压病患者给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果　 (1)高血压病组患者与对照组比较胰岛素原 (17.2± 8.2vs7.9± 2 .8pmol/L)和免疫反应性胰岛素浓度 (2 1.0± 12 .4vs 14± 7.8μU/ml)有显著性差异 (P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ,胰岛β细胞功能指数 (0 81± 0 32vs 0 5 6± 0 17)亦有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而真胰岛素水平 (8.4± 4.0vs 7.4± 2 .4μU/ml)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 ) 2 1例高血压病患者用雷米普利治疗后免疫反应性胰岛素 (2 1.9± 5 .1vs 14.9± 4.1μU/ml )和胰岛素原水平 (19.3± 8.0vs 12 .5± 8.2 pmol/L)有显著性下降(P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ;胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (0 78± 0 31vs 0 5 4± 0 16 )显著性下降 (P <0 0 1) ,胰岛素敏感性指数 (- 4.4± 0 6vs - 3.5± 0 2 )显著性提高 (P <0     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照，观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗，结果：治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果，其中28例空腹血糖，餐后2h血糖均良好控制，未见明显低血糖，胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善，静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相。部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰。结论：短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌，使患者血糖良好控制。     

长期服用福辛普利对高血压患者肥胖度和胰岛素敏感性及代谢的影响

目的 :研究长期服用福辛普利对高血压患者肥胖度、胰岛素敏感性、β细胞胰岛素分泌功能、血脂和血糖等的影响。方法 :4 4例轻中度原发性高血压 (EH)患者口服福辛普利 14个月 ,以根据Cederholm公式计算胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)为胰岛素敏感性指标 ,口服葡萄糖耐量试验开始 30min后胰岛素和血糖变化的比值 (△I3 0 /△G3 0 )为 β细胞胰岛素分泌功能指标 ,观察血压、体质指数 (BMI)、腰围 /臀围比 (WHR)、血糖、血脂等的变化。 结果 :EH患者治疗后血压显著下降 ,BMI(治疗前后分别为 2 7.4± 2 .8和 2 6 .8± 3.0 ,P <0 .0 1)显著下降 ,WHR稍下降 (治疗前后分别为 0 .932± 0 .0 72和 0 .92 8± 0 .0 72 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,ISI(治疗前后分别为 5 2 .2± 15 .8和 5 8.7±18.6 ,P <0 .0 1)和△I3 0 /△G3 0 (治疗前后分别为 2 0 .0± 17.9和 2 6 .6± 2 6 .5 ,P <0 .0 5 )显著提高 ,血糖和血脂显著下降。结论 :长期服用福辛普利能降低EH患者肥胖度 ,延缓脂肪分布的衰老性变化 ,改善胰岛素敏感性和 β细胞胰岛素分泌功能 ,改善糖代谢和血脂代谢。     

口服胰岛素预防昆明株小鼠免疫性糖尿病的机理

目的　探讨口服胰岛素预防链尿菌素 (STZ)引起的胰岛炎及糖尿病的机理。　方法　正常昆明株小鼠 2 0只随机分为 2组 ,实验组 ,口服猪胰岛素 1mg,2次 /周 ;对照组 :口服等量的蒸馏水。 10周后 2组小鼠均腹腔注射STZ 4 0mg·kg-1·d-1× 5d。以血糖≥ 16 .7mmol/L诊断为糖尿病。监测 2组小鼠的血糖 6周。 6周后处死 2组小鼠 ,观察胰岛与脾内T细胞亚群及Fas/FasL的表达。　结果　 6周后实验组发病率为 0 % ;对照组为 90 % (P <0 .0 1) ,胰岛炎的评分实验组为 0 .0 6± 0 .19,对照组为 2 .5 4±0 .2 9(P <0 .0 1)。对照组胰岛内浸润的T细胞以CD8+为主 ( 5 9% ) ;而实验组以CD4+为主 ( 73% )。组织学检查示 :对照组胰岛 β细胞数显著减少 ,且 β细胞上出现Fas表达 ;而实验组胰岛 β细胞数显著多于对照组 ,实验组 90 %小鼠显示正常胰岛结构 ,β细胞上未见Fas表达 ;而两组胰岛内浸润T细胞均有FasL表达。　结论　口服胰岛素可抑制CD8+T细胞在胰岛局部的聚集及 β细胞表达Fas,避免FasL( + )T细胞引起的 β细胞凋亡 ,从而预防了糖尿病的发生。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.