可吸收珊瑚羟基磷灰石与天然珊瑚修复骨缺损的组织学及影像学分析

目的采用组织学及影像方法观察可吸收珊瑚羟基磷灰石与天然珊瑚修复骨缺损的牛物学特性。方法采集海南滨珊瑚，在一定的条件下珊瑚碳酸钙在“水热交换反应”转化成含羟基磷灰石80％的可吸收珊瑚人工骨（CHAP）。CHAP送国家材料实验室进行物理及化学检测。用40只新西兰大白兔，手术切除兔桡骨中段1．5cm，将长1.5cm、直径O.4cm的可吸收珊瑚羟基磷灰石植入骨缺损区，对照组植入天然珊瑚（Nc）。术后分批处死动物，拍X光照片，行组织学切片，对该人工骨的生物相容性和成骨效应进行了X线及组织学观察。结果珊瑚磨片片测得珊瑚孔道直径平均200Hm，孔隙率为51％。X光照片显示2周CHAP组织结构完整，NC组有少许吸收，4周时CHAP有大量外骨痂形成，NC组吸收明显，8周CHAP组与宿主骨完全愈合，NC组的移植材料大部吸收。术后2周可CHAP组有许多成纤维细胞和毛细血管长入珊瑚骨的微孔内，并有少量新生骨自接触部向珊瑚骨内爬行；天然珊瑚组孔道内为含新生骨的纤维结缔组织，内有炎性细胞浸润；4周时CHAP组有大量新生骨内含大量的毛细血管、成骨细胞及骨基质由周边深入珊瑚骨的中部，移植的人工骨面积无减少。NC组周边有新生骨形成，移植物面积减少（P〈O．001）;8周时CHAP组有大量成熟板层骨分布整个移植物的孔道内，部分骨组织内含有骨髓组织，人工骨有少量吸收。NC组在骨缺损未修复时移植物已大部吸收。结论通过对可吸收珊瑚羟基磷灰石材料与天然珊瑚材料体内植入的组织学及影像学分析比较，证实可吸收珊瑚羟基磷灰石是一种新制的可吸收骨组织移植替代材料，其理想的体内吸收速率与骨缺损修复的再生速率相吻合，作为骨缺损修复所必需的骨诱导活性是其独特的多孔结构所决定的，并具有良好的生物相容性和成骨潜能．     

异种生物型骨钉植入骨折模型的组织学变化

背景:近年来,采用可吸收螺钉固定关节骨折的病例数越来越多,但还存在力学性能不稳定,过早吸收后导致固定失败等缺点。因此,研制性能稳定而又价格低廉的异种骨螺钉替代可吸收螺钉很有必要。目的:观察异种生物型骨钉植入兔骨折模型后的组织学反应。方法:成年新西兰兔制备股骨内髁骨折模型后随机抽签法分为实验组和对照组,实验组用异种生物型骨钉固定,对照组用可吸收螺钉固定。术后2,4,6,8,12,24周取骨钉及周围组织行组织学检测。结果与结论:术后两组动物均在一两天后逐渐恢复活动,约10d后活动基本正常,伤口局部均无红肿、破溃,渗出及坏死等,均在2周完全愈合。病理切片显示:术后2,4周时生物型骨钉与宿主骨界面间有炎性细胞浸润;6~12周,炎性细胞数逐渐减少,纤维化较前明显,纤维边缘出现少许破骨细胞;24周,纤维层厚度减低,破骨细胞数明显增加,与宿主骨间发生骨桥连接。可吸收钉在术后2,4周可见可吸收钉道表面有炎性细胞浸润;6~8周,钉道松质骨炎性细胞浸润数逐渐减少,纤维化明显,未见破骨细胞浸润;12~24周,钉道表面纤维结缔组织层的厚度较前增厚,宿主松质骨内少许破骨细胞浸润。提示生物型骨钉具有一定的诱导成骨作用,无明显的免疫排斥反应。     

深低温处理对异种骨-髌腱-骨移植排斥反应的影响

目的： 观察深低温处理对异种骨-髌腱-骨（BPB）移植排斥反应的影响。方法：采用大鼠股部肌袋模型法探讨深低温处理对异种BPB移植免疫反应的影响,通过观察外周血T细胞活化和植入物组织形态学变化情况来判定免疫反应程度。结果：新鲜未处理异种BPB移植后3 d CD4+/CD8+细胞CD25+表达率即显著升高,与自体移植组比较有显著差异（P<0.05）,术后14 d达高峰,且维持该峰值至术后35 d仍无下降;深低温处理的异种BPB移植后CD4+/CD8+细胞CD25+的表达明显受到抑制,表达时间推迟,至术后14 d才有轻度升高,术后3 d起各时点与未处理组比较,均P<0.05。组织学检查发现,深低温处理组骨、腱组织周围见少量淋巴细胞浸润,但未侵入组织内,无组织坏死,腱束结构清楚,胶原排列规则;新鲜异种移植组可见大量斑片状淋巴细胞弥漫性浸润骨及胶原组织周围及其中,可见骨碎片,腱结构不清,胶原排列紊乱,部分切片可见较多的嗜酸性粒细胞和多核巨细胞等炎症细胞。结论：深低温处理能显著降低异种BPB免疫原性,抑制排斥反应发生。     

角膜体外重构异种生物载体材料植入性实验研究

目的：分析测定异种（猪）角膜基质组织免疫原性，观察其角膜层间植入后与受体角膜愈合情况，以评价该材料生物相容性，并在此载体上体外重构角膜内皮组织，探讨其作为角膜重建载体材料可行性。 方法： (1)将新鲜、脱水两种猪角膜基质植片分别植入F344大鼠角膜基质层间，术后12、90 d对外周血进行CD25和CD4/CD8双色免疫荧光标记，流式细胞仪测定分析。(2)猪角膜基质植入新西兰白兔角膜层间，定期临床观察植片愈合情况，并取受体兔角膜进行组织学观察。(3)将猫角膜内皮细胞接种于保留后弹力层的脱水猪角膜基质上，加入培养液培养7 d，组织学观察体外重构的角膜内皮组织形态结构。 结果： (1)测得新鲜组、脱水组大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞CD4＋CD25＋、CD8＋CD25＋双阳性表达率及CD4＋/CD8＋比值与同基因移植组、阴性对照组比较无显著差异（P>0.05）。(2)兔眼临床观察：全部植片存活，12只术眼未见有角膜水肿混浊、角膜新生血管、排斥反应发生，新鲜植片在2个月左右已透明，脱水植片在6个月后透明。兔角膜组织学观察：新鲜植片4个月时与兔角膜基质相融愈合，脱水植片经角膜细胞再分布、胶原纤维改建重塑于8个月后与兔角膜基质相融愈合，两组植片愈合过程中未见有淋巴细胞浸润及新生血管生成。(3)体外重构的内皮组织形态结构与正常内皮层相似。 结论： 异种（猪）角膜基质免疫原性低，具有良好的生物相容性，是目前较为理想的角膜体外重构载体材料。     

环氧乙烷处理同种异体皮质骨板移植组织学研究

目的研究环氧乙烷处理同种异体皮质骨板移植组织学表现.方法分别移植经过零下70℃深低温冷冻4周、零下70℃深低温冷冻4周+48℃环氧乙烷灭菌处理的山羊同种异体皮质骨板,对移植骨板以及周围软组织进行组织学检查.结果术后3～6周深低温冷冻组移植骨板周围软组织少量炎性细胞浸润,环氧乙烷+深低温冷冻组移植骨板周围软组织较多炎性细胞浸润,但炎细胞浸润评分差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后6～24周两组移植骨板周围软组织炎性细胞浸润进一步减轻.深低温冷冻组和环氧乙烷+深低温冷冻组术后3周部分移植骨板原哈佛式管扩大,其内有少量间充质组织和新生血管;6周间充质细胞分化为破骨细胞和成骨细胞,破骨细胞使移植骨板哈佛式管进一步扩大以及出现骨吸收隙窝,在哈佛式管和骨吸收隙窝边缘出现成骨细胞贴附和新骨形成;12周移植骨板骨吸收隙窝缩小,成骨细胞和新骨形成增多,部分新骨改建形成板层骨;24周移植骨板基本完成吸收替代和改建塑形.两组移植骨板内无炎细胞浸润,组织学表现相似.结论环氧乙烷灭菌同种异体皮质骨板移植周围软组织出现炎细胞浸润,不影响移植骨板爬行替代和内部改建塑形.     

环氧乙烷处理同种异体皮质骨板移植组织学研究

目的 研究环氧乙烷处理同种异体皮质骨板移植组织学表现。方法 分别移植经过零下70℃深低温冷冻4周、零下70℃深低温冷冻4周+48℃环氧乙烷灭菌处理的山羊同种异体皮质骨板,对移植骨板以及周围软组织进行组织学检查。结果 术后3～6周深低温冷冻组移植骨板周围软组织少量炎性细胞浸润,环氧乙烷+深低温冷冻组移植骨板周围软组织较多炎性细胞浸润,但炎细胞浸润评分差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后6～24周两组移植骨板周围软组织炎性细胞浸润进一步减轻。深低温冷冻组和环氧乙烷+深低温冷冻组术后3周部分移植骨板原哈佛式管扩大,其内有少量间充质组织和新生血管;6周间充质细胞分化为破骨细胞和成骨细胞,破骨细胞使移植骨板哈佛式管进一步扩大以及出现骨吸收隙窝,在哈佛式管和骨吸收隙窝边缘出现成骨细胞贴附和新骨形成;12周移植骨板骨吸收隙窝缩小,成骨细胞和新骨形成增多,部分新骨改建形成板层骨:24周移植骨板基本完成吸收替代和改建塑形。两组移植骨板内无炎细胞浸润,组织学表现相似。结论 环氧乙烷灭菌同种异体皮质骨板移植周围软组织出现炎细胞浸润,不影响移植骨板爬行替代和内部改建塑形。     

新型骨植入材料多孔钽-骨结合界面成骨以及相关成骨因子的表达及意义北大核心

背景:具有自主知识产权的国产多孔钽材料具有无毒性及良好的生物相容性,前期体内外实验研究得出结论:国产多孔钽无毒性,具有良好的生物相容性,具有促成骨作用。此次实验是多孔钽-骨界面成骨机制的探讨。目的:观察多孔钽兔股骨植入后钽-骨结合界面成骨形态特点及成骨相关因子整合素β1及纤维粘连蛋白的表达,探讨多孔钽骨内植入钽-骨界面骨整合的生物学机制。方法:实验采用自身对照方法,取日本大耳白兔制备双侧股骨髁骨缺损模型,同一动物左侧股骨内植入多孔钽棒为实验组,右侧股骨内植入异体骨为对照组。术后2,4,8周于骨缺损部位取材,石蜡切片、硬组织切片光镜观察多孔钽与宿主骨交界处成骨形态特点;扫描电镜观察多孔钽-骨界面成骨特征;免疫组织化学检测整合素β1及纤维粘连蛋白的表达。结果与结论:(1)多孔钽棒植入后与宿主骨结合紧密。石蜡切片苏木精-伊红染色结果显示:界面纤维膜早期疏松、较厚,晚期致密较薄,界面出现片状成骨;(2)硬组织切片观察:2周时钽-骨界面已出现新生骨及小血管并向孔隙内生长;4、8周时钽-宿主骨界面新生骨增多并与宿主骨连接成片,骨小梁成熟;(3)扫描电镜下可见成骨细胞在多孔钽表面及孔隙内生长,晚期骨质成熟并见板层骨;(4)免疫组化结果显示:多孔钽骨植入2周时实验组整合素β1的表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而纤维粘连蛋白的表达在两组之间比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);整合素及纤维粘连蛋白的表达在2,4,8周时均呈递减趋势;(5)结论:多孔钽有利于成骨细胞在其表面及孔隙内黏附,整合素β1及纤维粘连蛋白在成骨初期钽-骨界面表达增高,可能对早期成骨起促进作用,而在骨成熟期表达则降低,有利于骨整合及改建。     

BMP2活性多肽/PLGA复合物植入异位成骨的实验研究

目的用动物实验的方法评价自行研制合成的BMP2活性多肽生物因子与可降解PLGA复合物的异位诱导成骨能力。方法实验分3组。A组：BMP2活性多肽／PLGA复合物组；B组：单纯PLGA组；C组：明胶海绵组。分别于Wistar大鼠背部两侧骶棘肌下包埋植入。术后1、4、8和12周取材。经组织学观察和CT三维成像比较成骨情况，western blot检测Ⅰ型胶原及骨桥蛋白的蛋白表达，了解异位成骨的情况。结果植入块周围初期均表现为急性炎症反应，后期均为淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞浸润为主的非特异性炎症反应。A组植入4周时植入区有软骨生成，8周时有活跃的成骨细胞出现，并有非编织骨结构。12周可见大量新骨形成，有典型的骨小梁新生血管结构。B组和C组12周时仅见纤维组织形成，未见成骨。结论人工合成的BMP2活性多肽体内能启动软骨化骨过程，具有较强的异位诱导成骨能力。有与天然BMP2类似的骨诱导活性，具有广阔的应用前景。     

改良法制备异种脱蛋白骨体内植入修复骨缺损的免疫学分析

背景:在支架材料选择中,目前尚未完全解决异种骨的免疫原性问题。目的:观察改良法制备异种脱蛋白骨作为组织工程支架材料修复骨缺损后机体的免疫学改变。方法:SPF级青山羊18只,随机分为3组,正常骨组不截骨,自体骨组、异种脱蛋白骨组在羊右侧胫骨中下段造成胫骨总长度20%骨膜和骨缺损。自体骨组在缺损处植入羊自体骨;异种脱蛋白骨组培养收集羊自体骨髓间充质干细胞,调整细胞数为1×109L-1,将2mL细胞悬液接种于以猪股骨为原料改良制备的猪脱蛋白骨上,再加入重组人骨形成蛋白2,半环槽外固定。采用流式细胞仪进行CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞、血清抗体IgG免疫学检测,以双能X射线测量仪分析骨缺损修复效果。结果与结论:异种脱蛋白骨组植入后3,7,14,28d外周血CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的含量基本正常(P0.05),血清抗体IgG水平略高于自体骨组(P0.05);植入后24周骨密度、骨矿物含量与自体骨组基本相似(P0.05),表现为骨缺损区两断端之间高密度钙化影。3组抗压缩压强及极限压强、抗弯曲载荷及极限载荷、抗扭转转矩及极限转矩均基本相似(P0.05)。植入后24周与自体骨组比较,异种脱蛋白骨组的成骨能力无明显差异(P0.05)。提示改良法制备的异种脱蛋白骨不引起明显的细胞和体液免疫反应,有良好的组织相容性,不影响自体骨髓间充质干细胞成骨,新骨生物力学性能与自体骨相当。     

肝素-壳聚糖复合体-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素新型仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损

背景：仿生纳米复合材料具有与自体骨相似的组成和结构,有广泛的应用前景。 目的：观察肝素-壳聚糖-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损的效果。 方法：取20只健康成年新西兰大白兔,制作胫骨上端15 mm×8 mm的腔隙性临界性骨缺损。随机数字表分为实验组(n =16)和空白对照组(n =4)。实验组植入课题组研制的肝素-壳聚糖复合体-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合骨修复材料新型复合材料,空白对照组不进行干预。分别于植入后2,4,8,12周行大体观察、X射线平片及组织学观察新型骨修复材料的骨修复效果。 结果与结论：大体观察显示实验组植入后8周后缺损已经融合,12周时塑形接近正常。X射线平片显示随着时间延长,实验组骨缺损骨痂增多,12周基本愈合,塑形完成,空白对照组未见骨性修复,形成骨不连。组织学观察实验组植入后4周材料开始吸收,8周后降解被新生骨取代,12周完全修复,空白对照组各时间点均由纤维组织充填。提示新型肝素-壳聚糖复合体-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料能有效促进临界性骨缺损的修复。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.