蛇足石杉内生真菌分离及其抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

目的:研究药用植物蛇足石杉内生真菌的分布及其多样性,并筛选具有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性的内生真菌.方法:采用平板分离法分离蛇足石杉内生真菌,结合形态学和ITS-rDNA序列分析鉴定内生真菌;并采用DTNB显色法,对分离获得的内生真菌进行乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性的筛选.结果:共分离到127株内生真菌,分属于Penicillium,Aspergillus,Podospora等19个属;根、茎、叶中内生真菌的分布存在一定的组织差异性,茎中内生真菌的分离率和定殖率最高,叶中次之,根中最少.共有来自巧个属的39株内生真菌显示出乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,且11株有显著的抑制活性,其中7株来源于叶中.结论:药用植物蛇足石杉内生真菌多样性丰富,不同组织部位内生真菌的数量、种类及分布存在一定差异;同时蛇足石杉蕴含着大量抑制乙酰胆碱酷酶活性的内生真菌,为寻找和开发具有乙酰胆碱醋酶抑制活性的药用资源开辟了一条新的途径.     

抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的蛇足石杉内生真菌筛选

目的筛选具有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性的蛇足石杉内生真菌菌株。方法采用DTNB显色法,优化条件后筛选;对蛇足石杉的29株内生真菌菌株发酵液醇提物进行了酶抑制活性的初步筛选。结果xg,g8,g5,xgc2,xy7对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有较高的抑制率,其IC50分别是285.62,293.53,434.17,668.82,856.21μg/ml。结论蛇足石杉内生真菌xg,g8,g5发酵醇提物能够较为显著地抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶,为寻找具有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用的药用资源开辟了一条新的途径。     

蛇足石杉内生真菌DSJ5的分离及其代谢产物HPLC-DAD筛选研究

目的:从蛇足石杉中筛选分离能产生生物活性物质石杉碱甲及其类似物的内生真菌。方法:从蛇足石杉新鲜植株中分离纯化内生真菌,采用HPLC-DAD筛选内生真菌的代谢产物。结果:内生真菌DSJ5代谢产物的色谱峰与石杉碱甲在相同的色谱条件下保留时间相同,且紫外光谱相近;DSJ5经形态特征鉴定为胶胞炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioide。结论:HPLC结合紫外光谱特征可用于检测内生真菌中微量的代谢产物;蛇足石杉内生真菌DSJ5可能产生石杉碱甲。     

产生物碱和石杉碱甲蛇足石杉内生真菌的初步研究

 目的 筛选产生物碱和石杉碱甲的内生真菌。方法 以分离自健康蛇足石杉植株组织中的14株内生真菌为材料,采用酸性染料比色法筛选产生物碱的菌株;在此基础上,对内生真菌发酵液进行HPLC测定,分析是否产生石杉碱甲;并利用形态学和rDNA ITS序列分析进行菌种的初步鉴定。结果 筛选出8株产生物碱的菌株,并从中筛选出一株产生石杉碱甲的内生真菌SY-02,初步鉴定内生真菌SY-02为1株炭角菌。结论 在分离自蛇足石杉的内生真菌中,能产生生物碱的真菌比例较高,内生真菌菌株SY-02能在发酵条件下产生石杉碱甲。以产生物碱的菌株为出发菌株,结合活性及结构检测,可以使产石杉碱甲内生真菌的筛选更具有方向性。     

药用植物内生真菌的分离及其次生代谢产物抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

目的:从4种植物的内生真菌中筛选对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制活性的提取物。方法:用组织块法分离4种植物中的内生真菌;对分离出的纯内生菌用液体培养基发酵培养,用等体积乙酸乙酯和水饱和正丁醇萃取发酵液并用乙醇对菌丝体进行索氏提取,得到各组分提取物;用改良的Ellman法测定提取物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。结果:共分离出53株内生真菌,其中有7种内生真菌萃取物有不同程度的抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,其中以XX-10的正丁醇组份的抑酶活性最强。结论:药用植物中存在丰富的内生真菌,其代谢产物具有一定的抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,可作为筛选乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的新资源。     

皱边石杉内生真菌资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

目的 采用ISSR标记技术从分子水平探讨皱边石杉内生真菌资源的遗传多样性,建立皱边石杉内生真菌资源遗传分化指纹图谱,为筛选可产石杉碱甲的目标菌株提供快捷的判别依据.方法 以从皱边石杉中分离的100株内生真菌为材料,建立其ISSR优化反应体系并分析其遗传多样性;TLC、HPLC检测发酵产物.结果 优化筛选的10条ISSR引物对皱边石杉内生真菌进行遗传多样性分析,共扩增出3 975条清晰条带,多态性条带占100％.遗传相似系数为0.59～0.96,在0.64水平,皱边石杉内生真菌可分为11类;在0.67水平,第Ⅰ类又可分为5个亚类.采用引物UBC868对13号菌株及皱边石杉基因组DNA扩增,在500、200 bp均具有清晰的扩增条带,发酵产物经TLC和HPLC检测,发现13号菌株与宿主植物皱边石杉同样可产生石杉碱甲.结论 皱边石杉内生真菌资源遗传多样性高,遗传距离较远,遗传基础较宽,与13号菌株同属一类的内生真菌可作为石杉碱甲生产的潜力菌株进行重点筛选和诱变.     

三裂叶海棠内生真菌的分离,鉴定及活性测定

目的:分离鉴定三裂叶海棠Malus sieboldii中内生真菌,并检验其抗病原真菌,抗肿瘤,抑制蛋白酶活性。方法:传统形态学和现代分子生物学方法鉴定菌种,采用杯碟法,MTT法,和BRpNA法测试真菌活性。结果:内生真菌按形态学归为22类,其中Non-sporulating,Alternaria,Colletotrichum,Aspergillus,Fusarium,Gliocladium,Cunninghamella是主要群落。通过对ITS rDNA测序,确定了有活性Non-sporulating的种属。活性测试结果显示30的菌株对至少1种植物病原菌有活性,菌株3,4分别具有细胞毒和蛋白酶抑制活性。结论:首次对三裂叶海棠的内生真菌进行了系统的分离、鉴定和活性筛选工作,证明三裂叶海棠是一种寄生活性内生真菌的潜在资源。     

蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium chrysogenum MT-40的代谢产物研究

目的 研究蛇足石杉Huperziaserrata内生真菌PenicilliumchrysogenumMT-40的代谢产物。方法 利用硅胶、SephadexLH-20及半制备液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质及IR、MS、NMR等数据鉴定化合物的结构;利用体外模型进行抑制血小板ATP释放及抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性筛选。结果 从P.chrysogenumMT-40固体发酵培养后的代谢产物中分离得到了20个化合物,分别鉴定为(±)-N-(3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,13a-dodecahydrocyclododeca[d]oxazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide(1)、cyclo-(Trp-Tyr)(2)、cyclo-(Trp-Phe)(3)、meleagrin(4)、alternariol(5)、alternariol methyl ether(6)、altenuene(7)、koninginin B(8)、koninginin F(9)、koninginin D(10)、过氧化麦角甾醇（11）、β-谷甾醇（12）、volemolid...     

蛇足石杉内生真菌的分离鉴定及其代谢产物乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性及抗炎活性研究

从蛇足石杉中分离鉴定出27株内生真菌,其中茎和叶中分布较多,根中分布较少;用r DNA-ITS序列分析技术对菌株进行了种属鉴定,其中1株属于担子菌门,其余26株菌分属于子囊菌门3纲5目6科9属26种,其中优势菌株为子囊菌门子囊菌纲小丛壳目小丛壳科刺盘孢属,占总菌株的48. 15%;分别采用Ellman's法和Griess法对分离得到的内生真菌发酵粗提物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性和抗炎活性进行筛选发现,4株内生真菌粗提物对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制作用,半数抑制浓度(IC50)为42. 5～62. 4 mg·L~(-1);部分内生真菌粗提物对LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264. 7 NO的产生具有抑制作用,IC50为2. 2～51. 3 mg·L~(-1),显示其具有潜在的抗炎活性;进一步通过LCMS-IT-TOF分析对其中一株内生真菌HS21的乙酸乙酯提取物进行了化学成分分析,共鉴定17个单体化合物,包括6个聚酮类、4个二苯醚类、7个杂萜类。     

药用植物内生真菌的分离及其次生代谢产物的生物活性研究

目的：从4种植物的内生真菌中筛选对单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制活性的提取物。方法：用组织块法分离4种植物中的内生真茵;对分离出的纯内生真菌用液体培养基发酵培养,用等体积乙酸乙酯萃取发酵液并用乙醇对茵丝体进行回流提取,得到各组分提取物;用酶标法测定提取物的单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。结果：共分离出36株内生真菌,其中有16种内生真菌提取物有不同程度的抑制单胺氧化酶活性,其中GT-7茵液萃取物抑酶活性最强。2种内生真菌提取物有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。结论：药用植物中存在丰富的内生真菌,其代谢产物具有一定的单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,可作为筛选单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的新资源。     

Dragon's blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses

Dragon's blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Besides these medicinal applications, it is used as a coloring material, varnish and also has got applications in folk magic. These red saps and resins are derived from a number of disparate taxa. Despite its wide uses, little research has been done to know about its true source, quality control and clinical applications. In this review, we have tried to overview different sources of Dragon's blood, its source wise chemical constituents and therapeutic uses. As well as, a little attempt has been done to review the techniques used for its quality control and safety.     

不同膨大状态地黄根部内生真菌的分离及鉴定

目的:以野生地黄为对象,分离和鉴定地黄内生真菌,并探讨其内生真菌与地黄连作状态之间的关系。方法:将野生地黄进行不同的移植处理,获得根部膨大状态不同的地黄根系,分离其内生真菌,分别通过棉兰染色法和18S rDNA及ITS序列分析对内生真菌进行形态学和分子鉴定,比较内生菌的差异;并建立地黄块根膨大的水培实验系统,将地黄无菌苗和内生真菌进行共培养,观察内生真菌对地黄生长的影响。结果与结论:共分离到4种内生真菌,从未膨大根系中分离出3种优势菌株Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,从膨大的地黄根中分离到Ⅲ和Ⅳ,经鉴定这4种真菌分别为I轮生菌Verticillium spp,Ⅱ尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum,Ⅲ芳香镰孢菌F.redolens,Ⅳ角担菌属真菌Ceratobasidiumspp.。共培养结果表明内生真菌Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ的过量生长不利于地黄根膨大,而Ⅳ则不影响地黄根部的膨大。     

泽漆化学成分

目的:研究大戟属植物泽漆的化学成分。方法:采用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从石油醚层和乙酸乙酯层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为大戟苷(Ⅰ)、大戟苷D(Ⅱ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、柚皮素(Ⅴ)、木犀草素(Ⅵ)、木犀草苷(Ⅶ)、4,2’,4’-三羟基查尔酮(Ⅷ)、山柰酚(Ⅸ)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(Ⅹ)、咖啡酸(Ⅺ)和没食子酸乙酯(Ⅻ)。结论:化合物Ⅲ～Ⅶ为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Comparison of the chemical profiles and anti-platelet aggregation effects of two "Dragon's Blood" drugs used in traditional Chinese medicine

Ethnopharmacological relevance

“Dragon's Blood” has been used as a medicine since ancient times by many cultures. In traditional Chinese medicine, the resin obtained from Daemonorops draco (RDD) and the resin from Dracaena cochinchinensis (RDC) are equally prescribed as “Dragon's Blood” for facilitating blood circulation.

Aim of the study

To verify the traditional efficacy and elucidate the mechanism, the present study compared the chemical profiles and the pharmacological effects of two species of “Dragon's Blood” mainly used in China.

Materials and methods

A UPLC-MS fingerprinting method was developed to compare the chemical profiles of the two medicines. The anti-platelet aggregation effects of the two medicines induced by arachidonic acid (AA) were investigated.

Results

The chemical profiles of these two species of “Dragon's Blood” were significantly different. The characteristic constituents were found to be: flavanes in RDD and stilbenes in RDC. In the in vivo platelet inhibition test, performed with the dose of 200 mg/kg on rats, the peak inhibitory effects of RDD and RDC were 35.8% and 27.6%, respectively, compared with the control group. With the in vitro concentrations of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/ml, RDD exerted significant inhibition of aggregation by 18.7%, 20.0%, and 61.6%, respectively, and RDC exerted significant inhibition of aggregation by 13.3%, 20.2%, and 31.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

The fingerprinting method used here is suitable for distinguishing them. All pharmacological tests indicated that RDD was more potent than RDC against platelet aggregation.     

Atractylenolide II induces G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in B16 melanoma cells

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Atractylenolide II (AT-II) is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese), which is traditionally prescribed for melanoma treatment by Chinese medicine practitioners. Our previous study showed that AT-II can inhibit B16 cells proliferation. Here we investigate the mechanistic basis for the anti-proliferative activity of AT-II in B16 melanoma cells.

Materials and methods

Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting.

Results

AT-II treatment for 48 h dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC₅₀ of 82.3 μM, and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, treatment with 75 μM AT-II induced apoptosis. These observations were associated with the decrease of the expression of Cdk2, phosphorylated-Akt, phosphorylated-ERK and Bcl-2, the increase of the expression of phosphorylated-p38, phosphorylated-p53, p21, p27, and activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3. In addition, a chemical inhibitor of p53, PFTα, significantly decreased AT-II-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the G1-arresting and apoptotic effects of AT-II in B16 cells involve p38 activation as well as ERK and Akt inactivation, and the cytotoxic/apoptotic effects of AT-II are potentially p53 dependent. These findings provided chemical and pharmacological basis for the traditional application of Baizhu in melanoma treatment.     

镰刀菌诱导结香对白木香叶内生真菌分布和群落构成的影响研究

为了研究沉香形成前后白木香叶组织中内生真菌的分布和群落构成,采用石蜡永久制片法观察白木香叶组织显微结构,细胞化学法确定内生真菌的分布。通过改良的CTAB法对白木香进行总DNA提取,利用真核生物通用引物同时对植物和内生真菌rDNA ITS序列进行PCR扩增,构建内生真菌rDNA ITS文库,RFLP分析和序列测定,用PUAP软件进行系统发育分析,构建最大简约树。结果表明：镰刀菌诱导结香前后,白木香内生真菌菌丝主要分布于海绵组织和韧皮部,结香后韧皮部内生真菌菌丝相对丰度明显增大;茎点霉是未结香白木香叶内生真菌优势种群,刺盘孢菌是已结香白木香叶内生真菌优势种群;刺盘孢菌是未结香和已结香白木香唯一共有内生真菌,且丰度差异较大。不依赖分离培养的分子生物学方法可快速直观地用于植物组织内生真菌的鉴定。白木香叶内生真菌具有一定的遗传多样性,沉香形成前后白木香内生真菌群落构成差异较大。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.