遗传性血小板无力症发病机制及治疗进展

遗传性血小板无力症是一种遗传性血小板功能障碍性疾病,由于血小板膜糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa数量或结构异常,导致血小板对多种诱聚剂反应不良.临床表现为自幼反复发生的自发性出血,且常伴终生.本病属罕见遗传性疾病,尚无统一的根治性治疗措施.文章对遗传性血小板无力症的发病机制及治疗进展作一综述.     

过敏性紫癜误诊为阑尾炎1例

过敏性紫癜又称亨一舒综合征，是以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎。临床特点为血小板不减少性紫癜，常伴关节肿痛、腹痛、便血、血尿和蛋白尿。由于该病常累及多个系统，所以临床表现复杂，极易造成误诊，在临床工作中遇到1例误诊为阑尾炎的患儿，现报告如下，以期引起基层医生的注意。     

儿童难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的诊疗进展

特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)又称为免疫性血小板减少症,是临床最常见的获得性出血性疾病.以血小板减少、血清中出现抗血小板抗体、骨髓巨核细胞数增加或正常伴成熟障碍为特征.约70％患者在诊断后的6个月内痊愈,但仍有部分患者转为持续性、慢性甚至难治性ITP.ITP的发病机制仍不完全清楚,目前认为主要有遗传易患性、血小板破坏过多及生成不足.因此,新的免疫抑制剂及促血小板生成剂不断被应用于临床中.该文对近年来在难治性ITP的诊断标准、严重度分级和治疗等方面取得的进展作一综述.     

儿童过敏性紫癜80例临床分析

目的探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿的各种临床特征,以提高对此病的认识。方法收集我院儿科2000-01～2006-1080例HSP患儿的临床资料。对HSP发生的流行病学,临床表现进行回顾性分析。结果①发病年龄在7～13岁为60例,最小年龄3岁1例。②发病时间,9月～次年3月份为70例,其他月份也可见。③主要诱因为感染,常见上呼吸道感染为50例。④80例中都存在皮肤紫癜,以双下肢最常见,易反复出现。伴胃肠道症状60例,以脐周腹痛为主,首发此症状易误诊,伴关节症状为10例。伴肾脏损害10例,以血尿为主。结论HSP是以小血管炎为主要病变,血小板不减少性紫癜,常伴腹痛、关节肿痛、血尿等症状的疾病。应早期诊断,尽早合理用药,减少误诊。     

抗磷脂抗体综合征

抗磷脂抗体综合征（ＡＰＳ）是以反复血栓、习惯性流产及血小板减少等为临床表现的一种综合征。在系统性红斑狼疮等自身免疫性疾病常见。亦有不伴其他疾病的原发性ＡＰＳ。抗磷脂抗体与上述临床症状关系密切，但其发病机制仍不详。与抗磷脂抗体相关的血栓症状的治疗包括抗血小板药物、抗凝药物、皮质激素和细胞毒药物，目前仍无最佳治疗方案。     

儿童急性巨核细胞白血病9例分析

目的分析儿童急性巨核细胞白血病患者的临床特征、免疫表型、细胞遗传学特征,为临床诊断及进一步治疗提供相关依据。方法对我院确诊的9例急性巨核细胞白血病患者的临床表现、实验室检查进行分析。结果9例发病年龄均小于3岁,男∶女为7∶2,89%患者急性起病,89%患者因出血就诊。肝大患者占78%,所有患者均出现重度血小板减少,中度贫血患者占89%。骨髓幼稚巨核细胞均大于20%。所有患者肿瘤细胞均表达CD41抗原。3例患者伴有染色体复杂核型异常。本组患者均失访。结论1.本病临床是以出血、肝脏肿大为主要表现,其发病年龄小,急性起病、男性较多见。2.常伴血小板重度减少,免疫标记CD41细胞是急性巨核细胞白血病快捷的诊断方法,本病可伴有复杂核型。3.预后差。     

儿童粒细胞缺乏症24例临床分析

目的 对24例粒细胞缺乏症进行分析,为诊治该病提供临床参考.方法 2006年1月～12月住院患儿中粒细胞缺乏症24例,对其临床资料、实验室检查结果 及治疗转归进行分析总结.结果 24例中＜1岁占54%,1～3岁占25%,＞3岁占21%;其中呼吸道感染占71%,以急性上呼吸道感染多见.本组10例患儿伴贫血,2例血小板下降,3例全血细胞减少.平均住院日(5.7±2.3)d.结论 粒细胞缺乏症在儿科临床中并不少见,其临床意义主要提示感染,病程多呈良性经过;对伴贫血和(或)血小板减少的患儿,必要时行骨髓穿刺检查,以排除少见疾病.     

IPEX综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的分析X连锁多内分泌腺病肠病伴免疫失调(IPEX)综合征的临床及遗传学特征。方法回顾分析1例IPEX综合征患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果男性患儿14月龄时以免疫性血小板减少症起病,反复之后呼吸道感染继发免疫性血小板减少和肝炎,伴脾肿大和淋巴结病。基因检测发现患儿FOXP3基因存在半合子变异,767号核苷酸由胸腺嘧啶T变为胞嘧啶C(c.767TC),导致第256号氨基酸由甲硫氨酸变为苏氨酸(p.M256T)。家系验证,父亲该位点无变异,母亲该位点杂合变异。予雷帕霉素治疗1个月后,患儿血小板水平明显回升,肝功能降至正常水平,但最终于3个月后因重症感染而死亡。结论 IPEX综合征临床表现为多器官的自身免疫性疾病,死亡率高,免疫抑制治疗控制病情后桥接异基因造血干细胞移植是目前最佳的治疗方案。     

儿童原发性免疫缺陷病的临床特点

目的了解儿童原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的临床特点,以助于早期识别和诊断。方法对本院儿科住院诊断为PID的26例病例进行回顾性分析,记录病史、出生史、家族史、临床表现、实验室检查、诊断、治疗和转归等情况。结果PID中选择性IgA缺乏症6例,普通变异性免疫缺陷病、婴儿暂时性低丙种球蛋白血症各5例,T、B细胞联合免疫缺陷病、湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征各4例,慢性肉芽肿病2例。25例临床表现为反复感染,感染部位主要是呼吸道和消化道;确定有条件致病菌感染6例,自身免疫性疾病5例,有家族病史6例。住院期间死亡、放弃治疗各1例,其他病情好转出院。结论对反复感染、条件致病菌感染或伴自身免疫性疾病患儿,结合家族史,应尽早行免疫学检查,以早期识别和诊断PID。     

儿童遗传性血小板减少症的研究进展

遗传性血小板减少症(hereditary thrombocytopenia,HT)是一类由于遗传基因变异导致的血小板减少的出血性疾病。HT可以表现为单纯血小板减少或合并综合征,临床表现复杂,多于儿童期起病。HT的临床特点是血小板功能障碍、病程不稳定以及具有其他疾病易感性。由于致病基因的不同,HT的治疗方式和预后均不同。对于HT患儿的临床管理中出血的评估很重要,此外血小板输注、血小板生成素受体激动剂、造血干细胞移植、基因治疗也为HT治疗打开新思路。该综述总结了HT的研究进展,旨在帮助临床医生全面识别HT,采取积极有效的治疗方案。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.