钙对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能的影响

目的 探讨钙对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响.方法 20日龄雌性SD大鼠50只随机均分为正常对照组(每日生理盐水灌胃,6d后生理盐水0.2ml皮下注射,每日2次)、性早熟模型组(每日生理盐水灌胃,6d后N甲基-DL-天冬氨酸40 mg/kg皮下注射,每日2次)和钙高、中、低剂量组(分别用碳酸钙0.5、0.25、0.125g· kg-1·d-1灌胃,6d后生理盐水0.2 ml皮下注射,每日2次).计算大鼠子宫指数、卵巢指数,实时荧光定量PCR法检测下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)mRNA的表达.结果 钙高剂量组子宫指数、卵巢指数及下丘脑GnRH mRNA含量与性早熟模型组相仿(P＞0.05),均高于钙中、低剂量组和正常对照组(P＜0.05);钙中、低剂量组上述指标与正常对照组相仿(P＞0.05).结论 钙与大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴密切相关,对性发育起重要调节作用.     

水飞蓟宾-磷脂酰胆碱复合物对肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的 探讨水飞蓟宾-磷脂酰胆碱复合物(SPC)对异硫氰酸-α-萘酯(ANIT)所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 40只小鼠随机分成4组,每组10只:正常对照组、ANIT模型组、ANIT SPC低剂量组(150mg/Kg)、ANIT SPC高剂量组(300mg/Kg).前两组给予0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)悬液灌胃,后两组分别给予SPC(150、300mg/Kg)CMC-Na悬液灌胃,连续1周.末次给予SPC2h后,正常对照组灌胃给予花生油,其它三组给予ANIT60mg/kg(花生油配制),造成小鼠急性肝损伤模型,16h(禁食不禁水12h)后摘眼球采血,分离血清,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清总胆红素(TB).结果 SPC明显降低造模小鼠血清中ALT、AST、TB值,SPC组与模型组比较差异显著(P<0.05).结论 SPC对ANIT造成的急性肝损伤有明显的保护作用.     

常通口服液对肠黏连大鼠白细胞介素-6、10的影响

目的:观察常通口服液对术后黏连大鼠血液中白细胞介素-6、10(IL-6、IL-10)水平的影响.方法:选用SD♂大鼠,随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型对照组、四磨汤组及常通口服液低、中、高剂量组.除正常对照组外,其余大鼠制备成肠黏连模型.正常及模型对照组予以纯化水灌胃(10 mL·kg-1),四磨汤组以10 mL·kg-1灌胃给药,常通口服液低、中、高剂量组分别按4.3,8.6,17.2 g·kg-1灌胃给药.常通中剂量组与模型对照组于术后第1,3,5,7,9天采血,其余各组于术后第7天取血,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IL-6及IL-10水平.结果:常通口服液能显著降低术后肠黏连大鼠血清中致炎细胞因子IL-6水平.但对抗炎细胞因子IL-10水平无影响.结论:IL-6与肠黏连形成有关,可作为黏连形成的一种标志物.     

4-羟基苯并噁唑-2-酮对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及机制研究

目的:观察4-羟基苯并噁唑-2-酮(HBOA)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及其机制。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(阳性对照,0.4 mg/kg)和HBOA低、中、高剂量组(50、75、100 mg/kg),每组12只。除正常对照组大鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水外,其余各组大鼠均灌胃50%CCl4-橄榄油溶液(2 mL/kg,首剂量加倍),每周2次,连续12周,复制肝纤维化模型。自造模第9周起,各给药组大鼠均灌胃相应药物,正常对照组和模型组大鼠均灌胃等体积0.6%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,每天1次,连续4周。末次给药后,检测各组大鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-10的含量以及肝组织中核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6、细胞间黏附因子1(ICAM-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB p65阳性表达明显增多,且其血清ALT、AST、IL-1β含量以及肝组织中NF-κB p65、TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1蛋白表达水平均显著升高,血清IL-10含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB p65阳性表达均有不同程度的减弱,且其血清ALT、AST、IL-1β含量以及肝组织中NF-κB p65、TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1蛋白表达水平均显著降低,血清IL-10含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:HBOA对CCl4致大鼠肝纤维化具有一定的改善作用,其作用机制可能与其阻断NF-κB信号通路继而减轻炎症反应以及下调ICAM-1蛋白的表达有关。     

灵芝三萜类化合物对AD大鼠脑海马神经细胞Aβ1-40的影响

目的 研究灵芝三萜类化合物(GLT)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠脑海马神经细胞Aβ1-40表达的影响.方法 将自然衰老模型大鼠60只随机均分为六组:模型组,GLT低、中、高剂量组,溶媒对照组(食用油)及阳性对照组(健脑胶囊),5个月龄大鼠10只为正常对照组.连续灌胃给药60 d后,免疫组化法检测海马Aβ1-40表达.结果 模型组海马神经细胞Aβ1-40表达增多,GLT组Aβ1-40表达减少.结论 GLT有防治AD的作用,其作用机制可能与减轻Aβ的神经毒性以及减少脑内Aβ沉积有关.     

β-酪啡肽-7对小鼠酒精性肝损伤防治作用的研究

目的研究β-酪啡肽-7(β-CM-7)对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的防治作用。方法 60只昆明♂小鼠随机分为6组(每组10只):对照组、模型组、护肝片组(0.3 g.kg-1)、β-CM-7高剂量组(灌胃剂量:2.0×10-1g.L-1)、β-CM-7中剂量组(灌胃剂量:2.0×10-2g.L-1)和β-CM-7低剂量组(灌胃剂量:2.0×10-3g.L-1),除对照组外均采用梯度酒精灌胃的方法建立酒精性肝损伤动物模型,同时除模型组外各组分别给予药物治疗12周。观察用药前后各组小鼠生化指标血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和肝组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结果β-CM-7高剂量组能够明显降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST、TG、LDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),提高血清HDL-C的含量,减少肝组织匀浆的MDA含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),升高肝匀浆SOD,GSH-Px的水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论β-酪啡肽-7对小鼠酒精性肝损伤有防治作用,可能与其调节脂质代谢,抗脂质过氧化     

雷公藤多苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎症因子及结肠组织丝裂原p38活化蛋白激酶和核因子-κBp65蛋白表达的影响北大核心CSCD

目的研究雷公藤多苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎性因子及结肠组织丝裂原p38活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)和核因子-κBp65(NF-κBp65)蛋白表达的影响。方法从32只Wistar大鼠中随机选取8只为正常组不做任何处理,24只构建溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型,死亡2只,将剩余22只模型大鼠随机分为模型组(n=7)、实验组(n=8)和阳性对照组(n=7)。正常组和模型组均灌胃生理盐水10 m L·kg^(-1),试验组灌胃雷公藤多苷20 mg·kg-1,阳性对照组灌胃柳氮磺砒啶片0.5 mg·kg^(-1),连续灌服14 d。用酶联免疫吸附实验测定各组大鼠血清炎症因子水平,用苏木精-伊红染色法观察各组大鼠结肠组织病理变化,用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测结肠组织p38MAPK、NF-κBp65蛋白的表达。结果模型组大鼠血清IL-4水平低于正常组,实验组和阳性对照组IL-4水平高于模型组(P<0.01);模型组大鼠血清IL-6水平高于正常组、实验组和阳性对照组(P<0.01);模型组、实验组和阳性对照组大鼠血清IL-1β水平高于正常对照组,实验组和阳性对照组IL-1β水平低于模型组(P<0.01)。模型组、实验组和阳性对照组结肠组织损伤评分分别为(4.56±0.88),(1.65±0.53),(1.50±0.54)分,明显高于对照组的(0.23±0.32)分(P<0.01);与模型组比较,实验组和阳性对照组结肠组织损伤评分均降低(均P<0.01)。模型组p38MAPK和NF-κBp65蛋白相对表达量分别为1.62±2.39,1.53±3.21,明显高于正常对照组的0.74±0.11,0.63±0.09;实验组和阳性对照组p38MAPK蛋白相对表达量分别为0.93±0.16,0.78±0.19,NF-κBp65蛋白相对表达量分别为0.81±0.23,0.72±0.16,均显著低于模型组(均P<0.01)。结论雷公藤多苷可有效降低溃疡性结肠炎大鼠血清炎症因子水平,改善结肠黏膜组织形态,其分子实质可能与降低p38MAPK及NF-κBp65蛋白表达量,调控其所介导的炎症反应通路有关。     

基于高通量测序研究半夏泻心汤对3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮致糖尿病前期大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 研究半夏泻心汤对3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮(3 DG)致糖尿病前期大鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法 大鼠连续灌胃3DG(50 mg·kg-1·d-1)2周制得糖尿病前期大鼠模型.将雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常组(7只)、模型组(7只)和实验组(3只).造模后,实验组灌胃半夏泻心汤水煎液(5 mL·kg-1),正常组和模型组灌胃...     

板蓝根提取物对肺炎支原体感染小鼠血清白介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-17A的影响研究

目的探讨板蓝根提取物对肺炎支原体感染小鼠血清细胞因子白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-17A(IL-17A)水平的影响。方法 选取40只BALB/c小鼠并随机分为对照组、模型组、三种不同浓度（250、125、62.5 mg/ml）板蓝根提取物组,每组8只。采用肺炎支原体标准菌株M19滴鼻法建立肺炎支原体感染小鼠模型。建模成功后灌胃不同浓度的板蓝根提取物,对照组和模型组灌胃等量的生理盐水。苏木精-伊红染色法观察肺组织病理变化,流式法检测小鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α、IL-17A的水平。结果 模型组血清IL-6、TNF-α、IL-17A水平高于对照组;板蓝根低、中、高浓度组IL-6和IL-17A水平均低于模型组,板蓝根中、高浓度组TNF-α水平均低于模型组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 板蓝根能缓解肺炎支原体感染引起的肺组织炎性病变及过量炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-17A的释放,抑制过度免疫反应,减轻免疫病理损伤。     

1,3-二苯-1,3-丙二酮对硫代乙酰胺致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨1,3-二苯-1,3-丙二酮(DPPD)对硫代乙酰胺(TAA)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:雄性ICR小鼠共40只,随机分为正常组、模型组和DPPD低、中、高剂量组,DPPD组分别灌胃给予DPPD 250,500和1 000 mg·kg-1·d-1,qd,给药4 d,正常组和模型组给予生理氯化钠溶液。d 4给予DPPD 0．5 h后,模型组和DPPD组腹腔注射TAA 80 mg·kg-1,正常组不染毒。所有动物均在染毒TAA 24 h后处死。分离血清,测定血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性。留取部分肝组织用作常规病理切片检查;并取部分肝组织测定组织中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠血清ALT,AST,LDH和ALP活性均显著上升,GSH显著下降。与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量的DPPD组小鼠血清ALT,AST,LDH和ALP活性均显著降低,并呈剂量-依赖性,GSH显著上升。病理切片显示DPPD能够明显减轻TAA对肝组织的炎症性破坏。结论:DPPD对TAA引起的急性肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.