小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

炎症反应在脑缺血再灌注损伤机制中十分重要,而脑内小胶质细胞的激活是炎症反应中的重要环节.在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中,小胶质细胞被激活,并对神经细胞发挥了损伤与保护双重作用.小胶质细胞对脑缺血再灌注损伤机制作用的复杂性,使其在脑缺血再灌注损伤研究中的意义也越来越受到重视.研究从小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤后被激活参与炎症反应,与活化的小胶质细胞自身对脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用对小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的双重作用很有意义.     

右美托咪定对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的: 通过观察右美托咪定(DEX)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞的影响,探讨DEX对抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其机制。方法: 采用大脑中动脉栓塞法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、单纯脑缺血再灌注组、DEX预处理1组(缺血前30 min腹腔给予DEX 20 μg/kg)及DEX预处理2组(缺血前30 min腹腔给予DEX 40 μg/kg)。缺血再灌注24 h后,观察大鼠神经功能缺失评分,通过HE染色了解脑梗塞后脑组织的病理学变化,采用免疫组化和蛋白免疫印迹方法观察缺血后脑组织星形胶质细胞的变化。结果: DEX预处理能显著改善大鼠神经功能缺失评分,减小大鼠梗死面积,减少缺血区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性星形胶质细胞和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)阳性星形胶质细胞,降低GFAP表达水平。结论: DEX对缺血再灌注损伤的脑组织具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制星形胶质细胞激活有关。     

银杏叶提取物对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后GFAP表达的影响

目的研究银杏叶提取物(extract of Ginkgo biloba,EGB)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法大脑中动脉插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。75只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、EGB治疗组。缺血2h再灌注48h后,采用免疫组织化学法检测脑组织内GFAP蛋白的表达。结果缺血再灌注后可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制缺血再灌注后GFAP的表达(P<0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制脑缺血后星形胶质细胞GFAP的高表达,提示EGB可能对缺血诱导的星形胶质细胞活化具有抑制作用,这可能是EGB抗脑缺血损伤保护神经元作用的机制之一。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流时神经元损伤与星形胶质细胞的反应

为探讨星形胶质细胞在缺血性神经元损伤中的作用及其与神经元损伤的关系 ,本实验阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉 2 h,再灌流0 .5～ 48h建立短暂局灶性脑缺血模型 ,进行 H-E染色 ;通过胶质原纤维酸性蛋白和细胞核增殖抗原免疫组化单重或双重反应 ,TU NEL和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白免疫组化双重反应观察了神经元和星形胶质细胞的反应。结果表明 :再灌流 2 4h缺血区面积最大 ,再灌流 6h开始出现神经元不可逆变性 ,2 4h梗塞成熟 ;星形胶质细胞表现为反应性、营养不良性和退形变三种不同的形态特点。再灌流 48h时星形胶质细胞数量开始增多。 48h之内星形胶质细胞无增生 ,且有少量星形胶质细胞凋亡。这些结果提示脑缺血时星形胶质细胞反应与神经元损伤密切相关 ,反应性星形胶质细胞是其积极应答神经元损伤的结果 ,在维持神经元存活中起作用。     

炎症缺血缺氧损伤对体外培养的大脑皮层星形胶质细胞中内皮性脂酶表达的影响

目的:研究星形胶质细胞在炎症状态下缺血损伤对内皮性脂酶(endothelial lipase,EL)表达及活性的影响。方法:实验分为正常对照组、单纯损伤组和炎症损伤组。取新生大鼠脑皮质,体外分离培养纯化星形胶质细胞;单纯损伤组为对星形胶质细胞进行缺血缺氧损伤,炎症损伤组为白细胞共培养下的星形胶质细胞进行缺血缺氧损伤;两组损伤后分别在0,1,3,6,12,24,48 h不同时间点用逆转录PCR、实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blot检测EL的表达变化。结果:缺血损伤的星形胶质细胞中EL的表达比正常对照组偏高,并随着损伤时间的延长逐渐增高,在损伤后6 h和12 h达到峰值、随后下降。当加入炎症细胞后,炎症反应进一步促进EL在缺血缺氧损伤星形胶质细胞中的表达增加。结论:缺血缺氧损伤所介导的星形胶质细胞内EL的表达变化以及对该过程的促进作用可能直接影响到星形胶质细胞脂质的再利用,对损伤神经元的修复有极其重要的参考价值和临床意义。     

脊髓损伤中的免疫炎性细胞因子

<正>以往对脊髓损伤的研究主要集中在损伤后期脊髓组织再生、细胞移植等方面,但效果不佳,主要是因为脊髓损伤后损伤轴突周围形成了脊髓空洞以及星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、中性粒细胞等免疫细胞聚集形成的胶质瘢痕阻碍了脊髓再生;另外,脊髓损伤早期残存神经元也没有受到及时保护。随着分子免疫分子学的发展,从免疫学角度探讨脊髓损伤后免疫炎性细胞因子在炎症反应中的作用成为了研究热点。1脊髓损伤后相关免疫炎症反应最近研究发现,脊髓损伤后会刺激机体     

川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后GFAP表达和脑组织水肿的影响

探讨川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞表达胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)以及对脑组织含水量的影响。将70只SD大鼠随机分为3组:脑缺血后1、3、5、7、10d模型组(n=30,每个时间点用6只)、川芎嗪预处理组(n=30,每个时间点用6只)和假手术组(n=10,每个时间点用2只)。采用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型(MCAO),应用免疫组化法观察星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达,干湿重法测定脑组织的含水量。结果显示:川芎嗪预处理组大鼠各时间点海马CA1区的GFAP阳性细胞数量显著增多,与缺血模型组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。缺血再灌注后脑组织含水量持续性增加,到3d达到最高峰,5d时仍较高,以后逐渐降低;川芎嗪组各时间点的脑组织含水量均低于缺血模型组(P<0.05)。上述研究结果提示川芎嗪可引起星形胶质细胞活化、保护神经元、减轻脑水肿,具有防治脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

脊髓损伤后微环境改变与炎症通路研究进展

创伤性脊髓损伤导致轴索变性,神经元、少突胶质细胞死亡,胶质疤痕产生,最终影响神经功能的恢复。脊髓损伤后,中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、T细胞等共同介导炎症反应,各细胞在不同时段发挥不同的作用。NF-κB通路是介导脊髓损伤后炎症反应的核心,IKKβ在整个激活过程当中起到主要的作用,损伤早期高表达;丝裂原活化蛋白激酶是信号从细胞表面传导到细胞核内部的重要传递者,通过依次磷酸化将上游信号传递至下游应答分子共同调节着细胞的生长、分化、对环境的应激适应、炎症反应等多种重要的细胞生理/病理过程。JAK/STAT是细胞内信号传导通路,与SCI后星形胶质细胞的分化及炎性胶质瘢痕的形成相关;Wnt/β-cantenin经典通路与炎症反应密切相关,且与细胞治疗抑制SCI炎症反应相关。     

长托宁抑制NLRP3炎症小体调节脑缺血再灌注大鼠小胶质细胞极化改善脑损伤

目的 探究长托宁对大鼠脑缺血再灌注致脑损伤的保护作用及可能的机制。方法 30只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组及长托宁组,每组10只。水迷宫实验检测大鼠认知能力变化;HE染色观察脑组织形态学变化;TUNEL方法检测脑组织神经元细胞凋亡;免疫荧光检测脑组织小胶质细胞极化;ELISA方法检测脑组织炎症因子水平;Western blot检测NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白表达。结果 长托宁治疗增加脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠认知能力,改善大鼠脑组织形态,降低脑组织神经元细胞凋亡水平、M2型小胶质细胞比例、IL-1β和IL-18水平及NLRP3、caspase-1和ASC蛋白表达水平,增加脑组织M1型小胶质细胞比例。结论 长托宁减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注脑损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制NLRP3炎症小体有关。     

大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后海马星形胶质细胞反应的研究

目的:观察大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后皮层损伤侧海马星形胶质细胞反应的变化。方法:采用大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌流模型,应用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学方法测定脑缺血后3 d、7 d以及30 d皮层损伤侧海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)以及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白的表达,观察星形胶质细胞增殖的变化。结果: GFAP免疫组化结果显示,脑缺血后7d皮层损伤侧海马CA1、CA2区星形胶质细胞数量较假手术组增加且胞体增大;脑缺血后30 d皮层损伤侧海马CA1、CA2区呈胶质疤痕样改变。同时,免疫印迹法显示脑缺血后7 d皮层损伤侧海马GFAP表达增强;脑缺血后30 d皮层损伤侧海马GFAP表达增高更加明显。此外,免疫印迹法显示脑缺血后3 d皮层损伤侧海马PCNA蛋白表达水平升高;脑缺血后7 d PCNA蛋白表达水平达到峰值;脑缺血后30 d,PCNA蛋白表达水平降低,但仍高于假手术组。结论: 大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后可引起其皮层损伤侧海马星形胶质细胞过度反应和增殖。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.