体外膜肺氧合治疗重症心脏病的护理

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)是指将患者静脉血引流至体外,经氧合器后再输回动脉或静脉的中短期心肺辅助治疗,使心肺得到充分休息,为心肺功能恢复赢得时间[1].当重症心脏病患者,应用传统机械通气技术,血管活性药物治疗,出现难以控制的心肺功能障碍时,ECMO以其有效的呼吸循环支持,满足机体重要脏器和组织氧合需求,显示出明显优势.     

体外膜肺氧合在急性心肺功能衰竭患者中的应用与护理

目的 探讨心肺功能衰竭患者体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持术期间的护理.方法 用ECMO救治心肺功能衰竭患者2例.护理要点:严密监测患者的意识水平、基本生命体征、血流动力学参数、呼吸参数、尿量、末梢循环、脉搏血氧饱和度和血气等;ECMO支持期间,肝素经微量泵静脉泵入,使全血激活凝血时间(ACT)维持在160～200 s,注意观察ECMO置管等部位有无出血倾向;选用肺保护性通气策略,加强呼吸道管理;严格执行无菌技术操作,预防导管相关感染.结果 2例患者在使用ECMO后顺利撤机,行ECMO时间分别为6.5 d和10.0 d.结论 在ECMO治疗中,优质护理在预防和及时发现、处理并发症等方面起着关键作用.     

体外模式氧合对抗感染药物的药代动力学影响及常用药物剂量

体外模式氧合(Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是一种医疗急救技术设备,主要用于对重症心肺功能衰竭患者提供持续的体外呼吸与循环,以维持患者生命。目前,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情形势严峻,为降低新冠肺炎危重患者的病死率,临床已针对性地开展ECMO应用。然而ECMO的应用会对药物的药代动力学(Pharmacokinetics,PK)产生影响,影响量效关系,从而影响危重患者的治疗。因此,本文拟根据现有证据,对患者接受ECMO治疗期间PK变化及可能机制进行阐述,以期为临床应用提供依据。     

6例心脏术后重症患者体外膜肺氧合技术的应用

体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）是指通过胸腔外血管插管进行的长时间体外心肺支持。随着ECMO技术相关设备的改善及临床对其认识的不断加深,目前,该技术不仅用于胸外科的心肺支持,还应用于不同年龄患者、不同原因肺炎及多器官功能衰竭等的治疗,成为一项跨学科的新技术。ECMO是救治严重呼吸循环衰竭的有效治疗手段。我科从2006年8月至2008年3月对6例心脏手术后低心排、低氧血症患者施行了ECMO,现将应用情况报告如下。     

体外膜肺氧合对抗真菌药物药动学的影响

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)是一种体外循环装置,用于支持顽固性呼吸和(或)心力衰竭患者,延长其心肺功能时间。接受ECMO的通常是重症监护病房(ICU)中病情严重患者,由于经常应用广谱抗菌药物、免疫系统受损以及接受插管等原因,容易受到真菌的侵袭和感染。临床上常用的抗真菌药物种类繁多,而ECMO很容易对药物的药动学(PK)产生影响。该文就ECMO对抗真菌药物PK的影响进行讨论,为合并真菌感染ECMO患者的抗真菌治疗提供参考。     

新生儿和婴儿体外膜肺氧合过程中的药物代谢动力学改变

新生儿及婴儿的危重疾病本身可以改变药物的药代动力学(PK).而体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)是一种为严重心肺疾病患儿提供生命支持的现代医学技术,ECMO装置增加了亲脂药物和高蛋白结合药物的药物吸附和再释放,从而让药物发生额外的PK改变,影响疗效,甚至导致治疗失败或中毒.本文通过检索中英文期刊数据库,回顾了新生儿和小婴儿ECM...     

体外膜肺氧合在儿科重症监护病房的应用与管理

<正>体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是一种高级体外生命支持技术,主要用于治疗常规治疗无效的严重呼吸衰竭和(或)循环衰竭,暂时替代心和(或)肺功能,使心和(或)肺得到休息,为原发病的治疗赢得时间。近年来随着医疗技术、材料技术、团队管理的不断发展,ECMO已成为严重呼吸或循环衰竭患者有效支持的重要手段。     

连续血液净化装置联合体外膜肺临床应用1例

连续性血液净化（CBP）和体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）是近年来危重症领域重要的生命支持技术,ECMO与CBP联合应用也取代了良好的效果,方法是在ECMO上串联血滤器。但在缺乏整套ECMO设备时,在CBP设备上串联膜肺是否有满意效果,目前少见相关临床应用报道。本科近期在一瓣膜性心脏病术后患者的治疗中,应用了CBP串联膜肺,现报告如下。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在体外膜肺氧合支持患者中的护理对策

目的 总结心脏手术后应用体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）支持并发急性肾功能损伤（AKI）行连续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）患者的护理体会.方法 分析47例心脏手术后应用ECMO支持并发AKI行CRRT治疗患者的护理、治疗时间、治疗结果等资料.结果 47例患者ECMO支持时间为（87±50）h,CRRT辅助时间平均为5 d,术后住院时间平均为13 d.14例患者心肾功能逐渐好转,死亡33例.9例患者在应用CRRT治疗过程中出现血压降低、心率加快、中心静脉压降低的情况,4例通过对症处理后血压恢复;另外5例调整治疗方案后生命体征未见明显改善,停止CRRT治疗.结论 对于并发AKI的患者行CRRT治疗期间,护士要熟练掌握CRRT的操作程序,加强对患者的监护,提高对不良反应的预见性,做好医护配合,发挥CRRT的最大作用,改善患者预后.     

体外膜肺氧合对成人抗感染药物药动学的影响

体外膜式氧合(ECMO)是用于重症心脏病和/或呼吸衰竭患者的生命支持系统。ECMO可能引起药物的药代动力学(PK)改变,导致治疗失败或药物毒性,需要进一步处理药物并发症。本文讨论了ECMO辅助治疗成人患者时,抗生素、抗真菌药和抗病毒药PK的变化。这些药物对于控制ECMO期间常见的感染至关重要。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.