儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊治

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析经鼻咽侧位X线摄片、纤维鼻咽镜检查及多道睡眠监测(polysomnography，PSG)确诊为OSAHS的285例患儿的临床症状和体征的特点。睡眠呼吸低通气指数(apnea hyponea index，AHI)≥5次／h，伴随血氧饱和度降低0．03以上的患儿诊断为OSAHS。对其中腺样体、扁桃体肥大的患儿255例进行了手术治疗，9例使用了持续正压通气治疗(continuous positive airway pressure，CPAP)，评价其疗效。结果OSAHS患儿的主要症状是入睡打鼾、张口呼吸、呼吸暂停、听力下降。285例患儿中腺样体和(或)扁桃体肥大281例。手术治疗255例，其中205例行腺样体和扁桃体切除术，47例行腺样体切除术，3例行单纯扁桃体切除术。术后248例患儿临床症状明显缓解，占97．2％。术后1—3个月内，对105例患儿复查PSG：AHI、夜间血氧饱和度低于0．90的时间所占睡眠时间的百分比、最长呼吸暂停时间较术前有明显改善。9例使用CPAP治疗，效果均良好，其中7例为腺样体、扁桃体手术前、后的患儿，2例为肥胖低通气息儿。结论儿童OSAHS有其自身特点，PSG是诊断的依据，腺样体和扁桃体切除手术是主要的治疗手段，CPAP可以作为OSAHS重症患儿术前、术后的治疗方法。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的治疗

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)患儿的治疗方法和疗效观察。方法 经多道睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)确诊的4-12岁OSAHS患儿59例:扁桃体切除和(或)经口内镜(内窥镜,下同)引导下腺样体刮除54例;选择长期正压通气治疗(continue positive airway pressure,CPAP)2例;保守治疗3例。采用儿童OSAHS生活质量调查表(quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items,OSA-18)对患儿进行治疗前后的随访。结果 围手术期无术后出血、急性呼吸道梗阻发生。随访12-18个月,手术患儿无鼻咽闭锁、咽鼓管功能障碍、腺样体残留等并发症;OSA-18调查评分显示:治疗后76.3％(45例)的患儿生活质量总体指标,88.1％(52例)的患儿睡眠呼吸障碍,67.8％(40例)的患儿身体症状得到显著改善。长期CPAP治疗的有效治疗压力在5.6-7.8 em H2O左右。3例保守治疗者略有改善。结论 手术切除引起上气道阻塞的肥大的扁桃体和(或)腺样体是儿童OSAHS有效的治疗手段之一,纤维鼻咽镜检查、头颅侧位X线摄片有助于手术适应证的确定。经口内镜引导下腺样体刮除术具有直视下操作,视野清晰,切除彻底,可避免损伤周围重要结构的特点。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的手术治疗

目的：探讨手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床特征及疗效分析。方法：经多导睡眠监测确诊的OSAHS儿童32例,采用全麻下扁桃体切除和经口内窥镜下腺样体切除术治疗,并随访观察手术疗效,分析扁桃体、腺样体肥大与睡眠呼吸低通气指数（AHI）的相关性,进行手术前后的睡眠监测有关参数的比较。结果：腺样体厚度与鼻咽通气道的比值(AN值) 和扁桃体厚度与咽腔宽度的比值 (TP值)与AHI成正相关;所有手术的患儿围手术期没有出现急性呼吸道阻塞及术后出血、感染的情况,随访12～24个月,睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸等症状得到明显改善,没有鼻咽粘连、腺样体残留、咽鼓管功能障碍等并发症;手术后睡眠呼吸暂停及低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度和最长呼吸暂停低通气时间均比手术前有显著好转。结论：扁桃体与腺样体肥大是儿童OSAHS的主要原因,切除肥大的扁桃体和（或）腺样体是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效办法,经口内窥镜下腺样体切除术,具有直视、彻底和避免损伤周围附近重要结构的优点。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的治疗

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)患儿的治疗方法和疗效观察。方法经多道睡眠监测(polysomnography，PSG)确诊的4～12岁OSAHS患儿59例：扁桃体切除和(或)经口内镜(内窥镜，下同)引导下腺样体刮除54例；选择长期正压通气治疗(continue positive airway pressure，CPAP)2例；保守治疗3例。采用儿童OSAHS生活质量调查表(quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items，OSA-18)对患儿进行治疗前后的随访。结果围手术期无术后出血、急性呼吸道梗阻发生。随访12～18个月，手术患儿无鼻咽闭锁、咽鼓管功能障碍、腺样体残留等并发症；OSA-18调查评分显示：治疗后76．3％(45例)的患儿生活质量总体指标，88．1％(52例)的患儿睡眠呼吸障碍，67．8％(40例)的患儿身体症状得到显著改善。长期CPAP治疗的有效治疗压力在5．6～7．8cm H2O左右。3例保守治疗者略有改善。结论手术切除引起上气道阻塞的肥大的扁桃体和(或)腺样体是儿童OSAHS有效的治疗手段之一，纤维鼻咽镜检查、头颅侧位X线摄片有助于手术适应证的确定。经口内镜引导下腺样体刮除术具有直视下操作，视野清晰，切除彻底，可避免损伤周围重要结构的特点。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征55例治疗分析

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的治疗方法和疗效观察。方法回顾性分析经鼻咽侧位X线摄片、纤维鼻咽镜检查及多导睡眠监测(polysomnogruphy,PSG)确诊为OSAHS的55例患儿的临床症状和体征特点,行扁桃体摘除和/或经口鼻内镜引导下行腺样体吸除,并完成治疗后的随诊。结果随诊6个月至2年,55例患儿术后主要症状均有不同程度的改善,患儿睡眠中鼾声减少,呼吸暂停消失或时间缩短。围手术期无术后出血、急性呼吸道梗阻、腺样体残留等并发症。结论手术切除引起上气道阻塞的肥大扁桃体和/或腺样体是儿童OSAHS有效的治疗手段之一。纤维鼻咽镜检查、鼻咽侧位X线摄片有助于手术适应证的确定。经口内镜引导下腺样体摘除术具有直视下操作,视野清晰,切除彻底,可避免损伤周围重要结构的特点。     

扁桃体及腺样体切除治疗儿童OSAHS的疗效观察

目的探讨扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的疗效。方法对116例OSAHS患儿单纯行扁桃体切除12例,单纯行腺样体切除18例,行扁桃体和腺样体切除86例,术后6～12个月行多导睡眠监测（PSG）,随访1-2年。结果所有患儿术后睡眠打鼾,张口呼吸,遗尿等症状明显改善。评估其疗效,治愈78例（67．23％）,显效26例（22．40％）,有效12例（10．30）,无效0例。结论扁桃体及腺样体切除可有效地解除儿童口咽及鼻咽腔的狭窄或阻塞,改善儿童上呼吸道通气状况,使睡眠时呼吸气流通畅,是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效手段。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对儿童睡眠结构和生活质量的影响

目的对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行腺样体扁桃体切除术,并评价手术前后睡眠呼吸参数及生活质量的改善情况。方法对57例OSAHS患儿术前1～2周及术后6～9个月行多导睡眠监测（PSG）和生活质量调查（OSA-18）,分析手术治疗前后患儿PSG参数和OSA-18评分的变化。结果术前呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）或阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（OAI）平均值为17．7,术后降至6．5;术前最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）平均值为82．1,术后升至88．3;术前OSA-18总分为86．9,术后降至45．3,各组术前术后比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论腺样体扁桃体切除术能明显改善OSAHS患儿的睡眠呼吸参数和生活质量。     

无创通气在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿外科治疗中的应用

目的 探讨无创通气在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿外科治疗中的应用.方法 2002年5月至2007年12月经多道睡眠监测(PSG)诊断为OSAHS的11例腺样体扁桃体肥大患儿和7例曾行腺样体扁桃体切除术后的患儿应用无创通气治疗,其中男17例,女1例;年龄1～11岁,中位数3.8岁.所有患儿应用无创通气治疗后再次行PSG.统计数据符合正态分布以x-±s表示,治疗前后的呼吸参数变化采用配对t检验.结果 11例术前使用鼻持续正压通气(nasal continuous positive airway pressuren,nCPAP)患儿,术中无麻醉并发症及术后拔管困难,其中6例腺样体扁桃体切除术后呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)＜10次/h,最低脉氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO_2)＞0.85,无需再行无创通气治疗;5例术后围手术期仍使用nCPAP治疗.1例本院患儿及7例外院术后疗效不佳患儿术后长期使用nCPAP治疗.经nCPAP治疗前和治疗时的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低SpO_2及SpO_2低于0.90占睡眠时间的百分比分别为(4.7±3.9)次/h、0.867±0.069和0.3%±0.5%,与治疗前(77.6±39.8)次/h、0.535±0.151和46.9%±34.5%相比有显著改善(t值分别为7.77、-11.62、5.69,P值均＜0.001).结论 无创通气是重度OSAHS患儿围手术期可选择的一种有效治疗方法,手术后仍有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的患儿,nCPAP治疗效果良好.对家庭nCPAP治疗的患儿要定期进行随访.     

3种扁桃体切除术在小儿OSAHS治疗中的应用

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 （obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS ）相对于成人比较简单，多为扁桃体及腺样体肥大阻塞上气道引起，手术切除肥大的扁桃体、腺样体，可明显改善患儿睡眠障碍，疗效确切，已得到大家公认,全麻插管下行等离子刀扁桃体切除术、常规剥离法扁桃体切除术、扁桃体挤切法为目前扁桃体常用术式。笔者采用以上3种术式治疗60例小儿OSAHS，总结报道如下。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗对儿童记忆的影响

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）手术治疗对儿童记忆的影响.方法对80例腺样体肥大合并OSAHS儿童手术前后进行韦氏记忆量表检测、多导睡眠描记（polysomnography,PSG）监测,结果与60例腺样体或扁桃体肥大但不伴有OSAHS的儿童进行比较.结果 80例患儿记忆商（MQ）及各分项记忆指标术前均低于术后,有非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）;术后的各分项记忆指标虽然亦低于对照组,但已无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论儿童OSAHS手术治疗有助于改善儿童的短时记忆.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.