头孢泊肟酯分散片的处方筛选及稳定性研究

目的:筛选头孢泊肟酯分散片最佳处方并评价制剂稳定性。方法:通过正交试验设计处方,以溶出度、崩解时限及混悬液稳定性为评价指标确定最佳处方;与普通片进行体外溶出度比较,并在不同条件下留样进行稳定性研究。结果:最佳处方为各辅料用量预胶化淀粉40%,交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮XL10%,十二烷基硫酸钠0.5%,微粉硅胶10%,由此制得的片剂外观光洁,崩解迅速,几乎在30s内崩解完全,并能通过内径为710μm的筛;分散片溶出速度快于普通片剂,稳定性好。结论:崩解剂的用量、润湿剂的用量等因素对头孢泊肟酯分散片的性质有明显影响,混悬液稳定性受辅料影响较大,成品有效期为2y。     

黄芩苷分散片的研制

目的制备黄芩苷分散片，考察辅料对其崩解、溶出性能及混悬液稳定性的影响。方法以崩解时限和可压性为指标进行单因素考察，选择适宜的崩解剂、崩解剂用量、黏合剂浓度和润滑剂；设计正交试验，以崩解时限及混悬液稳定性为指标进行处方优选。结果优选处方在90s内完全崩解，药物溶出迅速，符合分散片的各项评价指标。结论崩解剂的种类、用量、加入方法及黏合剂、润滑剂等因素均对黄芩苷分散片的性能有明显影响。     

盐酸噻氯匹定分散片的制备及体外性能考察

目的：制备盐酸噻氯匹定分散片，考察辅料对其崩解、溶出性能及混悬液稳定性的影响。方法：以崩解时限和可压性为指标进行单因素考察，选择适宜的崩解剂、崩解剂用量、黏合剂的浓度和润滑剂。设计正交试验，以崩解时限、2min溶出量及混悬液稳定性为指标进行处方优选。结果：优选处方在60s内完全崩解，药物溶出迅速，符合分散片的各项评价指标。结论：崩解剂的种类、用量、加入方法及黏合剂、润滑剂等因素均对盐酸噻氯匹定分散片的性能有明显影响。     

巴洛沙星分散片处方及制备工艺研究

目的:筛选及考察巴洛沙星分散片的最优处方和制备工艺.方法:以崩解时限和溶出度为指标,遂步调整辅料用量,特别是崩解剂,以形成高质量的分散片.结果:确定了以羧甲基淀粉钠、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为崩解剂的分散片处方;分散片溶出速度较普通片更快.结论:研制的巴洛沙星分散片处方合理、工艺可行,符合分散片的质量要求.     

加替沙星分散片处方及制备工艺研究

目的:考察及筛选加替沙星分散片的制备工艺和最优处方。方法:通过系列试验筛选崩解剂等辅料,确定处方及制备工艺;测定并比较了分散片及普通片剂中主药的溶出度。结果:确定了以羧甲基淀粉钠、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为崩解剂的分散片处方;分散片溶出速度较普通片更快。结论:研制的加替沙星分散片处方合理、工艺可行,符合分散片的质量要求。     

普卢利沙星分散片处方筛选

目的筛选及考察普卢利沙星分散片的最优处方。方法以片重差异、崩解时限和溶出度为指标,逐步调整辅料用量,最终获得普卢利沙星的优化处方。结果确定了以微晶纤维素为赋形剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为粘合剂、低取代羟丙纤维素(L-HPC)为崩解剂、滑石粉作为润滑剂的分散片处方;分散片溶出速度较普通片更快。结论研制的普卢利沙星分散片处方合理、工艺放大可行,符合药品质量标准的要求。     

氢溴酸西酞普兰分散片的制备工艺研究

目的制备以预胶化淀粉为崩解剂的氢溴酸西酞普兰分散片,考察辅料对其崩解、溶出性能及分散均匀性的影响。方法以崩解时限为指标进行单因素考察,考察以预胶化淀粉为崩解剂的性能及质量分数、选择适宜的黏合剂质量浓度及用量、填充剂和润滑剂及其质量分数。设计正交实验,以崩解时限为指标进行处方优选。结果优选处方在90 s内完全崩解,药物溶出迅速,符合分散片的各项评价指标。结论崩解剂的种类、质量分数及黏合剂、填充剂、润滑剂等因素均对氢溴酸西酞普兰分散片的性能有明显影响。     

吲哚美辛肠溶分散片的制备及性质探讨

制备了吲哚美辛肠溶分散片 ,考察辅料对其崩解时限及溶出速度的影响。结果显示 ,当处方中低取代羟丙纤维素与微晶纤维素的比例为 3∶ 2、海藻酸钠用量为 1%时 ,吲哚美辛肠溶分散片的崩解时间最短 (33± 3s) ,在人工肠液中的溶出速度明显快于市售肠溶片剂和市售胶囊。     

黄杨宁分散片工艺研究

目的：研制黄杨宁分散片。方法：通过试验筛选合适的崩解剂等辅料，确定处方及制备工艺，并进行工艺考察。结果：确定了以羟丙纤维素，交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮做崩解剂的处方，辅料对含量测定无影响，工艺考察本法研制的黄杨宁分散片各项指标合格，溶出度测定表明本品溶出速度较普通黄杨宁片快。结论：本法研制的黄杨宁分散片处方合理，工艺可行，并体现了分散片的特点。     

布洛芬分散片的处方筛选及制备

目的筛选布洛芬分散片的处方及辅料用量。方法利用超级崩解剂PVPP作为分散片的主要崩解成分,以分散片的崩解时间、溶出度及混悬稳定性为指标进行处方筛选。结果所选处方片剂在30S内完全崩解,药物溶出快,符合分散片分散均匀性要求。结论分散片质量主要与PVPP的用量有关,混悬性主要取决于药物的粒径大小,粒径越小则混悬性越好。分散片是一种集液体制剂与固体制剂优点为一体的剂型,具有崩解速度快,释药迅速,有利于儿童及吞咽困难人群的服用,布洛芬分散片有助于提高其生物利用度,迅速达到血药浓度,提高疗效,本研究制备了布洛芬分散片,并对其崩解性、溶出度及混悬性进行了考察。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.