学前儿童对攻击行为信息的错误回忆

目的:考察学前儿童关于攻击行为的性别图式是否影响他们对攻击行为信息的回忆.方法:采用错误回忆范式,对189名学前儿童进行测查.结果:儿童对女孩身体攻击者性别与攻击方式的错误回忆均显著高于男孩身体攻击者,且3岁、4岁和5岁组儿童对女孩身体攻击者的错误回忆均显著高于男孩身体攻击者;儿童对女孩关系攻击者的错误回忆显著高于男孩关系攻击者.结论:学前儿童关于身体攻击与关系攻击行为的性别图式影响他们对相关攻击行为信息的回忆.     

深圳市4～6岁儿童Conners行为量表得分分析

目的 了解深圳市区4-6岁学龄前儿童Conners行为量表（CBCL）的得分特征，方法 编制儿童行为状况父母问卷调查表。通过随机抽样对463名男童和432名女童进行调查。结果 男童量表总分显著高于女童；单项得分中，男童有16项显著高于女童，6项显著低于女童。结论 Conners量表得分在性别间有明显差异，其中差异表现为男童以外向性行为为主，女童以内向性行为为主，深圳市区得分高于常模有待探索。     

SOS儿童村儿童与单亲家庭和完整家庭儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的:探讨SOS儿童村儿童的心理行为状况及其相关因素。方法:以在某市SOS儿童村至少入住1年以上的8～16岁汉族儿童61人(SOS组)为研究对象,方便选取SOS儿童村儿童就读较集中的小学和中学各一所,选取年龄和性别相匹配的单亲家庭和完整家庭儿童各61人为对照组(分别简称为单亲组和完整组),采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavioral Checklist,CBCL)、Achenbach教师报告表(Teacher's Report Form,TRF)及自制一般情况调查表进行评定。结果:(1)SOS组儿童TRF行为问题检出率高于完整组儿童(37.7%vs.3.3%,P0.001)。三组儿童的CBCL行为问题检出率差异无统计学意义(11.5%,24.6%,16.4%,P=0.156)。(2)SOS组男童TRF的社交问题、注意、违纪、攻击、外化性问题分和总分均高于完整组同龄男童(如,总分30.83vs.12.67,P0.01),违纪分高于单亲组同龄男童(32.33vs.19.83,P0.01),退缩分低于单亲组同龄男童(16.87vs.33.33,P0.001)。8～11岁SOS组男童CBCL的分裂样、抑郁、强迫性、社交退缩、攻击性分及总分均低于单亲组同龄男童(如,总分15.70vs.30.80,P0.01);SOS组女童与单亲组和完整组女童CBCL各项行为问题因子分及总分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)回归分析结果显示儿童有数个好朋友、学业成绩良好是其行为问题的保护因素,生活在非完整家庭是儿童行为问题的危险因素(B=-1.356～1.947)。结论:SOS儿童村是一种较好的抚养孤儿的方式。SOS儿童村男童Achenbach教师报告表行为问题较突出,女童行为表现较适切。儿童行为问题与其学业表现、同伴关系及家庭环境等因素有关。     

学前儿童父母的教养压力与严厉管教的关系

目的:考察学前儿童父母的教养压力与严厉管教的关系.方法:以683名学前儿童的父亲和母亲为被试,以父母教养压力问卷简表(PSI/SF)和亲子冲突解决策略量表(CTSPC)作为研究工具分别测查学前儿童父母的教养压力和严厉管教.结果:①男孩母亲比女孩母亲报告更大的教养压力,但男孩父亲和女孩父亲报告的教养压力之间无显著差异;不同年龄的学前儿童父亲或母亲报告的教养压力均无显著差异;与父亲相比,母亲报告的教养压力更大.②除3岁儿童母亲的心理攻击显著低于4岁和5岁的儿童母亲外,父亲和母亲的严厉管教均不存在显著的儿童性别差异和年龄差异.③父亲和母亲的教养压力与其对儿童实施的严厉管教之间存在显著正相关,其中与心理攻击的相关程度最高,与虐待相关程度最低.④多元回归分析发现,母亲教养压力中的困难儿童维度是其三种严厉管教方式的较为稳定的预测因素,父亲教养压力中的教养困难维度是其心理攻击和体罚的较为稳定的预测因素.结论:父亲和母亲的教养压力与其对学前儿童实施的严厉管教之间存在密切关系,且这种关系强度随严厉管教严重性的增强而减弱.父母教养压力的不同维度对其严厉管教具有不同的预测作用.     

学龄前儿童攻击行为特点及其与同胞关系的关联

目的:探讨“二孩”政策下学龄前儿童攻击行为的特点和相关因素。方法:以3~6岁儿童为被试,选取58例头胎儿童和62例独生儿童,采用3(攻击方式)×3(年龄)×2(儿童类型)混合设计研究儿童攻击行为的特点;另外选取120例头胎儿童,采用3(攻击方式)×3(年龄)×2(同胞关系)混合设计探究同胞关系和攻击行为的关联。结果:3~4岁儿童攻击行为得分比>4~6岁儿童高,但三种攻击方式无统计学意义(P>0.05);>4~5岁儿童的身体攻击、言语攻击得分高于关系攻击得分;>5~6岁儿童的言语攻击得分高于身体和关系攻击得分;亲密型头胎儿童攻击行为得分低于冲突型头胎儿童(均P<0.001)。结论:随着年龄的增加,3~6岁儿童攻击行为的总体趋势表现为减少,攻击方式出现分化,表现出不一致的发展趋势;亲密型的同胞关系可以减少攻击行为。     

儿童青少年对身体攻击和关系攻击的道德判断

目的:探讨儿童青少年对身体攻击和关系攻击的道德判断情况.方法:从济南市某小学和中学分别选取五、六、七、八、九年级共1085名儿童青少年为被试,以攻击的道德判断问卷测查对身体攻击和关系攻击的错误性和伤害性判断.结果:①从总体来看,被试对身体攻击和关系攻击的错误性和伤害性的判断得分随着年龄的增长而降低.②被试对关系攻击的错误性和伤害性判断得分显著高于身体攻击.③女生对身体攻击和关系攻击的伤害性和错误性判断得分均显著高于男生.结论:儿童青少年能对身体攻击和关系攻击进行较为恰当的道德判断,但其判断存在显著的性别和年龄差异.     

5岁儿童注意网络的性别差异

目的:考察5岁儿童的注意功能是否存在性别差异。方法:选取幼儿园大班儿童70名[其中女童31人,平均年龄(62.5±2.6)月;男童39人,平均年龄(63.3±2.8)月],进行注意网络功能测验(ANT),比较女童和男童在警觉、定向和执行控制功能上的成绩。结果:儿童完成注意网络任务的正确率达到90%以上;男童的警觉网络效应大于女童[(139±54)ms vs.(109±49)ms,P0.05]。男童与女童在定向网络和执行控制网络的成绩差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:5岁儿童已有充分能力完成注意网络测验,并且5岁男童的警觉功能可能更强。     

6～13岁肥胖儿童血清瘦素与胰岛素、血脂的关系及意义

为了探讨6～13岁儿童血中瘦素(Leptin)与体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素(INS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)的关系及意义.对118名(男64名,女54名)6～13岁学龄期儿童(正常非肥胖儿童56名,肥胖或超体重儿童62例)血中Leptin进行测定,并与BMI、Insulin、TG和TC进行了相关性研究.结果显示:①肥胖或超体重儿童各项观察指标均明显高于非肥胖儿童(P＜0.001或P＜0.01);且两组同性别间均有肥胖或超体重儿童各项观察指标,均明显高于非肥胖儿童(P＜0.001或P＜0.05);②同组中男女间比较:两组均有女童Leptin值显著高于男童(P＜0.001或P＜0.05),BMI仅有肥胖或超体重组中女童显著高于男童(P＜0.001),各组中其余的观察指标均无明显差异(P＞0.05);③Leptin与BMI、Insulin和TG均存在明显正相关(P=0.001).表明Leptin 水平可随性别、BMI和血脂水平等因素作用而发生相应变化,如能研究和使用提高Leptin受体效应的药物,可能对防治肥胖有一定的帮助.     

儿童关于特质的性别差异信念的发展

目的:考察3~8岁儿童关于特质的性别差异信念及其发展特点。方法:采用个别测查法对379名儿童进行测查。结果:①从总体上看,各年龄组儿童倾向于将男性化特质归于男孩,将女性化特质归于女孩;②男孩比女孩更倾向于将男性化特质与男孩相联系,而女孩比男孩则更倾向于将女性化特质与女孩相联系;③从总体上看,学前阶段儿童将男性化特质与男孩相联系、将女性化特质与女孩相联系的倾向逐渐增强,6岁之后二者均处于稳定水平。结论:我国儿童从3岁起就持有关于特质的性别差异信念,他们对同性特质的性别差异信念强于对异性特质的性别差异信念,并且这些信念在学前期间不断增强,6岁左右趋于稳定。     

新乡市农村幼儿园儿童蛲虫感染情况调查

目的了解新乡市农村幼儿园儿童蛲虫感染情况,为蛲虫病防治提供依据。方法采用透明胶纸肛拭法,对新乡市农村5所幼儿园740名学龄前儿童,争得院长及家长同意后,在早上8：00～9：30分进行蛲虫取样调查。结果受检儿童蛲虫总感染率为5．41％。男童（7．24％）高于女童（3．40％）,差异有统计学意义（X2=5．34,P〈0．05）;2-4岁组（2．51％）低于4～7岁组（8．12％）,差异有统计学意义（X^2=11．32,P〈0．05）。结论蛲虫感染率与年龄、性别、人口密集度以及个人卫生习惯有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.