ICU医院感染控制目标性监测

对重症监护病房(ICU)进行医院感染目标性监测,分析医院感染发生的原因,对提高危重患者的抢救成功率起着重要的作用。现将2009年7月-2010年6月我院ICU目标性监测结果报道如下。     

重症监护病房病原菌感染的相关因素分析及干预对策

目的 调查了解重症监护病房病原菌感染的现状,对感染相关因素进行分析,以制定干预措施. 方法 采取前瞻性检测和回顾性调查相结合的方法,对2006年1月-2007年12月162例重症监护病房病原菌感染患者的临床资料进行统计分析. 结果 162例患者检出347株病原菌,347株病原菌主要来源于呼吸道,占59.9%,其中革兰阴性杆菌占68.0%;感染的危险因素与患者年龄、基础疾病、住院时间长短、大量使用抗菌药物及侵入性诊疗操作等有相关性. 结论 重症监护病房感染的病原菌主要存在呼吸道,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主;采取综合性干预对策、严格的医院感染控制措施,对于切实降低重症监护病房患者的感染率,提高抢救成功率有着重大意义.     

新生儿败血症的病原与临床：附206例分析

新生儿重症监护病房的建立,对于提高危重新生儿的抢救成功率起到了重要作用。败血症占其内收治病人的一定比例,为了解新生儿败血症的病原与临床的关系及耐药情况,现将我院1989年10月～1993年12月收治     

燃起生的希望——记青医附院ICU主任孙运波

ICU是医院重症监护病房的英文缩写。青岛大学医学院附属医院（以下简称青医附院）ICU成立10年来，已抢救危重患者数千人，抢救成功率90％以上。患者和同行给这里的领头人孙运波医生送了一个雅号——“救命1号”。     

基层医院重症监护室医院感染管理

随着现代医学的迅速发展,重症医学日益完善,为了适应医学发展,挽救危重症患者,提高危重症患者抢救成功率,延长患者生命,我院于2007-09建立了重症监护病房(ICU).     

41例危重孕产妇救治分析及体会

目的:通过分析危重孕产妇救治情况,找到成功的经验及失败的教训,有利于提高抢救成功率。方法:收集嘉定区2007～2008年接产医院的危重孕产妇抢救病例。结果:①2007年危重孕产妇抢救成功率为84.0%,2008年抢救成功率100.0%。②外地孕产妇占87.8%。③仅46.3%建立孕产期保健手册、63.4%接受产前检查。④孕期高危因素第一位是子痫前期或子痫,占41.6%;产时或产后危重因素第一位是产后出血,占61.0%。结论:加强孕产期保健特别是流动孕产妇管理、打击非法接产、提高产科人员技术水平、完善危重孕产妇救治网络以及提高群众自我保健意识,均有利于减少危重孕产妇的发生,提高抢救成功率,降低孕产妇死亡率。     

对建立抢救病房及实行抢救病人计划护理制的体会

我们病房是以消化、呼吸为主的综合病房,特点是:病人入院多,出院快;抢救危重病人多,病死率高。根据这个特点,我们设立专门抢救病房,把危重的病人都集中在这个病房里,集中使用抢救器材、抢救人力、监护、医疗护理,因而提高了抢救的成功率,降低了病死率,并维护了病房的良好秩序。同时,我们还对危重病人积极地开展了计划护理工作,建立了危重病人计划护理制。     

神经内科重症监护病房病人心理特点及护理措施

重症监护病房是对危重病人进行集中护理、管理、治疗、病情观察、救治的医疗场所,从而达到抢救频死病人的生命使重症病人转危为安。重症监护病人的心理变化是复杂的,故针对不同的心理特点给予正确的心理护理是极为重要的。     

危重孕产妇抢救管理临床模式研究

目的:对危重症孕产妇抢救通道、流程及实施过程进行分析优化、评估抢救效果,探讨及提出危重孕产妇抢救临床模式。方法:2009年10月～2010年9月上海市第六人民医院危重孕产妇抢救中心共救治危重孕产妇96例,绝大多数患者通过绿色通道直接进入抢救中心,采用组织多学科会诊、团队合作抢救,抢救中各级人员责任分明的临床模式,并分析其救治效果。结果:直接产科原因抢救55例,非产科原因抢救41例。抢救病因顺位前三位依次为子痫前期重度(34例,35.4%),脑部病变(7例,7.3%),重症急性胰腺炎(6例,6.3%)。96例中极危重孕产妇30例,子痫前期重度并发重要脏器功能障碍者10例,其中心衰6例:产科出血、出血性休克4例,子宫切除2例;非产科病因所致极危重孕产妇14例,占近1/2,重症急性胰腺炎发病率明显增高。抢救成功率100%,预后不良3例(恶性肿瘤2例),围产儿死亡6例,无孕产妇死亡。结论:危重孕产妇抢救新临床模式不仅有利于抢救通道及流程更通畅,明显提高了抢救成功率,而且有助于相关专业人员抢救知识及技能的提高。     

新生儿监护病房医院感染现况调查

新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)是早产儿、危重新生儿的抢救治疗场所,新生儿病情危重,住院时间较长,侵入性操作多,易造成医院感染,严重时可造成医院感染病例的爆发.     

老年骨髓增生异常综合征患者的临床特征分析

目的分析老年骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的临床特征。方法对32例老年MDS患者进行13年的诊治、随访,分析其发病年龄、疾病分型、合并其它脏器疾病、生存时间等。结果 MDS发病年龄集中在80～89岁(59.38%),其中以难治性贫血(43.75%)及中低危组(87.50%)最常见。患者5年生存率为56.25%,大部分患者合并心血管疾病,影响其治疗的耐受性。结论老年MDS患者预后差,MDS相关病死率达50%,需要早期诊断、早期治疗。     

Prevalence of infections and their risk factors in geriatric institutions: a one-day multicentre survey

This one-day prevalence survey of 1919 patients (74% females and 44% aged greater than or equal to 85 years) in nine geriatric hospitals, six of them located in France and three in Switzerland, indicated a high prevalence of infections in elderly institutionalized patients (infection rate: 18.7% in males and 15.4% in females). The risk factors for infection were identified and the relative risks assessed. Prevention of infections in geriatric wards should be one of the goals of every care-giver. A low rate of infection in elderly inpatients is thus likely to be associated with care of good quality.     

多西他赛单药一线治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的观察多西他赛单药一线治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床疗效。方法 30例晚期非小细胞肺癌初治老年患者予以多西他赛70mg/m~2治疗,21d为1周期,完成2周期后评价疗效,有效及稳定病例治疗4个周期,随访至疾病进展和死亡。结果 26名可评价病例中,总有效率26.9%,疾病控制率57.6%,中位无进展生存期3.6个月。中位生存期8.5个月,1年生存率为35.6%,主要毒副反应为细胞减少,乏力,脱发为主,分别为61%,64%,57%。结论国产多西他赛单药一线治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌有效且耐受性好。     

Survival and functional capacity: three year follow up of an elderly population in hospitals and homes.

A three year mortality study was undertaken of a population of 4490 people aged 65 and over in all types of hospitals and homes provided within a defined geographical area. The rate of survival consistently fell with increasing incapacity in mobility, incontinence, washing/dressing, and feeding. The effect was independent of differences in age, sex, and duration of stay. Differences in survival between patients and residents of National Health Service hospitals (geriatric, psychiatric, acute) and homes for the elderly did not persist after adjustment for variations between populations in level of incapacity, age, and sex. An assessment based on ability to perform basic items of self care is easily undertaken and understood by staff in different settings. It allows homogeneous groups of elderly people to be identified despite a diverse range of underlying diseases and could provide the basis for planning and evaluating services and rehabilitation regimens.     

老年腹部外科恶性肿瘤患者营养风险和营养不良（不足）状况的对比调查

目的 调查老年腹部外科恶性肿瘤住院患者营养风险和营养不良(不足)发生率.方法 采用定点连续抽样,以2009年12月至2010年11月北京医院普外科住院的269例老年腹部恶性肿瘤患者(≥65岁)为研究对象,入院后第2天早晨进行营养风险筛查2002,营养风险筛查评分≥3分认为存在营养风险;营养不良(不足)判断标准为体重指数＜ 18.5 kg/m2;同时与同期同类疾病的其他年龄组进行比较.结果 269例研究对象完成营养风险筛查,适用率为100％;普外科老年恶性肿瘤患者(≥65岁)的营养不良(不足)发生率为30.1％ (81/269),高龄老年患者(≥80岁)为37.5％ (21/56),其他年龄组为17.6％ (43/245) (P=0.001);老年恶性肿瘤患者的营养风险发生率为38.3％(103/269),高龄患者为57.1％ (32/56),其他年龄组为29.3％ (72/245) (P＜0.001);老年腹部恶性肿瘤患者中胰腺癌营养风险比例较高,而结直肠癌的发病率相对较低.结论 老年腹部外科恶性肿瘤住院患者营养风险和营养不良(不足)发生率明显高于其他年龄组,高龄老人营养状况更为严重,应重视老年恶性肿瘤患者的营养问题.     

Misplaced elderly patients in hospital: clarifying responsibilities

In an attempt to assess the service provided by a geriatric department for the elderly population within its District, a census of the elderly patients occupying general medical beds in the same District was undertaken. These patients were assessed according to five criteria which identified patients as 'geriatric'. Sixty-one per cent of the patients occupying general medical beds were over the age of 65 years, and almost a half of these were geriatric according to the criteria used. The authors conclude that quantifying misplaced geriatric patients by screening for geriatric characteristics in a general medical population was a useful way of auditing the performance of a geriatric service.     

老年尿毒症患者维持性血液透析的疗效观察

目的探讨老年尿毒症患者维持性血液透析的临床疗效及预后的对策。方法选取2008年1月~2009年12月期间的67例老年尿毒症血液透析患者(观察组)和同期67例非老年尿毒症血液透析患者(对照组),对比分析观察两组的存活率、死亡原因和各并发症的发生率。结果观察组1年以上的存活率为77.61%,3年以上的存活率为65.67%;而对照组1年以上的存活率为91.04%,3年以上的存活率为82.09%,可见观察组患者的存活率显著低于对照组患者的存活率(P<0.01)。心血管病是老年患者死亡的最主要原因,其次是感染;透析过程中观察组患者的低血压、感染、心力衰竭和心血管病等并发症与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义。结论提高老年尿毒症血透患者存活率的关键是控制心血管病和感染并发症。     

Impact of Polypharmacy on Occurrence of Delirium in Elderly Emergency Patients

ObjectiveTo examine associations between polypharmacy and delirium diagnosed in elderly patients hospitalized in geriatric acute care unit after emergency hospital admission.MethodsStudy design was an observational cohort study in the acute geriatric care unit of a university hospital. We included 410 consecutive patients admitted to the acute geriatric ward during 9 months. Within 72 hours of each patient's hospitalization, a clinically trained geriatrician collected the following data: sociodemographic details (age, sex, type of residence), predisposing factors for delirium, main cause of hospitalization, and current medications. Polypharmacy was defined as 6 or more drugs a day. Delirium was assessed by a geriatrician using the Confusion Assessment Method and was diagnosed on the basis of clinical history with an acute change in usual functional status, behavioral observation, and clinical and cognitive assessment.ResultsNearly 25% of hospitalized patients had delirium. The Confusion Assessment Method was positive in 69% of patients receiving polypharmacy and in 30% of those not receiving polypharmacy, a relative risk of 2.33. The proportion of elderly patients receiving polypharmacy was 58.53%.ConclusionsIn our study, polypharmacy is an independent risk factor for delirium in a population of elderly patients after emergency admission. In the geriatric population, delirium is an underestimated scourge and because of its medicosocial and economic consequences and its impact on morbidity and mortality, we need to give increased attention to the prevention and control of polypharmacy, which is a predisposing factor for delirium.     

Improved survival for frail elderly inpatients on a geriatric evaluation unit (GEU): who benefits?

Previously reported data from a randomized controlled trial showed that admission to the geriatric evaluation unit (GEU) and follow-up clinic at the Sepulveda VA Medical Center leads to significantly improved outcomes for frail elderly hospital patients--including a 50% reduction of one-year mortality (p less than 0.005). In the present paper, two-year survival curves for GEU and control groups are reported. In addition, we subdivided the population by potential baseline risk factors (both patient- and treatment-related) and examined one-year survival using 12-month survival curves and odds ratios. There is evidence for GEU-related survival effects in specific subgroups of patients (e.g. patients with heart and pulmonary disease, patients with low baseline scores in functional status and mental status, and patients with high baseline morale scores). Finally, employing stepwise logistic regression, we determined the predictors of one-year survival in the pooled study population. These factors were: assignment to the GEU (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; p less than 0.001); not having a heart diagnosis (2.24; p less than 0.001); and having primarily "geriatric/rehabilitation" problems (1.95; p less than 0.005). A predictive model derived from the regression defines patient subgroups likely to survive only when assigned to the GEU: cardiac patients with primarily "geriatric" or "rehabilitation" problems, and non-cardiac patients whose problems are primarily "medical". The dramatic effect of the GEU on survival appears to be concentrated on certain identifiable subgroups of patients who might be targeted to maximize program cost-effectiveness.     

Visits keep frail elderly out of hospital

An interdisciplinary team from Boston University's Geriatric Service provides home visits for frail elderly patients who are homebound. The home care team includes a nurse case manager and a board-certified geriatrician. Physicians visit the patients every two or three months. Case managers visit as needed. Case managers use creativity to come up with ways to keep the elderly at home, including providing pest control, air conditioners, or chair lifts. The program coordinates care across sites of care, including a geriatric outpatient clinic, nursing homes, and an inpatient geriatric service, as well as the home visits.