新生儿肠道菌群及其相关疾病研究进展

正人体胃肠道内寄居的微生物称为肠道菌群,其种类多达1000多种,数量约为人体所有细胞总数的10倍。正常肠道菌群构成了肠黏膜的生物屏障,能够阻止致病菌在肠上皮细胞黏附和定植,有助于预防肠道感染、调节免疫反应,维持人体健康。一旦出现肠道菌群的失调,则可能导致多系统的疾病。新生儿肠道菌群的建立受胎龄、分娩方式、喂养方式、环境、疾病和药物等多方面影响[1]。由于新生儿的肠道菌群不像成人那样有稳     

新生儿脓毒症与肠道微生态研究进展

近年来,脓毒症越来越受到人们的关注,是新生儿死亡的常见原因。肠道是人体最大的细菌储备库,在多种疾病发生发展中起始动作用。抗生素的使用、喂养方式、分娩方式及胎龄均可影响新生儿肠道菌群的定植。近期的研究表明,肠道菌群失调可以激活不受控的促炎反应从而导致脓毒症的发生。脓毒症新生儿肠道微生态可发生菌群紊乱、多样性降低及菌群移位...     

婴儿肠道菌群形成与喂哺方式及食物过敏的关系

目的观察健康婴儿在不同喂养方式下肠道菌群的定植过程及其在食物过敏时的变化,分析肠道菌群形成与婴幼儿食物过敏的相互关系及母乳喂养的意义。方法采用荧光定量PCR技术测定细菌16SrRNA,对健康无过敏症131例(其中母乳喂养71例,人工喂养60例)及100例过敏症婴儿粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌进行定量检测。结果婴儿肠道菌群处于动态定植过程。母乳喂养婴儿肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量较人工喂养婴儿高(P<0.05),而大肠杆菌数量较人工喂养婴儿低(P<0.05)。食物过敏婴幼儿肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿低(P<0.05),而大肠杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿高(P<0.05)。结论婴儿期肠道菌群处于动态演替过程。不同的喂养方式对肠道菌群有影响,过敏性疾病婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴幼儿不同,应大力提倡母乳喂养。     

剖宫产与儿童过敏性疾病

文章介绍了新生儿肠道菌群的形成过程,肠道菌群的构成及其对人体免疫系统的调控作用;剖宫产和非母乳喂养方式对新生儿肠道菌群的不良影响,由此而发生过敏症等疾病的机制.简要介绍了益生菌的定义,其生理学意义和治疗及预防婴儿过敏性疾病的作用.     

食物过敏婴儿和健康婴儿肠道菌群的差别

目的检测食物过敏(FA)婴儿和健康婴儿的主要肠道菌群,为食物过敏与肠道菌群关系研究提供线索。方法采用病例对照研究,检测2003年5~12月在重庆医科大学儿童医院儿保门诊体检的52例FA婴儿和100例健康婴儿的大便菌群(双歧杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属、肠杆菌科),大便菌群的分析采用GLM的广义析因法。结果FA婴儿大便双歧杆菌计数减少［(9.61±1.16) VS (10.31±1.20) Log10CFU/g,P<0.001］,肠杆菌计数增多［(9.54±0.60)VS (9.07±0.64) Log10CFU/g,P<0.001］。不同喂养方式下FA婴儿大便的肠道菌群改变相似。结论食物过敏婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴儿的肠道菌群存在显著差别。     

婴儿肠道菌群建立及与疾病的关系研究进展

肠道菌群对婴儿免疫系统调节及肠道系统发育有着不可替代的作用。肠道菌群既可调节宿主各项生理功能,又能影响疾病的发生和发展。婴儿期是肠道菌群形成的关键时期,而婴儿肠道菌群具有动态变化的特点,且易受多种因素的影响。文章从婴儿肠道菌群的建立、影响因素及其与疾病关系等方面综合论述婴儿肠道菌群研究进展。     

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目的检测食物过敏(FA)婴儿和健康婴儿的主要肠道菌群,为食物过敏与肠道菌群关系研究提供线索。方法采用病例对照研究,检测2003年5～12月在重庆医科大学儿童医院儿保门诊体检的52例FA婴儿和100例健康婴儿的大便菌群(双歧杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属、肠杆菌科),大便菌群的分析采用GLM的广义析因法。结果FA婴儿大便双歧杆菌计数减少[(9.61±1.16)VS(10.31±1.20)Log10CFU/g,P<0.001],肠杆菌计数增多[(9.54±0.60)VS(9.07±0.64)Log10CFU/g,P<0.001]。不同喂养方式下FA婴儿大便的肠道菌群改变相似。结论食物过敏婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴儿的肠道菌群存在显著差别。     

人乳低聚糖对婴儿肠道菌群影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

婴儿期是肠道菌群形成和发展最为关键的时期,作为肠道菌群演替速度较快的重要阶段,稳定的肠道菌群定植对机体健康、免疫系统的建立及完善有着重大且长远的意义。母乳中富含人乳低聚糖(HMOs),能够有效促进婴儿肠道中有益细菌的生长,抑制病原菌的侵袭,改善肠道菌群组成,提高菌种多样性,促进婴儿生长发育。现就HMOs的研究现状及其对婴儿肠道菌群的影响进行综述。     

辅助生殖技术与妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇肠道菌群的特异表达

目的 通过检测和比较不同受孕方式及是否并发妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕产妇的肠道菌群,明确辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology,ART)及GDM孕产妇肠道菌群的特异性表达,分析其机制,为今后预防干预、促进ART妊娠母婴健康...     

加强肠道菌群与儿童消化系统疾病相关的研究

肠道菌群从出生时建立至稳态, 是个动态的过程, 易受饮食、环境、生活方式、药物使用等因素的影响。肠道菌群参与机体生理、代谢、营养、免疫等多种生理功能, 与多个系统疾病发生相关, 而与消化系统疾病的关系尤为密切。随着基因检测技术的进展, 肠道菌群的研究成为热点之一, 但其病理生理、发病机制、诊断价值及可能的治疗靶点均有待进一步研究。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.