碳酸氢钠洗胃联合西咪替丁静滴预防危重新生儿应激性溃疡的疗效观察

目的观察1％的碳酸氢钠洗胃联合西咪替丁静脉滴注预防危重新生儿应激性溃疡的疗效。方法将260例危重新生儿随机分为A、B、C、D四组，每组各65例。所有病例都根据不同的原发病进行相应的综合基础治疗，其中A组仅给予原发病的基础治疗，B、C两组在相应治疗的基础上分别给予碳酸氢钠洗胃、西咪替丁静脉滴注，而D组在综合基础治疗的同时予碳酸氢钠洗胃联合西咪替丁静脉滴注。结果A、B、C、D四组应激性溃疡发生率分别为27．69％、13．85％、12．31％、3．08％。B、C、D三组应激性溃疡的发生率与A组比较均有明显降低，差异有统计学意义。B、C两组间的发生率则大体相似（P〉0．05）。D组的溃疡发生率最低，与A组相比，差异有高度显著性（P〈0．01）；与B、C组相比，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论碳酸氢钠洗胃和西咪替丁静脉滴注存预防危重新生儿应激性溃疡中都有明显的作用，两者联合应用则疗效更为显著，且方便、经济、无明显毒副作用，值得临床推广应用。     

人参皂苷脂质体对小鼠低温力竭游泳试验的初步研究

目的考察人参皂苷脂质体对低温力竭游泳运动小鼠的影响及机制。方法 40只小鼠随机分为生理盐水组、人参皂苷脂质体低浓度组、中浓度组、高浓度组,灌胃21 d,考察各组小鼠低温力竭游泳运动的时间,并通过免疫器官脏器系数研究其机制。结果人参皂苷脂质体低浓度组能显著延长小鼠低温力竭游泳运动时间(P<0.05),且胸腺系数具显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论低浓度组人参总皂苷脂质体能够提高小鼠低温力竭游泳运动的时间。     

消化性溃疡两种治疗方法的疗效对比分析与临床研究

目的研究分析消化性溃疡的两种治疗方法疗效对比分析与临床意义。方法对174例经胃镜检查证实为消化性溃疡患者,随机分成两组进行药物治疗。A组为雷尼替丁(善胃得)和羟氨苄青霉素加甲硝唑。B组除甲硝唑外,其余同A组。观察两组溃疡的愈合及溃疡的复发率。结果有效率:A组总有效率为91.11%(82/90),B组总有效率为83.33%(70/84)。利用统计学进行处理,先计算出均值,再求出标准差,然后用t检验对两组均数进行比较,结果无显著性养异(P>0.05)。结论两组总有效率无显著性差异(P>0.05)但治愈后随访率A组患者低于B组,有显著性差异(P<0.05),表明A组的三联药物治疗消化性溃疡复发率低。     

外源性谷氨酰胺在机体氧化应激中的抗氧化作用

目的探讨外源性谷氨酰胺(glutamine Gln)在机体氧化应激中的抗氧化保护作用。方法选择无特定病原体(specific pathogen free SPF)Wistar大鼠22只,随机分为试验组(A)、对照组(B)、标准组(C),A组每日丙胺酰谷氨酰胺注射液灌胃,B组0.9%生理盐水灌胃,C组不灌胃;A、B两组灌服时间均为连续14 d,完毕后留取血样检测3组大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA),并予以统计分析。结果 T-SOD:A组271.116±44.767,B组259.662±49.478,C组256.445±51.596,各组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);CAT:A组7.753±4.168,B组5.516±2.281,C组4.247±0.821,A、C组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),试验组血清14d时CAT水平显著高于标准组(P<0.05);MDA:A组2.572±1.259,B组3.053±0.700,C组3.333±0.716,各组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论外源性Gln对CAT活性水平具有显著性影响,对SOD及MDA指标无显著性影响,短期外源性Gln可显著提高血清CAT活性水平,提高血清SOD活性水平及降低MDA水平,具有一定的抗氧化保护作用。     

泮托拉唑预防老年人急性脑血管病并发应激性溃疡出血的临床观察

目的:观察泮托拉唑预防急性脑血管病并发应激性溃疡出血的效果。方法:将207例老年急性脑血管病患者随机分为5组,在常规治疗基础上,治疗组A～D分别给予①泮托拉唑40 mg静滴,qd,②泮托拉唑40 mg静滴,bid,③奥美拉唑40mg静滴,qd,④奥美拉唑40 mg静滴,bid。疗程均为10 d。结果:治疗组A～D的出血率及死亡率分别与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而治疗组A、B、C、D之间两两相比,差异没有显著性(P>0.05)。结论:泮托拉唑可用来预防老年人急性脑血管病并发应激性溃疡出血,并降低死亡率。     

活动义齿不同清洁方式对钴铬合金义齿支架表面形貌的影响

目的评价活动义齿不同清洁方式对于钴铬合金义齿铸造支架表面形貌的影响。方法离心铸造35个钴铬合金金属试样(15 mm×10 mm×1 mm)并镜面抛光,将试样按随机数字表法分为5组:A组为对照组,在蒸馏水中浸泡;B、C、D、E组为实验组,B组牙刷+蒸馏水刷洗2 min,C组牙刷+牙膏刷洗2 min,D组Polident清洁片浸泡5 min,E组假牙清洁片浸泡5 min+牙刷刷洗2 min,重复该处理过程180个循环。使用粗糙度测试仪测试处理前后试样表面粗糙度值(Ra),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察处理前后试样表面形貌的变化。结果1不同方式处理前后A组和D组Ra分别为:(0.003 8±0.002 0/0.004 2±0.001 3)(0.005 1±0.001 7/0.005 0±0.001 4),差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组、C组和E组处理前后表面Ra均增加,分别为(0.003 7±0.001 0/0.037 6±0.003 3)、(0.004 3±0.000 8/0.185 2±0.053 6)(0.005 5±0.001 4/0.014 5±0.001 2),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。2不同方式处理前后各组间Ra比较:处理前各组间Ra差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同方式处理后,与A组比较,D组Ra虽稍增加,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),B组、C组、E组较A组Ra明显增加,且差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);B组、C组、E组两两之间比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。3不同清洁方式处理后,SEM观察A、B、D、E组试样表面无明显划痕,C组试样表面较处理前可见明显划痕。结论牙刷+牙膏清洁方式可明显增加钴铬合金义齿支架表面粗糙度且产生明显划痕,清洁片清洁方式不能引起表面粗糙度增加且不会产生划痕,牙刷+蒸馏水清洁方式、清洁片+牙刷清洁方式可稍增加表面粗糙度但不会产生划痕。     

创伤性失血性休克对机体抗氧化水平影响的实验研究

目的探讨创伤性失血性休克(traumatic hemorrhagic shock,THS)对机体过氧化水平的影响。方法选择普通级新西兰兔11只,通过急性失血方式建立收缩压下降曲线,形成THS动物模型,在不同的休克时段测定收缩压基础值(T_1),当收缩压降至基础值2/3(T_2)、基础值1/2(T_3)、基础值1/3(T_4)时采集血样,采用酶联免疫吸附分析检测各位置血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平,并予以统计分析。结果 CAT:A组高于B组、B组高于C组、C组高于D组,T_1-T_2、T_2-T_3、T_3-T_4各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),其余组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);GSH-Px:A组高于B组、B组高于C组、C组高于D组,T_1、T_2间无显著性差异(P>0.05),其余组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);T-AOC:各时间水平间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论选择收缩压下降曲线建立THS模型,THS发生过程对机体抗氧化酶CAT、GSH-Px具有显著性影响,可致CAT、GSH-Px活性显著下降,但对T-AOC无显著性影响,失血量与CAT、GSH-Px指标间存在显著相关性。     

局部低温联合生脉与地塞米松对睾丸扭转复位后生精细胞凋亡的保护作用北大核心CSCD

目的研究生脉、地塞米松联合局部低温对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后生精细胞凋亡的影响。方法将48只青春期标准SD大鼠随机分为6组(A、B、C、D、E、F组),每组8只。6组大鼠分别扭转左侧睾丸720°持续2 h,建立单侧睾丸扭转模型。A组:常温+生理盐水;B组:常温+生脉+地塞米松;C组:低温+生理盐水;D组:低温+地塞米松;E组:低温+生脉;F组:低温+生脉+地塞米松。术后48 h采集睾丸,通过HE染色光镜观察睾丸组织病理学改变,用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)法检测睾丸生精细胞的凋亡。结果 B、C、D、E组,睾丸组织可见部分生精细胞脱落;F组,小鼠睾丸内出现生精细胞脱落现象。凋亡指数(AI),A组(35.13±2.21)明显高于B组(18.12±5.23)、C组(17.13±3.03)、D组(17.05±1.03)、E组(16.39±2.02;均P<0.05)及F组(9.06±1.53;P<0.01)。结论睾丸扭转复位后缺血再灌注损伤可导致生精细胞凋亡增加;局部低温联合生脉、地塞米松对睾丸扭转复位后生精细胞凋亡具有良好保护作用。     

复方五味子对应激大鼠垂体-性腺轴及运动能力的影响

［摘要］目的探讨复方五味子对实验性水上漂浮及高强度运动雄性大鼠垂体 性腺轴功能及运动能力的影响。方法选取大鼠58只,分为安静对照组（A组10只）、水上漂浮并高强度运动组（B组12只）、水上漂浮并运动力竭组（C组13只）、水上漂浮并高强度运动+复方五味子组（D组9只）和水上漂浮并运动力竭+复方五味子组（E组14只）。B、C、D和E组参照Bedford的训练模式进行为期10 d的训练,第11天时4组同时进行水上漂浮3 h后,B、D组再行跑台高强度运动3 h,实验结束后测定血清皮质酮（CORT）、睾酮（Tes）、促黄体激素（LH）水平,同时取垂体、一侧睾丸在电子显微镜下观察超微结构;C、E组则进行一次力竭性运动,记录力竭时间。结果①复方五味子能显著提高大鼠力竭时间,力竭延缓率高达63.46%。②B组的Tes水平与A组相比显著降低,而CORT无明显变化。③与A组比较,B组垂体细胞质中分泌颗粒显著减少,D组细胞质中分泌颗粒的数目明显增多。B组睾丸Leydig细胞线粒体肿胀,电子密度增高,嵴减少或消失,D组睾丸Leydig细胞中线粒体结构趋于正常,嵴大多数清晰,可见大小不等深染的分泌颗粒。结论复方五味子有明显的抗疲劳作用,并能保护应激大鼠垂体及睾丸的超微结构,增强大鼠的抗应激能力。     

急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清中唾液酸水平的变化及临床价值

目的探讨血清唾液酸检测对急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者的临床意义。方法选取2009年7月至2013年4月在我院诊治的72例肾功能衰竭患者,并选择同期在我院接受治疗的健康患者35例。两组患者分别为实验组和对照组。实验组分为A组(慢性肾功能衰竭组)和B组(急性肾功能衰竭组);对照组根据年龄分为C组和D组。两组测定唾液酸采用单一试剂显色法。实验组与对照组患者在一般资料的构成比上无显著性差异(P>0.05),可进行对比。结果唾液酸水平比较,A组(2.58±0.86)mmol/L和B组(3.09±0.96)mmol/L显著高于对照组(2.01±0.43)mmol/L,且差异比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);B组明显高于A组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);C组(1.83±0.38)mmol/L和D组(2.09±0.49)mmol/L明显低于A组(2.58±0.86)mmol/L,有显著性差异(P<0.05);而C组低于D组,无显著性差异(P>0.05);B组患者的尿肌酐清除率与血清唾液酸水平呈负相关性。结论血清唾液酸水平在急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者中显著升高,对于病情的判定及治疗具有重要的临床意义。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.