老年下肢动脉硬化症肱动脉及股浅动脉舒张功能的对比研究

目的　了解老年下肢动脉硬化症(LEASD)患者肱动脉及股浅动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能 (血流介导的血管扩张功能 ,FMD)和硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性舒张功能 (NMD) ,并评价二者的相关性及特点。方法　采用高分辨率超声诊断系统检测 33例老年LEASD患者 (Ⅰ组 )肱动脉及股浅动脉的FMD及NMD ,并分别与 4 0例健康老人 (Ⅱ组 )及 30例具有心血管危险因素的老年非LEASD患者(Ⅲ组 )进行对照研究。结果　老年LEASD患者肱动脉的FMD(3 5 6 %±1 92 % )及NMD(8 5 4 %± 4 72 % )与股浅动脉的FMD(2 16 %±1 2 2 % )和NMD(5 2 7%± 3 6 9% )均显著低于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组 (P <0 0 5 )。老年LEASD患者股浅动脉的FMD显著低于肱动脉的FMD(P =0 0 0 0 8) ;股浅动脉的NMD亦显著低于肱动脉的NMD(P =0 0 0 2 6 ) ;而股浅动脉的FMD与肱动脉的FMD相关性好 (r=0 9314 ,P <0 0 1) ,两者的NMD亦有较好的相关性(r=0 9191,P<0 0 1)。结论　老年LEASD患者肱动脉及股浅动脉的FMD及NMD均受损 ;对于老年LEASD患者FMD及NMD的检测 ,股浅动脉与肱动脉相关性好 ,股浅动脉的FMD及NMD能更敏感、更直接地反映老年LEASD患者的血管反应性     

长期应用非洛地平对原发性高血压患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察长期应用非洛地平对原发性高血压患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法60例轻-中度原发性高血压患者给予非洛地平口服治疗24周。采用高分辨率血管外超声法检测治疗前后肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。结果非洛地平治疗24周后,原发性高血压患者的收缩压[(122.8±11.7)mmHg]及舒张压[(76.4±8.2)mmHg]均较治疗前[收缩压:(160.4±14.8)mmHg,舒张压:(96.2±10.1)mmHg]显著降低(均P<0.01);治疗后肱动脉内径的基础值[(4.98±0.41)mm]及血流介导的内皮依赖性舒张功能[(6.21±1.28)%]均较治疗前[(分别为(4.02±0.50)mm和(4.91±1.03)%]明显改善(均P<0.01)。结论非洛地平能够在有效降压的同时显著改善原发性高血压患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能。     

体育专业学生优势侧和非优势侧肱动脉内径和内皮功能对比研究

目的:比较体育专业学生优势侧和非优势侧肱动脉内径和内皮功能的差异。方法:非单侧上肢用力型(足球、田径)体育专业学生18名和单侧上肢用力型(排球攻手、网球、乒乓球)体育专业学生13名,应用彩色超声仪测量其心室舒张末期肱动脉前、后内膜之间的垂直距离作为肱动脉内径,分别测定两组对象优势侧和非优势侧肱动脉内径及充血后内径,并以此计算肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张(flow-mediated va-sodilation,FMD),即内皮功能。结果:非单侧型对象优势侧和非优势侧肱动脉内径分别为3.5±0.1mm和3.4±0.1mm(P=0.1059),FMD分别为13.6±0.9%和14.0±1.0%(P=0.5335);单侧型对象优势侧和非优势侧肱动脉内径分别为3.8±0.1mm和3.6±0.1mm(P=0.0276),FMD分别为12.3±0.7%和13.0±1.0%(P=0.5081)。结论:专业训练的优势使用可增大肱动脉内径,而日常生活的优势使用并无此作用。但无论专业训练还是日常生活的优势使用,均不能提升体育专业学生相应肢体的FMD。     

代谢综合征患者肱动脉血管顺应性的超声研究

目的:探讨代谢综合征(MS)患者肱动脉血管顺应性的改变。方法:选择MS患者38例为研究组(MS组)、健康查体者35例为对照组(NC组),采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测肱动脉在静息、反应性充血和舌下含服硝酸甘油后血管舒张末期内径的变化。结果:MS组的内皮依赖性血流介导的舒张功能(FMD)及非内皮依赖性硝酸甘油介导的舒张功能(NID)明显低于对照组(P<0.05),FMD与年龄、体重指数、三酰甘油、收缩压、舒张压、血糖呈负相关。结论:代谢综合征患者存在较严重的血管顺应性减低及血管内皮功能失调,FMD及NID的测定对MS动脉粥样硬化的预测和防治具有重要意义。     

餐后血脂抑制甲状腺功能减退症患者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能

目的探讨临床甲状腺功能减退症(简称甲减)和亚临床甲减患者餐后血脂与血管内皮功能的关系。方法选择10名正常女性受试者为对照组,20名甲减患者分成两组:临床甲减组与亚临床甲减组(每组各10例)。采用高分辨血管外超声法检测肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和硝酸甘油(GNT)介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能。结果餐后血脂引起甲减患者血管内皮功能异常与三酰甘油和自由基水平密切相关。脂肪餐负荷试验中,甲减患者及正常对照组在餐后4 h时,内皮依赖性血管舒张功能降低(P<0.05),对照组和亚临床甲减组患者在8 h时内皮依赖性血管舒张功能恢复到基线水平,亚临床甲减组患者在6 h时内皮依赖性血管舒张功能低于基线水平(P<0.05)。然而,临床甲减组患者在进食脂负荷餐后6 h时内皮依赖性血管舒张功能继续下降(P<0.01),在8 h时开始升高,但仍低于基线水平(P<0.05)。Spearman’s分析显示甲减组(P<0.01)和对照组患者(P<0.05)进食脂负荷餐后内皮依赖性血管舒张功能与三酰甘油﹑硫代巴比土酸反应物质(TBARS)水平呈负相关,而三酰甘油水平与TBARS水平呈正相关。结论进食脂负荷餐后,甲减患者和正常对照组的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能降低,且与血清三酰甘油和氧自由基水平密切相关。     

冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与内皮舒张功能的超声检测及临床意义

目的　探讨颈动脉粥样硬化病变的发生与冠心病的关系 ,研究冠心病患者内皮功能的变化。方法　应用高频超声检测 1 2 0例住院接受冠脉造影患者的颈动脉内中膜厚度 (IMT)及粥样硬化斑块 ,同时检测肱动脉血流介导和硝酸甘油 (GTN)引起的舒张反应。结果　根据冠状动脉造影结果将 1 2 0例患者分为冠心病组 (90例)和对照组 (30例 ) ,冠心病组IMT明显大于对照组 ,但不同病变支数的冠心病患者之间无差异。冠心病组颈动脉硬化斑块的检出率 (以分叉部为最高 ,其次为颈总动脉和颈内动脉 )明显高于对照组 ,且与冠脉病变的严重程度有关。总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇水平及高血压、糖尿病发病率在冠心病组中明显高于对照组。冠心病组的肱动脉基础内径略大于对照组 ,但差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。冠心病组由血流介导和硝酸甘油引起的肱动脉舒张反应均明显低于对照组(P <0 0 1 )。结论　颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度与冠心病发生呈正相关。颈动脉超声检测对冠心病有一定的预测价值。颈动脉超声及血管内皮功能检查不仅可能为早期发现、预防和治疗冠心病提供依据 ,还可能作为监测和评估病情变化的指标     

超声检测非酒精性脂肪肝病患者肱动脉内皮功能

目的:评价非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的肱动脉内皮功能。方法:选取50例非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者和40例健康对照者,应用高频超声测量静息状态下、反应性充血后、舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径,并计算反应性充血和硝酸甘油诱发的内径百分变化率。检测血胰岛素抵抗(IR-HOMA)并进行统计学分析。结果:非酒精性脂肪性肝病组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率显著低于对照组(P<0.001),而两组对硝酸甘油的反应差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);内皮依赖性舒张功能(D1%)与IR-HOMA呈负相关(r=-0.243,P=0.030)。结论:非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者早期即存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍。     

少数民族地区健康人群血管内皮功能的影响因素及超声诊断价值

目的 :探讨广西少数民族地区健康人群血管内皮功能的影响因素及超声诊断价值。方法 :选取广西少数民族地区749例20~80岁健康人群作为研究对象,内容涉及问卷、一般体格检查及超声检测肱动脉血流介导内皮依赖性舒张功能(FMD)、反应性充血前后的肱动脉血管内径、血流速度及出现变化的时间。结果:不同民族、年龄、性别、吸烟组的FMD差异有统计学意义;Logistic回归分析结果显示,民族、年龄、性别是FMD的独立影响因素;相关性分析显示,FMD与肱动脉血管内径、管腔内血流速度呈显著负相关,与扩张达峰时间及最大血流速度出现时间呈显著正相关。结论:FMD存在民族差异性,年龄、性别与血管内皮功能损害的发生有关,超声检测指标可评估血管内皮功能的变化。     

彩色多普勒能量图检测浅表淋巴结内动脉血流的价值

目的 :探讨彩色多普勒能量图检测浅表淋巴结内动脉血流在鉴别良恶性淋巴结病变的价值。方法 :回顾性分析 12 6例浅表淋巴结病变的彩色多普勒能量图及动脉血流频谱。其中良性淋巴结肿大 33例 ;恶性淋巴瘤 18例 ;淋巴结转移性肿大 75例。均经穿刺活检或手术病理证实。结果 :110个 (87.3% )淋巴结内检出动脉血流频谱 ,血流检出率良性病变为 72 .7% (2 4 / 33) ,恶性肿瘤为 92 .5 % (86 / 93)。良性肿大组、恶性淋巴瘤组和淋巴结转移癌组淋巴结内动脉血流PSV分别为 14 .4± 7.3cm/s、2 0 .1± 7.9cm/s和 18.2± 5 .1cm/s,RI测值分别为 0 .6 2± 0 .0 9、0 .73± 0 .19和 0 .74± 0 .16。t检验结果 ,淋巴结内动脉血流速度 (PSV)和阻力指数 (RI) ,良性疾病与恶性淋巴瘤和淋巴结转移癌组间差异具显著性 ,恶性淋巴瘤组和转移癌组间差异无显著性。结论 :淋巴结内动脉血流RI值可作为鉴别淋巴结良恶性的一个重要指标。但是 ,良恶性病变间PSV、RI值存在一定重叠。     

血管内超声结合冠脉内多普勒技术评价冠脉微循环功能

目的　应用血管内超声 (IVUS)、冠脉内多普勒 (ICD)技术结合平均动脉压测量 ,评价冠脉微循环舒张功能。方法　 14只健康雄性家猪随机分成实验组 (n =8)和对照组 (n =6 ) ,实验组予高脂喂饲 ,建立早期动脉粥样硬化 (AS)模型。喂饲 12周后两组均行心导管检查 ,观察以下指标 :应用乙酰胆碱(ACH)及硝酸甘油 (NTG)前后冠脉血流量 (CBF)变化 ;主动脉根部压力 :平均动脉压 (MAP) ;冠脉阻力(MAP/CBF)。最后对血管行组织学检查。结果　病理结果示实验组较对照组左前降支 (LAD)或左旋支(LCX)内膜明显增厚 ,分别为 (74 .80± 17.6 0 )和 (7.6 0± 4 .2 7) μm(P <0 .0 0 1) ,相应节段心肌间的微动脉则无内膜增厚。ACH引起实验组CBF下降 ,两组分别为 (4 7.77± 14 .2 9)和 (4 0 .78± 11.10 )ml/min ,(P <0 .0 1) ,对照组CBF明显增加 (39.5 0± 9.88)和 (82 .30± 15 .0 0 )ml/min ,(P <0 .0 0 1) ;与对照组相比 ,ACH引起实验组冠脉阻力增加 ,为 (- 0 .18± 0 .0 9)和 (0 .2 9± 0 .18) (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在实验组及对照组 ,NTG均引起阻力下降 ,为 (- 0 .4 0± 0 .13)和 (- 0 .34± 0 .2 0 )。结论　应用介入性超声技术 ,结合MAP测量 ,可检测出早期AS病变内皮源性的冠脉微循环舒张功能障碍     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.