水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏氧化应激水平的影响

目的 探讨水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响及其作用机制.方法 分别给大鼠静脉输注脂肪乳+肝素、脂肪乳+肝素+水杨酸钠和生理盐水7 h,并在输注的最后2 h行清醒状态高胰岛素-正血糖钳夹试验,观察水杨酸钠对肝葡萄糖生成(HGP)能力的影响,检测肝脏中MDA的含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活性.结果 与生理盐水组比较,脂肪乳组HGP增多(P<0.05),肝脏MDA的水平升高,GSH-PX的活性明显降低(P<0.05).水杨酸钠治疗后,HGP减少,肝脏中MDA的水平较脂肪乳组降低了63%(P<0.05),GSH-PX的活性升高了35%(P<0.05).结论 FFA增高引起的肝脏内氧化应激增强及肝葡萄糖生成增多,可能是导致肝脏胰岛素抵抗发生的机制之一.应用水杨酸钠,大鼠肝脏氧化应激程度减弱,肝糖生成减少.抗炎药物水杨酸钠可能通过降低肝脏氧化应激途径而发挥改善肝脏胰岛素抵抗的作用.IKKβ及NF-κB可能是联系炎症和氧化应激的关键枢纽.     

不同时间脂肪乳输注对大鼠葡萄糖输注率的影响

目的 观察不同时间脂肪乳输注使血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA)升高对大鼠葡萄糖输注率(GIR)的影响.方法 分别给大鼠输注脂肪乳2、5、7和48 h,行高胰岛素.正血糖钳夹试验评价葡萄糖输注率,测定血浆葡萄糖、FFA.结果 与生理盐水输注组比较,2 h脂肪乳输注使血浆FFA升高了2倍(P<0.01),GIR下降27%(P<0.05),脂肪乳输注5 h GIR降低了52%(P<0.01),7 h GIR降低56%(P<0.01),输注48 h脂肪乳GIR降低58%(P<0.01),5 h组、7 h组及48 h脂肪乳输注组间GIR差异没有统计学意义.结论 大鼠输注脂肪乳使FFA浓度达到基础值的3倍左右,可复制出脂毒性胰岛素抵抗的模型,而且胰岛素抵抗达到一定程度后保持恒定.     

水杨酸钠改善大鼠胰岛素抵抗的实验研究

目的 探讨水杨酸钠对大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响及作用机制.方法 分别给大鼠静脉输注脂肪乳+肝素、脂肪乳+肝素+水杨酸钠和生理盐水7 h,并在输注的最后2 h,行清醒状态高胰岛素-正血糖钳夹试验,测定血浆葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、胰岛素、C-肤和丙二醛(MDA)水平,检测肝脏、肌肉和胰腺中MDA含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性.结果 脂肪乳输注组葡萄糖输注率(GIK)是生理盐水输注组的45%,输注水杨酸钠可使GIR提高1.3倍(P＜0.01).与生理盐水输注组比较,脂肪乳榆注组血浆、肝脏、肌肉和胰腺中MDA水平增加了2～4倍(P＜0.01);肝脏、肌肉和胰腺GSH-PX活性降低45%～50%(P＜0.01).水杨酸钠输注使MDA水平较脂肪乳输注组降低了62%～66%(P＜0.01),GSH-PX活性升高35%～38%(P＜0.05).结论 FFA增高引起机体氧化应激增强,可能是导致胰岛素抵抗发生的机制之一,应用水杨酸钠,大鼠氧化应激减弱,胰岛素抵抗改善,抗炎药物水杨酸钠可能通过降低氧化应激途径而发挥改善胰岛素抵抗及保护胰岛B细胞功能的作用.     

水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素受体底物-1的影响

目的 探讨抗炎药水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响及其作用机制.方法 分别给大鼠静脉输注脂肪乳+肝素,脂肪乳+肝素+水杨酸钠和生理盐水7 h,并在输注的最后2 h,行清醒状态高胰岛素-正血糖钳夹试验,测定血浆葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、胰岛素和C-肽水平,检测肝脏、肌肉中胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)及307位丝氨酸磷酸化的IRS-1表达.结果 输注脂肪乳大鼠葡萄糖输注率(GIR)是输注生理盐水大鼠的45%,水杨酸钠可使GIR提高1.3倍(P<0.01).脂肪乳输注组大鼠肝脏及肌肉中307位丝氨酸磷酸化的IRS-1分别为生理盐水输注组大鼠的3倍和3.8倍(P<0.001),输注水杨酸钠,肝脏、肌肉307位丝氨酸磷酸化的IRS-1下降45%、20%(P<0.05).结论 FFA增高引起肝脏及肌肉中307位丝氨酸磷酸化的IRS.1水平增高.可能是导致胰岛素抵抗发生的机制之一,应用水杨酸钠,大鼠肝脏及肌肉组织中IRS.1丝氨酸磷酸化水平下降,胰岛素抵抗改善.抗炎药物水杨酸钠可能通过抑制FFA引起的IRS-1丝氨酸磷酸化,而发挥改善胰岛素抵抗的作用.     

Exenatide对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素敏感性及脂联素、瘦素水平的影响

目的探讨Exenatide对高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)大鼠胰岛素敏感性及血浆脂联素、瘦素水平的影响。方法将69只清洁级健康雄性(SD)大鼠分为对照组(NC组,n=22),高脂组(HF组,n=23),Exenatide治疗组(HE组,n=24)。高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠给予Exenatide10周后,采用扩展胰岛素钳夹技术测定机体胰岛素敏感性和糖脂代谢,并观察血浆脂联素、瘦素水平的变化。结果高脂诱导IR大鼠经Exenatide处理(HE组)后,Lee's指数、空腹血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇酯(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)明显降低(P<0.01),高密度脂蛋白(HDL)明显升高(P<0.01)。同时,HE组血浆脂联素水平明显升高(P<0.01),瘦素水平明显降低(P<0.01)。在钳夹稳态时,高脂组(HF)与对照组(NC)相比,血浆FFA、胰岛素(INS)水平均明显升高(P<0.01),葡萄糖输注率(GIR)、葡萄糖清除率(GRd)明显降低(P<0.01),且胰岛素对肝糖输出(HGP)的抑制作用明显障碍(仅抑制16%)。经Exenatide处理后,血...     

非诺贝特对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肌肉过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α基因表达的影响

目的 观察非诺贝特干预对高游离脂肪酸(FFA)所致胰岛素抵抗大鼠肌肉组织过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α(PGC-1α)基因表达的影响.方法 将8周龄体重300 g左右雄性SD大鼠分为3组,即正常对照组(10只)、脂肪乳输注组(FFA,10只)及非诺贝特+脂肪乳输注组(F-FFA,10只).3组大鼠在空腹8～10 h后给予颈静脉插管,其中对照组以1 ml/h的速度输注生理盐水6 h,FFA组以1 ml/h的速度输注20%脂肪乳(加入40 U/ml肝素)6 h,F-FFA组为正常大鼠以非诺贝特(100 mg·kg-1·d-1)管喂14 d后继以1 ml/h的速度输注20%脂肪乳(加入40U/ml肝素)6 h,在输注4 h后开始做正常血糖高胰岛素钳夹试验,以葡萄糖输注率(GIR)评价胰岛素敏感性.试验结束后,取骨骼肌肌肉组织,待提取总RNA,行实时定量PCR检测PGC-1α基因的表达.结果 (1)输注脂肪乳6 h后,FFA组血FFA、胰岛素水平较对照组明显增高,F-FFA组血FFA、胰岛素水平较FFA组明显下降[FFA:对照组0.46(0.08～0.72)mmol/L,FFA组1.45(0.87～1.70)mmol/L,F-FFA组0.54(0.06～0.84)mmol/L,均P＜0.01;胰岛素:对照组(6.56±0.78)μIU/ml,FFA组(10.54±0.86)μIU/ml,F-FFA组(6.69±0.84)μIU/ml,均P＜0.01].(2)FFA组GIR较对照组下降约55.6%,存在明显的胰岛素抵抗,非诺贝特干预逆转了约110%[对照组(25.13±2.10)mg·kg-1·min-1,FFA组(10.16±0.75)mg·kg-1·min-1,F-FFA组(21.72±2.89)mg·kg-1·min-1,均P＜0.01].(3)FFA组肌肉组织PGC-1α基因表达较对照组减少约71%,非诺贝特干预后肌肉PGC-1αmRNA表达较FFA组增加约1.50倍(P＜0.01).结论 (1)升高循环中的游离脂肪酸水平可以导致胰岛素抵抗并影响肌肉组织PGC-1α基因的表达.(2)非诺贝特可以改善胰岛素抵抗及PGC-1α基因表达.     

6,6-D2葡萄糖和3-3H标记葡萄糖作为示踪剂应用于葡萄糖钳夹术的比较

目的比较扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹技术中两种示踪剂6,6-D2葡萄糖和3-3H标记葡萄糖在评估糖代谢方面是否存在差异.方法将20只正常大鼠随机分为两组,分别运用6,6-D2葡萄糖和3-3H标记葡萄糖作为示踪剂进行扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹技术研究,观测胰岛素介导的外源性葡萄糖输注率(GIR)、葡萄糖利用率(GRd)及肝糖输出率(HGP)是否存在差异.结果扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹实验中,两组大鼠的血糖、血浆胰岛素及游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平无明显差异,糖代谢指标GIR GRd,HGP亦无明显差异.结论葡萄糖钳夹技术中两种示踪剂在评估糖代谢方面效果一致,但6,6-D2葡萄糖具有无放射性污染的优点.     

胰岛素信号通路在高游离脂肪酸所致的β细胞功能紊乱中的作用及机制

目的:观察血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平升高对β细胞胰岛素分泌功能的影响,探讨β细胞胰岛素信号通路在其中所起的作用及其机制. 方法: 将8周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为脂肪乳输注组(FFA组,13只)和生理盐水输注组(NS组,12只).分别输注48 h,检测以下指标:(1)采血检测胰岛素, FFA水平;(2)正常血糖高胰岛素钳夹实验,评价外周组织胰岛素抵抗程度;(3)静脉葡萄糖耐量实验,评价活体胰岛β细胞分泌功能;(4)胰岛细胞表面灌注实验,评价离体胰岛β细胞动态分泌功能;(5)采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测肌肉中胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)、胰岛素受体底物-2(IRS-2)mRNA表达的变化;(6)用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测胰岛细胞IRS-1,IRS-2和葡萄糖转运子-2(Glut-2)mRNA表达的变化.结果:(1)FFA组血中胰岛素水平比NS组增高[(24.44±1.25) mIU/L vs (18.09±1.37) mIU/L,P＜0.05],FFA水平也显著高于NS组[(1.39±0.18) mmol/L vs (0.64±0.10) mmol/L,P＜0.001];(2)FFA刺激后,离体和活体的胰岛β细胞分泌功能均增强;(3)FFA组葡萄糖输注率(GIR)较NS组明显降低(P＜0.05),提示存在明显的外周胰岛素抵抗;(4)FFA组肌肉IRS-1 mRNA表达比NS组降低87.7%,IRS-2表达降低50.7%(P＜0.05);(5) FFA组胰岛细胞IRS-1 mRNA表达增加29.3%(P＜0.05),IRS-2及Glut-2分别增加345.1%和536.4%(P＜0.01).结论:血浆FFA水平短期升高,造成外周胰岛素抵抗的同时,对β细胞胰岛素分泌有刺激作用,此时胰岛细胞胰岛素信号通路分子基因表达增加.     

高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠糖代谢及血抵抗素、脂联素水平的变化

目的 探讨高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠糖代谢及抵抗素、脂联素水平的变化。方法 采用大鼠扩展胰岛素钳夹和3-^3H标记葡萄糖示踪技术，估计高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗（IR）大鼠肝糖及外周组织糖代谢的变化，同时采用酶免法检测血浆抵抗素及脂联素水平。结果 高脂喂养组（HF组）大鼠基础血浆游离脂肪酸（FFA）水平明显增高。钳夹稳态时，HF组血浆胰岛素水平明显高于N组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），FFA也明显高于N组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。HF组葡萄糖输注率（GIR）较N组减少38％，胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用率（GRd）较N组亦明显减少21％。N组大鼠肝糖输出（HGP）明显抑制达71％，而在HF组胰岛素介导的HGP的抑制作用受到明显障碍（仅抑制30％）。钳夹结束时，N组血浆抵抗素水平与基础值相比明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而HF组明显高于N组（P〈0.05）。两组血浆脂联素水平在钳夹后均明显下降差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 高脂饮食诱导大鼠产生了外周和肝脏的IR。IR的形成可能与血浆FFA升高和在高胰岛素状态下较高的血浆抵抗素水平有关。     

水杨酸钠对大鼠脂肪组织炎症因子表达的影响

目的:探讨水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响及作用机制。方法:分别给大鼠静脉输注脂肪乳,脂肪乳+水杨酸钠和生理盐水7h,并在输注的最后2h,行清醒状态高胰岛素-正血糖钳夹试验,检测脂肪组织中NF-κB及IL-6、TNF-α、SOCS-3、脂联素mRNA的表达。结果:脂肪乳组大鼠脂肪细胞核中NF-κB表达量是生理盐水组2倍,水杨酸钠组NF-κB的表达较脂肪乳组下降35%。脂肪乳组IL-6、TNF-α及SOCS-3 mRNA表达较盐水组升高,输注水杨酸钠炎症因子表达降低。结论:水杨酸钠在脂肪组织内可以抑制NF-κB活化,进而降低炎症因子在脂肪组织蓄积,发挥改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.