Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Presenting with Seizure due to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage after Spinal Surgery

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage may commonly occur during spinal surgeries and it may cause dural tears. These tears may result in hemorrhage in the entire compartments of the brain. Most common site of such hemorrhages are the veins in the cerebellar region. We report a case of hemorrhage, mimicking aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a cerebrospinal fluid leakage following lumbar spinal surgery and discuss the possible mechanisms of action.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑脊液中一氧化氮浓度的动态变化

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血后脑脊液中一氧化氮浓度的动态变化及其与脑血管痉挛的关系。方法采集57例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者脑脊液标本(采集时间为入院后即刻,出血后第3、5、7、10、14天),采用镉粒还原法检测脑脊液中NO浓度。结果出血后第3天脑脊液中NO浓度即有明显降低(P<0.05),在出血后第7～10天达到最低(P<0.01),而后逐渐升高。症状性脑血管痉挛患者NO浓度明显低于未痉挛者及无症状的脑血管痉挛患者。结论症状性脑血管痉挛的发生与脑脊液中NO浓度降低有一定相关性。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛与脑脊液免疫球蛋白的关系

检测４１例蛛网膜下腔出血病人脑脊液中免疫球蛋白Ｇ的含量，其中２２例为蛛网膜下腔出血后伴脑血管痉挛患者，其脑脊液中免疫球蛋白Ｇ含量为８３．０４±３１．７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，１９例不伴脑血管痉挛病人，脑脊液中免疫球蛋白Ｇ含最为：３０．７９±２２．１３ｍｇ／Ｌ；脑血管痉挛组脑脊液中免疫球蛋白Ｇ含量明显高于非脑血管痉挛组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛有免疫反应的存在。     

腰池脑脊液闭式引流与置换治疗重度蛛网膜下腔出血

目的评价腰池置管脑脊液闭式引流与置换技术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床价值,规范其操作方法。方法采用腰池置管脑脊液闭式引流与置换技术治疗外伤性、原发性或继发性SAH患者38例,常规内科治疗的38例SAH患者作为对照。结果治疗组患者头痛和颈项强直持续时间、昏迷时间较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05),且死亡率亦明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。无脑疝、脑积水、迟发性颅内血肿等并发症。结论腰池置管脑脊液闭式引流与置换技术简单实用、安全,疗效好,有临床推广价值。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑脊液和血清中S—100B蛋白含量变化的实验研究

目的研究蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后脑脊液和血清中S-100B蛋白含量的动态变化及意义。方法将15只雄性新西兰白兔采用完全随机分组方法平均分为3组：①对照组;②小量注血组（0．4ml／kg）;③大量注血组（1．0ml／kg）。采用枕大池一次注血法建立兔SAH模型。分别收集注血后1、2、3、5、7天脑脊液和血清标本,用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测其中S-100B的含量。另将15只雄性新西兰白兔按上述方法分组,于注血后2d采用灌注固定法处死动物,采用原位细胞凋亡检测法（TUNEL）检测颞叶皮层细胞凋亡情况。结果对照组脑脊液和血清中S-100B蛋白无明显变化。小量注血组注血后第1天脑脊液中S-100B蛋白含量增高,第3天后下降至正常,而血清中无明显变化。大量注血组脑脊液和血清中S-100B蛋白明显升高,但两者变化不平行。大剂量注血组颞叶皮层细胞凋亡率高于小剂量注血组（P〈0．05）,两者均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论在SAH后早期动态检测脑脊液和血清中S-100B蛋白含量变化能反映脑损伤的程度。     

Pupillary Reactivity Upon Hospital Admission Predicts Long-term Outcome in Poor Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients

Background  Historically, the prognosis for poor grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients has been considered dismal. As a result, many hospitals have chosen conservative management over aggressive therapy. This guarded approach, however, is based on studies that do not take into account newer, more effective, management protocols and more recent long-term evidence that significant neurological recovery occurs in the months to years following discharge. More accurate and predictive methods are needed to decide when aggressive therapy is warranted. Methods  Two hundred and twenty-six grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients of grades IV and V were admitted to Columbia University Medical Center and enrolled in our study. Demographics, clinical information (e.g. pupillary reactivity on admission), and treatment course (operative versus non-operative) were recorded. Rankin scores at 14 days, 3 months, and 1 year were also recorded. A favorable Rankin score was defined as 0–3. Unfavorable was defined as 4–6. Results  Among all poor grade patients who received operative therapy, pupillary reactivity at admission was not predictive of a favorable Rankin score at day 14 (odds ratio = 3.3, P = 0.129). Pupillary reactivity, however, was predictive of Rankin score at 3 months (odds ratio = 4.57, P = 0.05) and 12 months (odds ratio = 6.44, P = 0.008). After constructing a Kaplan–Meiers survival curve, pupillary reactivity was a better predictor of survival at 12 months than H&H grade [Hazard ratio 3.342 (1.596–7.000) P = 0.001 versus 1.964 (1.016–3.798) P = 0.045]. Conclusions  This study demonstrates that significant recovery occurs in the weeks to months after poor grade aSAH. Pupillary reactivity on admission can be used as a predictor of survival and recovery at intermediate and long-term time points, more so than Hunt and Hess grade.     

Metaanalysis of Tirilazad Mesylate in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background  Tirilazad is a non-glucocorticoid, 21-aminosteriod that inhibits lipid peroxidation. It had neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic stroke and reduced angiographic vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Five randomized clinical trials of tirilazad were conducted in patients with SAH. We performed a meta-analysis of these trials to assess the effect of tirilazad on unfavorable outcome, symptomatic vasospasm, and cerebral infarction after SAH. Methods  Data from 3,797 patients were analyzed and modeled using random effect and Mantel-Haenszel meta-analyses and multivariable logistic regression to determine the effect of tirilazad on clinical outcome, symptomatic vasospasm, and cerebral infarction. Clinical outcome was assessed 3 months after SAH using the Glasgow outcome scale, and symptomatic vasospasm was defined by clinical criteria with laboratory and radiological exclusion of other causes of neurological deterioration. Results  The five trials were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled. Tirilazad did not significantly decrease unfavorable clinical outcome on the GOS (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89–1.20) or cerebral infarction (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89–1.22). There was a significant reduction in symptomatic vasospasm in patients treated with tirilazad (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69–0.93). There was no heterogeneity across the five trials. Conclusion  Tirilazad had no effect on clinical outcome but did decrease symptomatic vasospasm in five trials of aneurysmal SAH. The dissociation between clinical outcome and symptomatic vasospasm deserves further investigation.     

远隔缺血适应干预对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨远隔缺血适应（remote ischemic conditioning,RIC）对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者凝血功能的影响。      

不同浓度氧合血红蛋白对大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛的影响

目的 观察不同浓度氧合血红蛋白对大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后迟发性脑血管痉挛(delayed cerebral vasospasm,DCV)的影响.方法 将24只大鼠分为三组,对照组(8例)、动脉血SAH组(8例)、静脉血SAH组(8例),分别用枕大池二次注血法将0.3...     

The Effectiveness of Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage to Reduce the Cerebral Vasospasm after Surgical Clipping for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

ObjectiveRemoval of blood from subarachnoid space with a lumbar drainage (LD) may decrease development of cerebral vasospasm. We evaluated the effectiveness of a LD for a clinical vasospasm and outcomes after clipping of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).MethodsBetween July 2008 and July 2013, 234 patients were included in this study. The LD group consisted of 126 patients, 108 patients in the non LD group. We investigated outcomes as follow : 1) clinical vasospasm, 2) angioplasty, 3) cerebral infarction, 4) Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score at discharge, 5) GOS score at 6-month follow-up, and 6) mortality.ResultsClinical vasospasm occurred in 19% of the LD group and 42% of the non LD group (p<0.001). Angioplasty was performed in 17% of the LD group and 38% of the non LD group (p=0.001). Cerebral infarctions were detected in 29% and 54% of each group respectively (p<0.001). The proportion of GOS score 5 at 6 month follow-up in the LD group was 69%, and it was 58% in the non LD group (p=0.001). Mortality rate showed 5% and 10% in each group respectively. But, there was no difference in shunt between the two groups.ConclusionLD after aneurysmal SAH shows marked reduction of clinical vasospasm and need for angioplasty. With this technique we have shown favorable GOS score at 6 month follow-up.     

蛛网膜下腔出血住院患者的预后影响因素研究

目的分析蛛网膜下腔出血住院患者的预后影响因素,筛选可干预因素。方法回顾性分析142例蛛网膜下腔出血住院患者,按出院时生活自理能力分为良好预后、不良预后两组,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果再出血(OR9.16,95%CI2.66～31.55,P<0.01)、血压控制情况(OR4.59,95%CI1.66～12.68,P<0.01)、Hunt-Hess分级(OR3.94,95%CI2.30～6.74,P<0.01)、平均大便间隔天数(OR1.66,95%CI1.19～2.31,P<0.01)是提示不良预后的因素。结论在蛛网膜下腔出血住院患者中,积极控制血压、保持大便通畅、预防再出血与蛛网膜下腔出血的良好预后有关。     

蛛网膜下腔出血相关性肺炎发生的危险因素分析及对住院结局的影响

目的 分析蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）相关性肺炎发生的危险因素及其对住院 结局的影响。 方法 回顾性纳入2015年5月-2018年11月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院收治的SAH患者,根据住 院期间是否发生肺炎分为肺炎组、非肺炎组,比较两组患者临床资料的差异。采用多因素Logistic回归 模型,分析发生肺炎的危险因素,以及发生肺炎对SAH患者院内死亡、住院天数、住院总费用的影响。 结果 共纳入457例SAH患者,平均年龄54.3±11.2岁,男性219例（47.9%）,发生肺炎76例（16.6%）。 男性（OR 2.31,95%CI 1.17～4.58,P =0.016）、吞咽障碍（OR 6.06,95%CI 1.09～33.70,P =0.039）及 Barthel指数0～20分（OR 15.58,95%CI 4.17～58.23,P＜0.001）是SAH患者发生肺炎的独立危险因素; 发生肺炎与院内死亡风险、住院天数和住院总费用增加无关。 结论 男性、吞咽障碍、Barthel指数0～20分是SAH患者发生肺炎的独立危险因素。发生肺炎与院内 死亡风险、住院天数和住院总费用增加无关。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性脑血管痉挛发病机制探讨

目的 为探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血导致症状性脑血管痉挛的原因、发病机制及治疗原则。方法 对46例因动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血出现症状性脑血管痉挛的病人进行CT、血中凝血因子以及MRA检查，对病人应用扩血管药物的同时，并进行稀释血液和扩容治疗。结果4 6例病人中28例经综合治疗后脑缺血症状完全消失，12例病人不全恢复，6例病人恢复不满意。结论 症状性脑血管痉挛的发生不仅仅是脑血管痉挛加重的结果，病人凝血机制异常即处于高凝状态也是其发病的重要原因。     

血管内穿线法制作大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型

目的 建立一种不开颅的大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型。方法 从大鼠颈内动脉颈段穿入尼龙线至颅内,分别观察尼龙线入颅部位、颅内有无蛛网膜下腔出血并行病理切片检查。结果 实验组有明显的蛛网膜下腔出血形成。结论 血管内穿线法可以制作确切的大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型,特别适用于蛛网膜下腔出血急性期脑细胞损害的研究。     

持续腰大池引流对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者早期康复的影响

目的探讨早期行持续性腰大池引流术对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）患者康复治疗效果。方法符合纳入标准的51例tSAH患者按随机数字表分为观察组（22例）与对照组（29例）,两组均给予常规康复治疗,观察组并给予常规腰大池置管引流,置管3-5d。入组时及术后2d分别评定两组患者头痛的程度、脑膜刺激征、脑脊液红细胞计数（CSF—RBC）,并在入组时及术后1个月按功能综合评定量表（FCA）评定患者的综合功能,比较两组症状、体征、CSF—RBC及FCA评分改善程度,分析FCA评分改善程度与CSF—RBC的相关性。结果观察组2d内反映头痛程度的视觉模拟评分及反映脑膜刺激征的胸颌距明显减少,CSF—RBC明显下降,2日下降（59±25）％,1个月内FCA总分明显增加,上述指标均高于对照组（P〈O．05）;观察组FCA评分与CSF—RBC呈明显负相关（P〈0．01）。结论行持续性腰大池引流术有助于tSAH患者早期综合功能的康复。     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的多因素分析

目的探讨影响颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析本院2007年1月至12月收治的119例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,井进行Logistic多元回归分析。结果动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的年龄、Fisher分级和Hunt—Hess分级与预后具有显著相关性（P〈0．01）,其OR值分别是0．921、0．153和0．228,其95％可信区间分别是（0．864-0．981）、（0．063-0．374）和（0．116-0．449）。结论动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的年龄、Fisher分级和Hunt—Hess分级是影响患者预后的危险因素,且随着年龄的增长,Fisher分级和Hunt—Hess分级的增加,患者的预后明显愈差。     

Brain Injuries during Intraoperative Ventriculostomy in the Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients

Objective

Intraoperative ventriculostomy is widely adopted to make the slack brain. However, there are few reports about hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after ventriculostomy. We tried to analyze and investigate the incidence of these complications in a consecutive series of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

From September 2006 to June 2007, 43 patients underwent surgical clipping for aneurysmal SAH at our hospital. Among 43 patients, we investigated hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after intraoperative ventriculostomy using postoperative computed tomographic scan in 26 patients. After standard pterional craniotomy, ventriculostomy catheter was inserted perpendicular to the cortical surface along the bisectional imaginary line from Paine''s point.

Results

Hemorrhagic injuries were detected in 12 of 26 patients (46.2%). Mean systolic blood pressure during anesthesia was with in statistically significant parameter related to hemorrhage (p = 0.006). On the other hand, parenchymal injuries were detected in 11 of 26 patients (42.3%). Female and the amount of infused mannitol during anesthesia showed statistically significant parameters related to parenchymal injury (p = 0.005, 0.04, respectively). However, there were no ventriculostomy-related severe complications.

Conclusion

In our series, hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after intraoperative ventriculostomy occurred more commonly than previously reported series in aneurysmal SAH patients. Although the clinical outcomes of complications are generally favorable, neurosurgeon must keep in mind the frequent occurrence of brain injury after intraoperative ventriculostomy in the acute stage of aneurysmal SAH.     

以蛛网膜下腔出血为主要表现的儿童病例回顾性分析

目的 回顾性分析儿童蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）的病因、临床特点、影像学表现及治疗。方法 对2003年1月至2011年6月在北京天坛医院儿科就诊的18例SAH患者病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果 18例患者中,男10例,女8例。发病年龄1～18岁,平均年龄（11.33±5.20）岁。病因中外伤（走路时摔倒或坠床）4例（22.2%）,动静脉畸形3例（16.7%）,动脉瘤2例（11.1%）,高血压及低纤维蛋白原血症各1例,7例（38.9%）未找到明确病因。16例表现为头痛（88.9%）,伴意识障碍者5例（27.8%）,伴抽搐发作、失语或构音障碍、肌力下降者各4例。所有患者均经计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）或磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）证实SAH。结论 SAH可发生于儿童各个年龄段,头痛及意识障碍为最常见的临床表现。本研究中头部外伤和动静脉畸形是主要病因。     

Calpeptin Reduces Neurobehavioral Deficits and Neuronal Apoptosis Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Background

Inhibition of calpain activity provides neuroprotection in multiple central nervous system injury, but the role and mechanism of calpain in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain unclear. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of inhibition of calpain on neurological deficit and neuronal apoptosis following experimental SAH.

蛛网膜下腔出血患者并发下肢深静脉血栓的危险因素分析

目的 分析蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者并发下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的危险因素,为DVT的预防和治疗提供临床指导.方法 连续收集2017年5-12月于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科收治的SAH患者的临床资料,根据患者住院期...