Inhibitory effect of ketamine on lighting amygdala of rats

IN T R O D U C T IO N There are m any kinds of epilepsies and pathogeneses are various. Previous researchers proved thatN -m ethyl-D -aspartic acid (N M D A ) receptor w as closely related to epileptic attack[1]. N ow adays, anim al experim ents are still…     

Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive functions

Sleep deprivation （SD） is a common condition that afflicts many people in modem life. Deficits in daytime perfor- mance due to SD are experienced universally. Recent evidence indicates that SD causes impairments in cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms that SD impairs cognitive functions are not clear. This review will focus on the behavioral and neural effects of SD with the aim to elucidate the possible mechanisms of SD-induced deterioration in cognitive functions and to identify directions for future research.     

Supervisors’ reports of the effects of supervisor self-disclosure on supervisees

Abstract

Using consensual qualitative research, researchers interviewed 16 supervisors regarding their use of self-disclosure in supervision. Supervisors reported that their prior training in supervisor self-disclosure (SRSD) came via didactic sources and encouraged judicious use of SRSD. Supervisors used SRSD to enhance supervisee development and normalize their experiences; supervisors did not use SRSD when it derailed supervision or was developmentally inappropriate for supervisees. In describing specific examples of the intervention, SRSD occurred in good supervision relationships, was stimulated by supervisees struggling, was intended to teach or normalize, and focused on supervisors’ reactions to their own or their supervisees’ clients. SRSD yielded largely positive effects on supervisors, supervisees, the supervision relationship, and supervisors’ supervision of others.     

Impact of Psychiatrists’ Qualifications on the Rate of Compulsory Admissions

Despite efforts to reduce coercion in psychiatry, involuntary hospitalizations remain frequent, representing more than half of all admissions in some European regions. Since October 2006, only certified psychiatrists are authorized to require a compulsory admission to our facility, while before all physicians were, including residents. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of this change of procedure on the proportion compulsory admissions. All medical records of patients admitted respectively 4 months before and 4 month after the implementation of the procedure were retrospectively analyzed. This search retrieved a total of 2,227 hospitalizations for 1,584 patients. The overall proportions of compulsory and voluntary admissions were 63.9 % and 36.1 % respectively. The average length of stay was 32 days (SD ± 64.4). During the study period, 25 % of patients experienced two hospitalizations or more. The most frequent patients’ diagnoses were affective disorders (30 %), psychotic disorders (18.4 %) and substance abuse disorders (15.7 %). Compared with the period before October 2006, patients hospitalized from October 2006 up were less likely to be hospitalized on a compulsory basis (OR = 0.745, 95 % CI: 0.596–0.930). Factors associated with involuntary admission were young age (20 years or less), female gender, a diagnosis of psychotic disorder and being hospitalized for the first time. Our results strongly suggest that limiting the right to require compulsory admissions to fully certified psychiatrists can reduce the rate of compulsory versus voluntary admissions.     

Present status of studies on diffuse axonal injury

OBJECTIVE: To explain the present status of study on diffuse axonal injury, investigate its pathogenesis and pathophysiological changes, and suggest principles for the diagnosis and treatment. DATA SOURCES: Articles about diffuse axonal injury published in English from January 1994 to October 2006 were searched in Pubmed database using the of "diffuse axonal injury, pathogenesis, therapy". STUDY SELECTION: The collected articles were primarily screened to select those associated with diffuse axonal injury, the obviously irrelated articles were excluded, and the rest ones were retrieved manually, and the full-texts were searched. DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 98 articles were collected, 41 of them were involved, and the other 57 were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: Diffuse axonal injury is mainly caused by acceleratory or deceleratory injury, and its pathophysiological change is a progressive duration, local axonal injury finally develops to axonal breakage, mainly includes inactivation of natrium channel, intracellular Ca2 overloading, activation of calcium protease, caspase, etc., and mitochondrial injury. At present, there is still lack of effective therapeutic methods for diffuse axonal injury, so we should actively explore more effective methods to relieve the pain of patients and improve their prognosis. CONCLUSION: At present, diffuse axonal injury has not attracted enough attentions in China, the mechanisms for its diagnosis and attack are still unclear, and the treatments are mainly aiming at the symptoms.     

Effect of epidermal growth factor on the migration of neural stem cells

INTRODUCTION Since neural stem cells (NSCs) are separated from corpus striatum of adult rats in 1992 [1], researches on NSCs become a hot topic all over the world because they are characterized by excellent superiority and complete cure on treating geneti…     

Effect of long-term low dose of aspirin on severity of disease following onset of acute cerebral infarction

IN T R O D U C T IO N P revention is a very im portant m easure to reduce the incidence of cerebrovasculardisease. Aspirin is a w ell-accepted effective drug in prevention ofcerebrovasculardisease [1-3]. Although the prevention of ischem ic cerebrovascula…     

Influences of intranuclear inclusion on nuclear size – morphometric study on pontine neurons of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease cases

In looking for a possible influence of nuclear inclusions (NIs) on neurodegeneration in human brains, we quantified morphological features of pontine neurons of three unrelated cases of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) and five control cases. Cross-sectional area of each neuronal nucleus and the indices for its deformity (long axis/short axis and circularity index defined as deviation from the perfect circle) were measured on pontine sections and their relation to NIs was statistically analyzed. Cross-sectional area of neuronal nuclei harboring ubiquitin-immunopositive NIs was significantly larger (110.6+/-1.6 micro m(2), mean +/- SE), while that of nuclei not harboring NIs was smaller (77.8+/-1.5 micro m(2)) than that in controls (90.5+/-0.7 micro m(2)). This difference remained significant even when the cross-sectional area occupied by NIs was subtracted from that of the nucleus harboring the NI (97.4+/-1.5 micro m(2)). This could hardly be explained if nuclear shrinkage is accelerated in the presence of NI. On the contrary, NI formation in pontine neurons of NIID might be linked, either directly or indirectly, to a mechanism, which counteracts rather than accelerates nuclear shrinkage. Because nuclear deformity was apparent even in neurons with NIs, whose nuclei were significantly larger than controls, the nuclear deformity is not secondary to its shrinkage and represents another aspect of neurodegeneration independent of nuclear shrinkage. Association of NIs to neurons of larger nuclear size in NIID brain indicates that NIs are not necessarily toxic to neurons.     

Regulatory effect of substance P on hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis

BACKGROUND: Most of the studies about the regulation effect of substance P (SP) on reproductive axis involve female and few are about male. The effect of SP on the regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of SP on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone(T) in hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-testes cells. DESIGN: Controlled observation. SETTING: Department of Physiology and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Liaoning Medical University. MATERIALS: Ten healthy male SD rats, of common grade, weighing from 230 to 250 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Liaoning Medical University. SP (Sigma, USA); LH and T radioimmunoassay kit (Nuclear Medical Technology Center of Tianjin Radiology Medical College); γ-immunology counter (state-run 262 Plant);all-purpose refrigerated centrifuge (DLL-4A, Dachang Medical Instrument Factory, Jiangsu). METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Liaoning Medical College in January 1997. The SD rats were raised at room temperature. One week later, hypothalamus tissue and adenohypophysis were separated. Abdominal cavity was cut open to take out bilateral testicles. The tegument was removed. The 3 kinds of tissues were cultured by cell culture technology separately. The cells of hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-testes were perfused with100 mg/L SP as follows: hypothalamus-adenohypophysis (the first group); hypothalamus (SP)-adenohypophysis (the second group); hypothalamus-adenohypophysis (SP) (the third group); adenohypophysis-testes (the fourth group); adenohypophysis-testes(SP) (the fifth group). The content of LH in adenopituicyte culture fluid and T in testes culture fluid were measured with radioimmunoassay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SP was perfused into the culture fluid of hypothalamus-adenohypophysis, then the content of LH in the adenopituicyte culture fluid and T in the testes culture fluid were measured. RESULTS: All the experimental animals were involved in the result analysis. ① The content of LH in the adenopituicyte culture fluid of the second group was significantly higher than that of the first group (t =2.611 6),P < 0.01).②There was no significant difference in the content of LH in the adenopituicyte culture fluid between the third group and the first group (t =0.884 6),P > 0.05). ③ The content of T in the testes culture fluid of the fifth group was significantly lower than that of the fourth group (t =3.161 8,P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: ① SP at hypothalamus level can promote the secretion of GnRH, thus, the secretion of LH in the adenohypophysis culture fluid can be promoted. ② SP at adenohypophysis level has no influences on the secretion of LH. ③SP at testes level has direct inhibitory effect.     

Effects of COVID-19 Fear on Society’s Quality of Life

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction - The COVID-19 pandemic is an important factor affecting the health of people worldwide, as well as a source of fear, stress, and anxiety. The...     

Anthropological Notes on the Concept of Aggression†

Objective: Cognitive theories have proposed the idea of content specificity, which holds that emotional disorders are associated with unique sets of negative cognitions. The existent research exploring the content specificity related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression is sparse, and research is especially needed in veteran samples. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of PTSD symptom clusters and comorbid depressive symptoms with posttraumatic cognitions. Method: This study was cross-sectional in design, and the sample consisted of data from 150 male combat veterans with PTSD drawn from the baseline assessments of a large clinical trial. Analyses involved a series of separate and simultaneous linear regressions to examine the unique associations of comorbid depressive symptoms and PTSD symptom clusters with posttraumatic cognitions, as well as post hoc analyses to examine the mediational role of comorbid depressive symptoms. Results: Findings demonstrated that posttraumatic negative cognitions about the self and self-blame were most strongly associated with comorbid depressive symptoms and the depression-related PTSD numbing cluster. Comorbid depressive symptoms also partially mediated nearly all the relationships between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptom clusters. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that posttraumatic cognitions about the self and self-blame are not specific to PTSD but rather are more strongly related to symptoms of depression and negative affect. The results also suggest a potential pathway from posttraumatic cognitions to PTSD through the partially mediating influence of comorbid depression, and highlight the need to assess and treat comorbid depression in veterans with PTSD.     

The Impact of Dual-Cultural Membership on Identity†

The present study aimed to extend the literature on mental health disparities in underserved areas by investigating racial differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression in three cohorts of school children in the Southern United States. White and African American students attending elementary, middle, and high school (n = 3,146) were administered a multi-dimensional measure of anxiety and depression. Racial differences were examined using categorical, dimensional, and latent-variable analytic methods. Although effect sizes were small across all levels of analysis, the categorical and dimensional approaches produced different patterns of significant anxiety-related findings. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the dimensional findings were not due to racial differences in the measurement of anxiety. The results of the current investigation suggest that, among school children, race has modest effects on symptoms of anxiety, but not depression. Further, the differential findings observed across analytic approaches reinforce the importance of measurement and methodology when studying psychopathology in children and adolescents.     

Effects of subcutaneous implant of peripheral nerve allograft on the regeneration of defected sciatic nerve

IN T R O D U C T IO NPeripheralnerve regeneration m ainly depends on m icroenvironem nt, w hich is com posed ofS chw ann cells and extracellularm atrix.M ostof extracellular m atrix is synthesized and released by S chw ann cells [1]. Therefore, the determ…     

Effect of simulated dawn on quality of sleep – a community-based trial

Background  

Morning light exposure administered as simulated dawn looks a promising method to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder, but it may moreover help with resetting the inaccurate organisation of body clock functions relative to sleep occurring in winter among people in general. Disturbances in sleep patterns are common and may compromise wellbeing even in the short term. Our hypothesis was that simulated dawn could improve the subjective quality of sleep during winter.     

The effect of chronic administration of amitriptyline on the effects of subsequent electroconvulsive treatment on responsiveness of α1- and β-adrenoceptors in the rat cortical slices

Summary Both antidepressant drugs and repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) produce adaptive changes in cerebral neurotransmitter systems. As in the clinical practice ECS is used almost always after therapeutical failure of pharmacotherapy, we investigated presently how chronic administration of an antidepressant amitriptyline affects the action of subsequent multiple ECS in rats. Amitriptyline differed from ECS and from other classical antidepressant in producing no -downregulation and potentiating the inhibitory effect of protein kinase C activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), on responses of ₁-adrenoceptor system to nor adrenaline. The action of ECS on ₁-adrenoceptor system remained essentially unaffected by previous amitriptyline administration. Its downregulatory effect on responses of -adrenoceptor system to nor adrenaline, and particularly to isoproterenol, were attenuated by previous drug treatment. The present results suggest that previous chronic administration of antidepressant drugs may alter the effect of subsequent ECS.