自拟汤药联合思密达治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的临床疗效观察及对心肌酶谱的影响

目的观察自拟汤药联合思密达治疗儿童腹泻临床疗效,优化小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的治疗方案。方法将94例符合入组标准的轮状病毒性肠炎患儿按随机数字表分为观察组47例和对照组47例,对照组给予思密达治疗,观察组在对照组基础,再口服自拟止泻汤,7d为1个疗程,观察两组患者治疗前、治疗7d后症状改善程度,记录症状消失时间,空腹抽血检查肌酸磷酸激酶、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶,进行临床疗效评判并比较。结果①观察组和对照组的总有效率为89.36%比76.60%,差异具有统计学意义,χ2=7.998,P<0.05;②观察组和对照组退热时间、止泻时间、CK、CK-MB分别为(26.8±8.2)h vs(35.7±9.6)h,(4.6±1.6)d vs(5.9±2.2)d,(114.3±16.4)U/L vs(208.4±22.3)U/L,(15.46±2.33)U/L vs(20.74±3.35)U/L,差异具有统计学意义。结论自拟汤药联合思密达治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎临床疗效确切,能有效改善患者不适症状,缩短症状消失时间,缩短病程,且减轻心肌损害,是治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎或轮状病毒性肠炎并心肌损害的良好方法。     

微生态制剂联合思密达治疗新生儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效观察

目的探讨微生态制剂(培菲康)联合思密达治疗新生儿轮状病毒性肠炎的临床疗效。方法对90例新生儿轮状病毒性肠炎患儿随机分为3组,在液疗、纠酸等治疗基础上,A组加用培菲康治疗,B组加用思密达治疗,C组加用培菲康联合思密达治疗,比较三组临床疗效。结果A、B、C组的总有效率分别为63·33%、66·67%、93·33%,平均止泻时间分别为(75·21±3·28)h、(73·33±5·05)h、(57·51±5·72)h。无论总有效率或平均止泻时间,C组与A组或B组相比,差异均有显著性(P<0·05或<0·01)。结论微生态制剂(培菲康)联合思密达治疗新生儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效肯定,值得临床推广使用。     

炎琥宁治疗轮状病毒性肠炎疗效观察

目的探讨炎琥宁对婴幼儿轮状病毒(RV)肠炎的治疗作用。方法收集2003年9月-2005年5 月在我院儿科治疗的大便RV抗原检测阳性的腹泻婴幼儿98例,随机分为2组。对照组48例,用病毒唑10 mg/ (kg·d)静脉滴注;观察组50例,用炎琥宁10 mg/(kg·d)静脉滴注。结果对照组、观察组总有效率分别为79％、 94％,两组比较,有显著性差异(P<0．05);对照组热退时间(2．73±0．74)d,观察组热退时间(1．67±0．17)d,两组比较,有显著性差异(P<0．01)。结论炎琥宁治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎疗效显著。     

消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎疗效分析

目的:观察消旋卡多曲治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效。方法:103例患儿随机分为两组:治疗组53例在常规治疗的基础上加用消旋卡多曲颗粒5mg/(kg·d),对照组50例在常规治疗的基础上加用双歧杆菌冲剂20mg/(kg·d),治疗3d,观察两组疗效。结果:治疗组和对照组的疗效分别为90.6%、60.0%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.02,P<0.05)。结论:消旋卡多曲能有效的治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎。     

干扰素治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎120例

目的:观察干扰素治疗轮状病毒肠炎的疗效.方法:轮状病毒肠炎患儿250例,随机分为治疗组120例,给予干扰素50万U&#8226;d 1,im,3～5 d为1个疗程;对照组130例口服矽碳银、促菌生片.对两组疗效进行回顾性分析.结果:治疗组显效率80.8%,止泻时间(2.31±0.74) d;对照组显效率62.3%,止泻时间(3.74±2.41) d.两组比较,差异均有极显著性(P＜0.01).结论:干扰素治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎,能减少大便次数和水分,缩短病程.     

更昔洛韦治疗轮状病毒肠炎的临床观察

目的观察更昔洛韦治疗轮状病毒肠炎的临床疗效。方法选取轮状病毒肠炎患儿100例,随机分成治疗组和对照组各50例;对照组采用思密达治疗,治疗组采用思密达与更昔洛韦治疗,观察其有效率与止泻时间。结果治疗组有效率为90%,对照组有效率为60%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗组止泻时间与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论更昔洛韦对轮状病毒肠炎有较好的疗效。     

西咪替丁治疗轮状病毒性肠炎40例

目的：观察西咪替丁治疗轮状病毒性肠炎的临床疗效.方法：轮状病毒性肠炎患儿79例,随机分为两组,治疗组40例,给予西咪替丁10 mg&;#8226;kg 1&;#8226;d 1,加入10%葡萄糖注射液100 mL;对照组给予利巴韦林10 mg&;#8226;kg 1&;#8226;d 1,加入10%葡萄糖注射液100 mL,两组均静脉滴注,连用2或3 d.结果：治疗组有效率90.0%,平均止泻时间为(5.8±4.6) d.对照组有效率为38.5%.平均止泻时间为(8.8±4.3) d.两组有效率差异有极显著性(P＜0.01);治疗组平均止泻时间比对照组短(P＜0.05).结论：西咪替丁治疗轮状病毒性肠炎疗效较好,无明显副作用.     

穿琥宁与复方丹参注射液合用治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎

目的:观察穿琥宁和复方丹参注射液联合治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床疗效。方法:208例患儿随机分为对照组102例,常规给予利巴韦林治疗。治疗组106例给予穿琥宁15～20mg/(kg.d)和复方丹参注射液1ml/(kg.d)治疗。结果:对照组总有效率84.3%,治疗组总有效率94.3%,有显著差异(χ2=5.52,P<0.05);住院时间对照组4.58±1.16d,治疗组3.98±1.02d,两组有显著性差异(t=3.95,P<0.01),结论:穿琥宁和复方丹参注射液联合治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎有良好疗效。     

消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎临床观察

目的研究分析消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散(思密达)治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的临床治疗效果。方法小儿轮状病毒肠炎患儿80例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各40例。对照组患者采用口服思密达治疗,观察组采用消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗,对比观察两组患者的临床治疗效果、止泻时间以及不良反应发生率情况。结果观察组在治疗后的总有效率达到97.5%,显著高于对照组患者的80.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的止泻时间为(3.2±0.7)d,显著低于对照组患者的(4.9±1.3)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者出现1例不良反应,对照组没有出现不良反应。结论对于小儿轮状病毒性肠炎患者采用消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗的临床效果显著,且不良反应发生率低,值得临床广泛推广。     

更昔洛韦联合肠炎宁糖浆治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎

目的 观察更昔洛韦联合肠炎宁糖浆治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床疗效并探讨其作用机制.方法 100例轮状病毒肠炎患儿随机分为治疗组50例和对照组50例.两组均给予补液,维持水、电解质及酸碱平衡和口服思密达等综合治疗,对照组给予利巴韦林10～15mg/(kg*d)静脉滴注;治疗组给予更昔洛韦5mg/(kg.d)静脉滴注,同时加用肠炎宁糖浆口服,疗程5～7天.结果 治疗组的总有效率及平均疗程均明显优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 更昔洛韦联合肠炎宁糖浆治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎疗效显著,且安全可靠,值得临床推广应用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.