重症急性胰腺炎的治疗与预后临床分析

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的治疗方法与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析收治的164例SAP的临床特征、治疗方法、并发症、病死率等资料。结果非手术治疗54例;手术治疗110例,其中早期手术69例,延期手术41例。早期手术的并发症发生率和病死率分别为81.2%和30.4%,明显高于非手术及延期手术治疗患者。结论SAP治疗方法是影响疗效的重要因素,早期采用非手术为主的综合治疗能有效降低并发症发生率和病死率,但对有早期手术或延期手术指征的患者,应及时手术治疗。     

重症急性胰腺炎52例诊治探讨

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute percreatitis，SAP)的手术治疗时机。方法 对52例SAP手术治疗和非手术治疗患者回顾性分析，其中38例手术，14例非手术。早期手术26例，延期手术12例。结果 本组总病死率为23．1％(12／52)，其中早期手术组死亡5例(19．2％)，延期手术组死亡5例(41．7％)。非手术组死亡2例(14．3％)。结论 SAP应按个体化治疗原则，把握手术治疗时机，能有效降低病死率。     

重症急性胰腺炎治疗方式对预后的影响：附68例报告

为探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）手术时机与预后的关系，笔者回顾性分析16年间收治的68例SAP患者的临床资料，对手术时机的选择、并发症发生率、病死率和再手术率进行组间比较。结果示，早期手术组、延期手术组和非手术组的并发症发生率分别为73.3%，33.3%和26.0%；早期手术组与后两组比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05） 。病死率依次为33.3%，13.3%和13.0%；早期手术组明显高于后两组（P＜0.05） 。早期手术组再手术率为46.6%，延期手术组再手术率为16.6%（P＜0.01） 。SAP早期手术的效果较差，故在急性期应尽量避免手术，而尽可能采用非手术或延期手术治疗。     

148例重症急性胰腺炎的治疗结果分析

目的：分析重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的治疗方式与疗效的关系。方法：对1985年1月－2002年6月收治的148例SAP进行回顾性分析，结果：早期手术组，延期手术组和非手术治疗组的并发症发生率分别为82．4％，36．4％和31．9％，病死率有显著差异（P＜0．05），早期手术组和早期手术组再手术率分别为51．5％和15．2％，两组比较有非常显著差异（P＜0．01），结论：SAP的治疗方式是影响疗效的重要因素，应避免在急性反应期手术，而尽量采用非手术或延期手术治疗。     

重症急性胰腺炎68例治疗结果分析

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)手术时机与预后的关系。方法对我院1988年1月~2004年12月收治的68例SAP病人的手术时机选择与并发症发生率、病死率和再手术率进行回顾性分析。结果早期手术组、延期手术组和非手术组的并发症发生率分别为73.3%、33.3%、26.0%,早期手术组较后两组差异有显著意义(P<0.05);病死率分别为33.3%、13.3%、13.0%,早期手术组明显高于后两组(P<0.05);早期手术组再手术率为46.6%,而延期手术组为16.6%(P<0.01)。结论SAP应避免在急性期手术,而尽量采用非手术或延期手术治疗。     

重症胰腺炎手术指征和手术时机的探讨

目的 探讨重症且腺炎的手术指征和手术时机。方法 回顾性分析８２例重症胰腺炎的治疗情况,其中行非手术治疗１０例、早期手术４４例、延期手术２８例。结果 本组总并发症发生率为２４％、总病死率为１８％。非手术组１０例均痊愈,并发症发生率为１０％;早期手术组死亡５例,并发症经和病死率分别为１４％和１１％;延期手术组死亡１０例,并发症发生率和病死率分别为４６％和３６％,两组相比差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０.０１、Ｐ＜０.０５）。延期手术组中,无明显感染者其并发症发生率和病死率明显低于有严重感染及重要器官功能不全者（Ｐ＜０.０１、Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论 早期手术治疗对于一些重症胰腺炎患者仍然是必需的。胰腺坏死广泛者宜在发生严惩感染前进行手术。     

重症急性胰腺炎48例外科手术治疗体会

目的：探讨外科手术在SAP治疗中的作用。
方法：回顾性分析外科手术治疗的48例SAP的临床资料,比较早期手术者和延期手术者手术病死率和并发症发生率。
结果：早期手术者手术病死率为19.35%（6/31）,延期手术者手术病死率为0,两者差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;早期手术者并发症发生率为32.26%（10/31）,延期手术者并发症发生率为52.94%（9/17）,两者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。
结论：SAP早期手术的死亡,最主要的是来自于急性应激期的多器官功能损伤,而非手术本身的打击。外科手术虽是SAP综合治疗体系中重要的一环,但完善的围手术期综合处理,手术中的正确操作和有效引流、手术后重要脏器系统的维护等是SAP患者康复的关键。

     

急性重症胰腺炎围手术期并发症与预后临床分析

目的探讨急性重症胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis．SAP)各种围手术期并发症与预后的关系。方法通过对我院近10年间行了外科手术治疗的116例SAP回顾调查，分析SAP围手术期各种并发症的发生率及其与SAP预后的关系。结果治愈85例(73．28％)，死亡31例。病死率为26．72％；发生各种并发症232次，其中合并ARDS、胰性脑病、休克、腹腔出血和全身感染等并发症患者的病死率较高，分别为52％、40％、40．63％、66．67％和73．68。结论围手术期SAP并发症较多，严格掌握手术适应证特别重要；在各种并发症中ARDS、胰性脑病、休克、腹腔出血和感染等是死亡的主要原因。     

重症急性胰腺炎的中西医结合治疗

目的探讨中西医结合治疗重症急性胰腺炎（Severe acute pancreatitis，SAP）的疗效。方法对186例重症急性胰腺炎患者。其中早期手术治疗组84例，西医非手术治疗组41例，中西医结合非手术治疗组61例进行回顾性分析。并对其主要并发症、平均住院时间和病死率进行总结。结果中西医结合非手术治疗组的并发症发生率（19．7％）、平均住院时间为（22．5±8．3）d及病死率（8．2％）明显低于早期手术治疗组（P〈0．01）。中西医结合非手术治疗组的主要并发症、平均住院时间低于西医非手术治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论中西医结合非手术治疗能降低重症急性胰腺炎的并发症和提高治愈率．可作为SAP综合治疗的重要部分。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的手术时机与预后的关系

目的　探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎 (ANP)的手术时机与预后的关系。方法　对 6 5例ANP患者的手术时机选择与并发症发生率、病死率和再手术率进行回顾性统计分析。结果　早期手术组、延期手术组和非手术组的并发症的发生率分别 71% (10例 )、33% (11例 )、33 % (6例 )。早期手术组较后两组差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而病死率分别是 36 % (5例 )、9% (6例 )、15 % (3例 ) ,早期手术组明显高于后两组 (P <0 0 5 )。早期手术组再手术率为 93% ,而延期手术组再手术率为 18% (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　ANP的治疗选择是直接影响预后的重要因素 ,应根据ANP的自然病程 ,避免在急性期手术 ,而尽量采用“个体化”为原则的非手术或延期手术治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.