Acute renal failure in patients with malnutrition following mitral valve replacement

A retrospective study of 161 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with or without other valve surgery was undertaken to examine the relation between cardiac cachexia and postoperative acute renal failure. The preoperative nutritional state was assessed according to percent of the ideal body weight (W/IW). There were 37 malnourished patients (W/IW<0.80) and 124 normally nourished patients (W/IW>=0.80). In nineteen in the malnourished group (51 per cent) and 37 of normal-nourished (28 per cent), postoperative acute renal failure developed. Malnourished patients showed a severe clinical picture preoperatively a complicated operative procedures had to be carried out. To match these clinical factors between the two groups, the observation was limited to the high risk patients who showed severe New York Heart Association Functional Class (III or IV) large cardiothoracic ratio (more than 65 per cent), and long cardio-pulmonary bypass time (exceeding 120 minutes). Even in this subgroup, malnourished patients were susceptible to renal failure (64 per centVersus 20 per cent, malnourishedversus normalnourished repectively). Thus when malnutrition is superimposed on diminished cardiac performance, acute renal failure may ensure.     

头孢菌素类药物结晶致上尿路急性梗阻的治疗

目的探讨头孢菌素类药物结晶所致急性肾功能衰竭的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析17例头孢菌素类药物结晶致上尿路急性梗阻患者的临床资料，采用输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光击碎药物结晶并置入双“J”管。所有病例动态监测血肌酐（cr）和尿素氮（BuN）。结果15患者术后多尿期明显，血肌酐、尿素氮呈进行性下降趋势，术后3～7d所有患者血尿素氮、血肌酐基本恢复正常。结论早期正确诊断是治疗头孢菌素类药物结晶致上尿路急性梗阻的首要环节，及时行输尿管镜诊疗技术具有安全、有效、微创等优点。     

Results of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients at high risk for nodal metastases from prostate cancer

Background: Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy (LPLND) can be performed safely and with minimal morbidity in the staging of prostate cancer. Its utility in evaluating patients at high risk for metastatic disease before primarily nonsurgical treatment modalities was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-four consecutive patients who underwent LPLND between June 1993 and July 1996 were studied. These patients were considered poor surgical candidates based on several risk factors, as follows: elevation of serum PSA >20 in 19 patients (79%); elevation of serum acid phosphatase in 4 patients (17%); digital rectal examination findings indicative of extraprostatic extension or seminal vesical involvement in 14 patients (58%); and poorly differentiated tumors on prostate biopsy in 19 patients (79%). Nineteen patients (79%) had two or more of these risk factors. Median PSA for the entire series of patients was 35.2 ng/mL (range 7.9 to 133 ng/mL), and median Gleason score was 7 (range 5 to 9). Preoperative CT or MRI was negative for pelvic lymph node metastases in 17 of 23 patients (79%), and bone scan was negative in all 24 patients. Results: Unilateral (n=2) or bilateral (n=22) LPLND was performed in all patients. Six patients (25%) had lymph node metastases detected laparoscopically. Five of the six patients had palpable extraprostatic extension (T3a/b) or invasion of a seminal vesical (T3c), and in four of these patients the site of the metastatic lymph nodes was ipsilateral to the palpable prostate abnormality. None of the risk factors was independently predictive of lymph node metastases within this series of patients. An average of 10.8±6.5 lymph nodes was removed at a mean operative time of 174±10 minutes for patients undergoing bilateral LPLND. Estimated blood loss was minimal for 20 of 22 patients (92%) undergoing LPLND alone, and there were no complications requiring open exploration. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 1.2±0.5 days for patients undergoing LPLND alone. Conclusions: LPLND can be used efficiently to identify patients with nodal metastases from select high-risk patients. This, in turn, can exclude such patients from noncurative local and regional therapy. Presented at the 50th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Chicago, Illinois, March 20–23, 1997.     

输尿管镜处理急性肾后性肾功能衰竭(附14例报告)

目的　探讨输尿管镜处理急性肾后性肾功能衰竭的方法与疗效。方法　应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗结石引起的急 性肾后性肾功能衰竭14例。结果　本组除1例神经源性膀胱合并双侧输尿管扩张者氮质血症外,其余13例肾功能恢复正常, 无手术并发症。结论　对输尿管结石引起的急性肾后性肾功能衰竭,行输尿管镜治疗是一种微创、安全而又有效的治疗方法。     

Surgical treatment for recurrent pulmonary artery sarcoma

A 72-year-old woman with a history of surgical treatment for pulmonary artery sarcoma was admitted with a chief complaint of progressive dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and right cardiac catheterization demonstrated that the tumor had recurred in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with severe stenosis. Palliative resection of the tumor was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass to relieve the RVOT obstruction. The postsurgical quality of life of the patient improved. Postoperative right cardiac catheterization indicated hemodynamic improvement and no sign of stenosis around the RVOT. About 1 year postoperatively, she is in stable condition and has 5-year-survival from the initial operation.     

Incidence and management of the left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with atrioventricular septal defects

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESLeft ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is a recognized complication after complete repair of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). This study reviewed the incidence and management of LVOTO following AVSD repair at a single institution.METHODSFrom 1975 to 2019, 24 patients (3.3%, 24/730) underwent reoperation due to LVOTO following partial AVSD (pAVSD) and complete AVSD (cAVSD) repair. The data were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTSThe incidence of LVOTO following pAVSD and cAVSD repair was 4.4% (12/275) and 2.6% (12/455). Freedom from LVOTO reoperation following pAVSD and cAVSD repair at 25 years was 94.3% [95% confidence interval (CI); 89.7–96.7] and 95% (95% CI; 91.1–97.3). The median time from complete repair of pAVSD and cAVSD to LVOTO reoperation was 4.4 years [interquartile range (IQR): 3.4–6.7] and 2.6 years (IQR: 2.2–4.7). Freedom from second LVOTO reoperation at 5, 10 and 15 years was 83.7% (95% CI; 57.2–98.2), 59.2% (95% CI; 28.7, 80.3) and 39.5% (95% CI; 13.2–65.3). The median time between the first and the second LVOTO reoperation in the groups of pAVSD and cAVSD was 6.1 years (IQR: 3.4–8.9) and 8.6 years (IQR: 5.7–9.8). There was no significant difference regarding the first (P = 0.7406) and subsequent LVOTO (P = 0.7153) following complete repair of pAVSD and cAVSD. Combined access to the left ventricular outflow tract was not protective regarding LVOTO reoccurrence. Survival for both groups after LVOTO reoperation at 15 years was 95.6% (95% CI 99.4–72.9).CONCLUSIONSIncidence of LVOTO after AVSD repair is low but the reoccurrence rate is high. Standard subaortic resection does not always provide definitive LVOTO relief. The survival after LVOTO reoperation is excellent.     

Acute renal failure in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction following coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Pre-existing renal dysfunction predisposes to acute renal failure (ARF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. We assessed the incidence and impact of the development of ARF in this patient population in our unit. METHODS: One-hundred and six patients had a preoperative serum creatinine of >or=0.13 mmol/L and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in the year 2000. The incidence of ARF (as defined by a >or=50% rise in postoperative serum creatinine), hospitalization days, dialysis requirement, in-hospital and 1-year mortality, and potential risk factors for ARF were recorded. RESULTS: Of the patients recorded, 43/104 (41.35%) developed ARF following coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with ARF stayed in hospital longer (P < 0.02). Ten out of forty-three patients required some form of dialysis and the in-hospital mortality of the renal failure group was 23% compared to 3.1% in the other group (P < 0.002). One year postoperatively, the group with renal failure had significantly worse survival (71.8% vs 98%P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, pre-existing renal dysfunction predisposes to the development of ARF, this is associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality.     

Acute renal failure as a result of bilateral ureteral obstruction by Candida albicans fungus balls

A 73-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital for acute renal failure. An ultrasonogram revealed bilateral hydronephrosis, which worsened despite insertion of a bladder catheter. Nephrostomy catheters were positioned bilaterally, and Candida albicans was found in the urine culture. The patient was successfully treated with intermittent direct irrigation and i.v. antifungal agent therapy. Since 1977, approximately 50 cases of fungus balls or fungal bezoars in the urinary tract have been reported, but the majority of these cases have been characterized by unilateral ureteral or bladder involvement. Herein, we report a case of acute renal failure as a result of bilateral ureteral obstruction by Candida albicans fungus balls.     

Radiofrequency ablation for recurrent pelvic cancer

Objective Local recurrence of pelvic cancer is a therapeutic challenge. The purpose of the study was to evaluate radiofrequency ablation (RFA, intra‐operative or CT‐guided) for the treatment of pelvic recurrence in patients not eligible for curative surgical resection. Method Charts of all patients treated for pelvic recurrence by RFA between March 2004 and March 2005 were reviewed. Results Eight patients (two females) had RFA for inoperable local recurrence [rectal adenocarcinoma (six) and sarcoma (two)]. Surgical resection of the primary tumour had been performed at a median age of 50.2 (36.7–61.6) years. Recurrence occurred after a median of 49.5 (11.7–63.5) months. The mean size of the recurrence was 33.4 (20–45) mm. RFA was given on a median number of two occasions (1–3). Complications occurred in six patients including minor pain [pelvic (six); sciatic nerve irritation (four)]; ureteric obstruction requiring stenting (two) and colo‐vesical fistula (one), requiring ileal urinary diversion. After a median follow‐up of 18.2 months (11–32), six patients were still alive. Patients, who had experienced pain prior to RFA were pain‐free. Five patients showed evidence of further tumour growth but were asymptomatic. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option for recurrent pelvic cancer. It allows good symptom control in patients with pain but morbidity is high.     

Advanced renal pelvic carcinoma associated with dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is an uncommon in flammatory myopathy with characteristic cutaneous manifestations which is frequently linked to several cancers. A 42-year-old man presented with left flank pain with typical symptoms of dermatomyositis. Computed tomography showed a solid mass in the pelvis of the left kidney and lymphadenopathy in the retroperitoneum. Since the general condition of the patient rapidly deteriorated because of marked muscle weakness of the respiratory muscles, the patient initially underwent medical treatment with prednisolone. After the improvement of respiratory function, the patient underwent radical nephroureterectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. The pathological specimen showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, stage pT3N2. After surgery, the patient showed a marked improvement of clinical symptoms related to dermatomyositis. Twenty-two months later, multiple organ metastases occurred and the patient died of cancer. We should point out the significance of surgical and medical treatment for these patients.     

Postpartum renal cortical necrosis

Case report Two young females presented with postpartum acute renal failure. A 24-year-old unsupervised primigravida developed severe lowerabdominal pain and vaginal bleeding at 38 weeks gestation. Shewas     

Clinically isolated cerebellar metastasis of renal pelvic urothelial cancer

A 70-year-old man who had undergone radical surgery for renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma 9 months previously developed solitary cerebellar metastasis. Despite neurosurgical removal, the patient died and post-mortem pathological examination revealed microscopic metastatic lesions within microvessels of the lung. No other lesion, including local residual cancer, was detected.     

Whither pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostatic cancer?

In the last decade pelvic lymphadenectomy has gained in popularity as a staging maneuver designed to improve the selection of patients with localized prostatic cancer for curative treatment, by uncovering lymph node metastases. The presence of tumor in the regional nodes portends substantial risk for the later appearance of distant metastases. With rare exceptions, lymphadenectomy is widely regarded as a staging procedure without therapeutic benefits. Unfortunately, the operation as routinely performed carries a significant complication rate. The survival results of total prostatectomy for well-selected nodules of prostatic cancer are excellent without preliminary lymphadenectomy. The morbidity of lymphadenectomy is compounded by superimposed external irradiation. Because of the low complication rate from external radiation alone, it is suggested that patients selected for pelvic radiation be spared the discomfort of lymphadenectomy. Clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with minimal nodal disease may answer the question of whether pelvic lymphadenectomy should ever be performed. It is predicted that noninvasive imaging will improve to the point that staging lymphadenectomy may be relegated to the surgical archives.     

骨盆骨折腹膜后血肿致急性肾功能衰竭的诊治

目的分析骨盆骨折腹膜后血肿压迫双侧输尿管导致急性肾功能衰竭这种少见并发症的治疗过程,探讨其诊治方法。方法2例肾功能衰竭患者在抗休克成功后行CT检查发现腹膜后血肿,血管数字减影未见髂内动脉及其大分支有活动性出血点。数小时后患者出现无尿,此时测定膀胱内压为3.73kPa,血压稳定（波动在14.0～15.33/8.33～10.0kPa）,连续床旁B超检查显示不断增大的腹膜后血肿和双侧肾积水。急手术行骨盆外固定架固定骨盆和双侧输尿管支架支撑双侧输尿管,术后肾功恢复良好并行二期手术进一步固定骨盆。结果2例术后5～8周复查肾功能未见明显异常,骨盆骨折得到良好固定。结论骨盆骨折腹膜后血肿致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭容易和失血性休克导致的肾功能衰竭混淆,其诊断需要结合B超、CT和临床表现,治疗上应使用输尿管支架支撑双侧输尿管、骨盆外固定支架固定骨盆等联合措施。