宫腔镜辅助诊刮术对子宫内膜癌细胞播散及生存预后的影响

目的：探讨宫腔镜辅助下诊断性刮宫术对子宫内膜癌患者癌细胞播散以及患者生存预后的影响。方法：117例术后确诊子宫内膜癌患者根据术前是否行宫腔镜辅助诊刮术分为观察组（n ＝54）与对照组（n ＝63）,观察组术前给予宫腔镜辅助诊刮术,对照组术前给予常规诊刮术。两组患者均经手术治疗,对比术后腹腔冲洗液癌细胞阳性率、术后3年复发率、术后3年及5年生存率。结果：观察组术后腹腔冲洗液癌细胞阳性率为7．4％,术后3年复发率为9．3％,3年存活率为100．0％,5年存活率为96．3％;对照组上述指标分别为7．9％、12．7％、100．0％、93．7％,两组术后腹腔冲洗液癌细胞阳性率、3年复发率、3年存活率、5年存活率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论：宫腔镜辅助诊刮术用于子宫内膜癌术前诊断对癌细胞腹腔播散以及患者术后的生存预后无明显不良影响。     

高危Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌术后辅助化疗的临床意义

目的探讨具有高危因素的Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌术后辅助化疗的临床意义。方法对95例Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析,比较高危组患者与低危组患者的复发及生存情况,分析化疗对Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响。结果 95例患者中有20例（21.1%）行术后辅助化疗。高危组中14例（14/24,58.3%）行术后辅助化疗。95例患者治疗后复发10例（10.5%）,其中高危组4例（4/24,16.7%）,低危组6例（6/71,8.5%）,两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;高危组的中位复发时间为13个月（11~23）,低危组的中位复发时间为36个月（9~77）,两组比较有显著性差异（P﹤0.05）。行术后辅助化疗的高危组患者复发1例（7.1%）,为盆腔复发;未行术后辅助化疗的高危组患者复发3例（30%）,均为盆腔合并远处转移（P〉0.05）。高危组患者的5年无瘤生存率为79.5%,低危组患者为90.4%（P〉0.05）。高危组患者的5年总生存率为64.9%,低危组患者为97.1%（P=0.005）。行术后辅助化疗的高危组患者的3年无瘤生存率和3年总生存率分别为90.0%、88.9%,优于未行术后辅助化疗的高危组患者（分别为64.8%、83.3%）。结论具有高危因素的Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者术后应给予恰当的辅助治疗。化疗有利于减少高危Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌的远处转移。     

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统预防宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术后复发的疗效

目的：观察宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术（TCRP）后使用左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统（LNG-IUS）预防复发的疗效。方法：回顾性分析本中心85例子宫内膜息肉患者的临床资料,其中常规组45例,联合组40例。常规组给予常规宫腔镜电切术切除治疗;联合组在行宫腔镜电切术后病理证实为子宫内膜息肉后放置LNG-IUS。记录随诊过程中两组患者复发病例及阴道流血情况。结果：联合组术后3、6、9个月月经量明显少于常规组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（ P〈0.05）。治疗后6、9个月联合组复发例数少于常规组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（ P〈0.05）。结论：对子宫内膜息肉的患者电切术切除后使用LNG-IUS可明显降低复发率。     

What are the benefits of routine breast cancer follow-up?

The value of follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer remains controversial. Recurrence-free women (n = 402) attending a breast clinic over a 3 month period were studied. The women attended 423 appointments, 412 of which were routine. Eleven were requested by the patient or general practitioner (interval appointments). All 11 interval and 19 of the routine appointments resulted in investigations for possible recurrence. Three (27%) interval appointments and four (1%) routine appointments resulted in the diagnosis of a recurrence (P < 10(-5). The attitudes of 285 patients to follow-up were investigated by questionnaire. Two hundred and twenty-three (78%) questionnaires were completed. Regular follow-up in the breast clinic was preferred to attendance only when symptomatic by 190 (85%) women and 169 (76%) preferred regular breast clinic visits to general practitioner follow-up. Most women (n = 174) (81%) said they felt reassured and less anxious having attended the breast clinic. Routine follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer is inefficient in the detection of recurrence. It is, however, highly rated for providing reassurance and reducing anxiety. Reassurance rather than detection of recurrence may be the most important function of the breast cancer follow-up clinic.     

Value of routine follow up of women treated for early carcinoma of the breast

The value of routine follow up of women treated for early breast cancer by mastectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy was assessed retrospectively. Over eight years 546 patients made 6863 clinic visits, during which 192 first relapses were detected. Ninety three relapses were detected at scheduled (routine) visits and 99 at unscheduled (interval) visits. First relapses within the treated area or in the contralateral breast were detected significantly more commonly at routine visits than were first metastatic relapses (66/89 (74%) compared with 27/103 (26%)). Patients whose local relapse was detected at a routine visit had a significantly better survival than those whose local relapse was detected at an interval visit. A relapse that was potentially curable (local or in the contralateral breast) was detected at 66 (1%) of 6764 routine visits, but only 26 (39%) of these patients remained free of disease. It is concluded that the intensity of follow up of such patients could be reduced without any adverse effect on prognosis but with appreciable financial and other benefits.     

Management of recurrent cervical cancer

Approximately 30% of cervical cancer patients will ultimately fail after definitive treatment. The reported 5-year survival rates of patients with treatment failure are between 3.2% and 13%. Management of recurrences depends on the extent of disease, primary treatment, and performance status/comorbidity. Primary treatment, relapse pattern, and characteristics at presentation are determinants for prognosis after recurrence. Concurrent chemoradiation achieves significantly better outcome than radiation alone in patients with recurrences after primary radical hysterectomy. Isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis and local recurrence confined to cervix were associated with better outcome in failure after definitive radiotherapy. When definitive radiotherapy or surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy has failed, pelvic exenteration is usually necessary for those had central relapse with clear pelvic side-wall and free of distant metastasis. Radical hysterectomy with or without pelvic node dissection is considered feasible for small uterine and/or vaginal recurrences with high operative morbidity. For patients who have recurrences involving the irradiated pelvic wall, pelvic exenteration is usually not an option for curative intent. Intraoperative radiotherapy, combined operative radiotherapeutic treatment, and laterally extended endopelvic resection have been used in such situations with some success. Chemotherapy alone is basically palliative. Generally, combination chemotherapy could attain higher response rates with no significant improvement in overall survival than cisplatin alone. Recent investigations indicated benefits of positron emission tomography in more accurate restaging of recurrent disease. The impact of various post-treatment surveillance strategies to early detect treatment failure remains to be evaluated.     

改良根治性/根治性子宫切除在Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌局控中的治疗价值

 目的 探讨改良根治性/根治性子宫切除在降低Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌局部复发中的价值。 方法 对1996年1月至2008年12月在本院行改良根治性/根治性子宫切除的Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌临床病理资料进行回顾性分析,并随访患者的复发和生存情况。应用Kaplan-Meier法对所有患者的复发、生存情况进行分析。结果 518例Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌中474例行改良根治性/根治性子宫切除 + 双附件切除 ± 盆腔淋巴结清扫 ± 腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫 + 腹水/腹腔洗液细胞学检查,12例（2.5%）患者术前接受放、化疗,73例（15.4%）患者术后补充放、化疗。中位随访30个月后,16例患者最终复发转移。8例远处转移,4例阴道残端复发,4例盆腔复发。3年、5年阴道残端累积复发率为1.4%和2.0%, 局部复发（阴道 + 盆腔）比率为2.5%和3.1%,3年和5年的总生存率均为98.1%。Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅰc期5年局部复发率分别为3%、3.7%和0 （P=0.649）,5年生存率分别为98.3%、97.8%和100% （P=0.399）。淋巴结清扫与否不影响局部复发率以及生存率（P值分别为0.525和0.665）。中位手术时间为135 min,中位出血量300 mL,输血比率为15.4%,术中、术后手术相关并发症为7.0%,无手术相关死亡病例。结论 改良根治性/根治性子宫切除有效地提高了Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌局控率,可望作为Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌另一治疗选择,急需进行随机临床研究进一步证实其在Ⅰ期子宫内膜样腺癌治疗中的价值。     

直肠癌术后复发手术与非手术治疗的对照研究

目的：针对直肠癌根治术后复发病例，研究手术与非手术治疗的疗效。方法：642例直肠癌根治手术中，选取其中术后复发的81例进行治疗情况的对照分析研究。结果：两组病例无显著性差异。结论：对直肠癌根治术后复发患者再次手术治疗，与非手术治疗相比，未必能显著提高患者生存率。     

超声造影定量灌注参数对子宫内膜癌的预后价值

目的 子宫内膜癌的发展和侵袭性与肿瘤血液灌注显著相关,本研究旨在评估子宫内膜癌术前超声造影（CEUS）定量灌注参数的预后价值。 方法 本研究纳入2016年1月至2021年1月期间112名术前行超声造影的子宫内膜癌患者。根据CEUS的时间-强度曲线（TIC）计算平均增强率ER（增强强度EI/上升时间RT）。平均随访34.6±9.7个月后,采用单因素和多因素COX回归分析ER值与术后总生存率（OS）和无病生存率（DFS）的相关性。结果 根据ROC曲线预测生存率的ER值最佳截断点值为1.8 dB/s。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线表明,ER值水平高的患者的DFS和OS比ER值水平低的患者更差（DFS：P<0.001;OS：P<0.05）。在多因素分析中,ER值被认为是子宫内膜癌患者复发（HR：1.68）和OS（HR：1.98）的独立预测因子（均P<0.05）。 结论 CEUS测量的定量灌注参数是子宫内膜癌术后生存率的重要预测因素。     

Breast cancer recurrence: follow up after treatment for primary breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer will affect one in 12 Australian women in their lifetime. After potentially curative treatment, it is usual for patients to be followed up for many years. However, controversies surround follow up, and its value is uncertain. Aim: This study reviews the evidence and describes the role of routine follow up in the management of breast cancer in a tertiary hospital. By establishing how recurrence of breast cancer presents and identifying the proportion of patients with recurrence who were diagnosed as a consequence of regular follow up, the value of this system in detecting recurrence can be indirectly assessed. Design: A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients attending the radiotherapy outpatient clinic for treatment of invasive breast cancer in 1997. Hospital records were reviewed to ascertain patient and tumour characteristics, treatment received, site of recurrence and its mode of detection, whether patients were symptomatic at the time of recurrence, and whether they presented at a scheduled appointment. Results: Out of 286 patients who presented to the radiotherapy outpatient clinic, 220 were entered into the study. Recurrence was recorded in 42 patients (a complete dataset was available for 38 of these patients). In total, 74% (31/42) of recurrences were symptomatic, and 76% (32/42) presented at unscheduled appointments, the majority (17/32) of which were initiated by the patient. Only seven patients had asymptomatic recurrences. Conclusion: Based on current evidence, long term routine hospital follow up after treatment for breast cancer appears to be inefficient in detecting recurrence.     

Benefits and costs of using HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer

CONTEXT: Despite quality assurance standards, Papanicolaou (Pap) test characteristics remain less than optimal. OBJECTIVE: To compare the societal costs and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, Pap testing, and their combination to screen for cervical cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION: A simulation model of neoplasia natural history was used to estimate the societal costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy associated with 18 different general population screening strategies: Pap plus HPV testing, Pap testing alone, and HPV testing alone every 2 or 3 years among hypothetical longitudinal cohorts of US women beginning at age 20 years and continuing to 65 years, 75 years, or death. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Discounted costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved of each screening strategy. RESULTS: Maximal savings in lives were achieved by screening every 2 years until death with combined HPV and Pap testing at an incremental cost of $76 183 per QALY compared with Pap testing alone every 2 years. Stopping biennial screening with HPV and Pap testing at age 75 years captures 97.8% of the benefits of lifetime screening at a cost of $70 347 per QALY. Combined biennial HPV and Pap testing to age 65 years captures 86.6% of the benefits achievable by continuing to screen until age 75 years. Human papillomavirus screening alone was equally effective as Pap testing alone at any given screening interval or age of screening cessation but was more costly and therefore was dominated. In sensitivity analyses, HPV testing would be more effective and less costly than Pap testing at a cost threshold of $5 for an HPV test. CONCLUSIONS: Screening with HPV plus Pap tests every 2 years appears to save additional years of life at reasonable costs compared with Pap testing alone. Applying age limits to screening is a viable option to maintain benefits while reducing costs.     

子宫内膜癌淋巴结复发患者调强放疗同步化疗生存分析

目的 对接受调强放疗的子宫内膜癌淋巴结复发患者的生存率进行分析,并探讨影响生存率的影响因素。 方法 以2012年9月—2013年10月浙江省人民医院放疗科收治的40例子宫内膜癌淋巴结复发患者为研究对象,全部患者采用调强放疗,以放疗前以及同步放疗时接受化疗方案的不同为分组依据,分析不同化疗方案下FIGO分期、复发部位数量、复发部位、病理分类、分化程度特征差异,Kaplan-Meier法计算全部患者生存率,比较不同化疗方案下患者的生存率差异。 结果 接受放疗前初始化疗患者14例(35%),放疗时同步化疗22例(55%)。FIGO分期Ⅰ/Ⅱ期21例、Ⅲ/Ⅳ期19例,单处复发15例、多处复发25例,复发部位大小＜3 cm 23例、≥3 cm 17例,盆腔复发13例、腹主动脉旁淋巴结复发8例、盆腔+腹主动脉旁淋巴结复发19例,子宫内膜腺癌31例、透明细胞癌3例、腺麟癌3例、浆液性腺癌3例;低分化7例、中分化22例、高分化11例;不同放疗方案下的患者FIGO分期、复发部位、复发部位数量和大小、病理分类、分化程度特征差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。患者2年总体生存率为72.5%,放疗前化疗患者生存时间较未接受初始化疗的患者短(P=0.043),放疗时同步化疗患者的生存时间更长(P=0.045),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 调强放疗同步化疗可提高子宫内膜癌淋巴结复发患者远期生存时间,而放疗前化疗不利于生存率的改善。      

宫腔镜电切术治疗异常子宫出血66例分析

目的:探讨宫腔镜电切术治疗异常子宫出血的疗效.方法:应用连续灌流式宫腔镜,对66 例异常子宫出血患者进行宫腔镜电切手术治疗.结果:术后随访66 例2个月～2年,月经改善率96.96 %.结论:宫腔镜电切术治疗因功能失调性子宫出血,子宫黏膜下肌瘤及子宫内膜息肉所致的异常子宫出血,近期疗效高,并发症少.     

选择性髂内动脉灌注化疗对子宫内膜癌术后盆腔复发的临床疗效分析

目的探讨选择性髂内动脉灌注化疗（简称＂介入化疗＂）对子宫内膜癌术后盆腔复发的疗效。方法回顾2005-2008年16例子宫内膜癌术后盆腔复发病例,所有病例均行介入化疗4～6个疗程,对比其临床症状及影像学肿瘤的变化,并观察生存期。结果随访6个月,3例临床症状完全缓解,6例明显缓解,4例中度缓解,2例轻度缓解,1例无临床症状,临床症状总缓解率达60.0%（9/15）;CR2例,PR5例,SD7例,PD2例,近期有效率为43.8%（7/16）;4例获二次手术切除,占25.0%,随访3年生存率56.3%（9/16）。结论介入化疗对子宫内膜癌术后盆腔复发病灶有较好的近期疗效,可改善临床症状,缩小肿瘤体积,提高二次手术切除机会。     

The economic burden of prostate cancer in Canada: forecasts from the Montreal Prostate Cancer Model

BACKGROUND: We developed an economic model of prostate cancer management from diagnosis until death. We have used the Montreal Prostate Cancer Model to estimate the total economic burden of the disease in a cohort of Canadian men. METHODS: Using this Markov state-transition simulation model, we estimated the probability of prostate cancer, annual prostate cancer progression rates and associated direct medical costs according to patient age, tumour stage and grade, and treatment modalities in a 1997 cohort of Canadian men. The estimated lifetime costs of prostate cancer included the costs of clinical staging, initial treatments and complications, follow-up cancer therapies, routine outpatient care, and palliative care following metastatic disease. RESULTS: The clinical burden of prostate cancer forecasted using the model was similar to the projections of the National Cancer Institute. In the 1997 cohort of 5.8 million Canadian men between 40 and 80 years old, prostate cancer would be diagnosed in an estimated 701,491 men (12.1%) over their lifetime. Direct medical costs would total $9.76 billion, or $3.89 billion when discounted 5% annually. INTERPRETATION: The Montreal Prostate Cancer Model indicates that the economic burden of prostate cancer to Canada's health care system will be substantial. Further analyses are needed to identify the most efficient means of treating this disease.     

早期子宫内膜癌的治疗方法探究

目的讨论多种医疗方式治疗初期子宫内膜癌的疗效及预后。方法回顾性分析我院早期子宫内膜癌患者185例临床资料,将其分为单纯手术组（n=28）、单纯放疗组（n=37）、术后放疗组（n=50）、术前全量放疗组（n=35）、术前腔内后装组（n=35）,比较各组5年生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率和放疗并发症等指标。结果单纯放疗组和术前腔内后装组的5年生存率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;单纯手术组和单纯放疗组与其他三组间的局部复发率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;各组之间的远处转移率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术前腔内后装组放射性肠炎的发生率与其他各组放射性肠炎的发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论治疗早期子宫内膜癌的技术是主要以手术为主的综合治疗,术前全量放疗差于术前腔内后装放疗。术前、术后放疗均能有效地降低患者的局部复发率,但并不能改善远处转移。     

LIVER RESECTION FOR METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER

Five percent of patients with liver secondaries from colorectal carcinoma are potentially resectable and several studies have demonstrated significantly improved survival following resection. Two hundred and ten patients operated for colorectal carcinoma were followed up. Computed tomography confirmed potentially resectable metastasis to the liver in 38. On exploration 18 patients who had 4 or less hepatic metastases and no extrahepatic disease, underwent resection of their secondaries. Fourteen were males and 4 females with a mean age of 43.5 (SD 13.6, range 18-72) years. Ten patients presented with synchronous liver metastasis and 8 had metachronous disease. There was no post-operative mortality. All 18 have been followed up. for a median period of 23.5 (range 12-38) months. Seven patients are alive and well with no evidence of recurrence at a median period of 28 months (survival 39%). Four are alive with local recurrence in the liver. Median time to recurrence was 22 months. Seven patients have died of disseminated disease. The disease free survival at 28 months is 39% and the overall survival 61%. A close follow-up protocol for all patient undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer is essential, if such patients are to be selected early.KEY WORDS: Colorectal cancer, Liver resection, Metastases     

胃癌术后复发59例分析

目的:回顾性分析我科胃癌术后复发与主要临床病理特征的关系,重点探讨术后复发时间及其相关因素。方法:在286例胃癌术后病人中,分析有完整随访信息的59例复发患者的临床数据,研究复发时间及其与临床分期和和辅助化疗的关系。结果:76.3%(45/59)的病人在术后1年内复发,中位复发时间为7个月(1-60个月),57.6%(34/59)为局部-区域复发。Ⅰ-Ⅳ期病人之间复发时间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,Kruskal-Wallis检验)。不同的辅助化疗周期数之间的复发时间的差异有显著性(P<0.05,Kruskal-Wallis检验)。结论:胃癌病人术后2年内是监测随访重点,辅助化疗有助于延长无复发生存。     

71例胃癌根治术后复发类型及相关因素分析

目的:探讨胃癌复发的类型和危险因素及胃癌根治术后生存相关因素,为预防胃癌根治术后复发提供依据。方法:回顾性分析71例胃癌复发病例的复发类型、复发时间和原发胃癌的临床病理特征,并与同期治疗的94例无复发胃癌病例作对照。用单因素和多因素分析胃癌患者术后复发及复发时间的相关因素。结果:胃癌复发主要为腹腔内复发,共64例(90.1%)。单因素字2检验分析结果显示,复发组与无复发组在肿瘤大小、Borrmann分型、分化程度、浸润深度、有无浆膜浸润、阳性淋巴结个数、淋巴结清扫范围、TNM分期及术后有无6～8周期化疗等方面差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,有无浆膜浸润、阳性淋巴结个数、手术清扫淋巴结范围、TNM分期及术后有无6～8周期化疗是胃癌复发的相关因素(P<0.05)。复发者2年内复发57例,占复发总数的80.3%;COX回归分析显示,阳性淋巴结个数、TNM分期和术后有无6～8周期化疗是影响胃癌患者术后2年内复发的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论:术前相对准确的TNM分期以及标准的胃癌根治术和术后规范化疗,加强术后2年内的随访程度,是提高胃癌术后生存率的关键。     

检测外周血CA125对同步放化疗治疗高危子宫内膜癌的意义

［摘 要］ 目的　探讨血清CA125对术后高危子宫内膜癌同步放化疗与单纯放射治疗的疗效评估和病情监测的价值．方法　对21例术后行DDP+5FU同步放化疗和22例术后行单纯放射治疗的高危子宫内膜癌病例,检测手术前、后及同步放化疗和单纯放射治疗后的血清CA125 水平．结果　同步放化疗后血清CA125水平明显低于手术前、后,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义．单纯放射治疗后血清CA125水平低于手术前、后,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义． 平均随访30月,单纯放射治疗组6例复发,同步放化疗组1例复发．结论　术前检测高危子宫内膜癌血清CA125 水平,有助于指导术后的辅助治疗;治疗后定期检测血清CA125,可以预测子宫内膜癌复发风险．