HPLC法快速测定5—氟尿嘧啶血药浓度

目的 :建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血清中 5 -氟尿嘧啶浓度。方法 :血清样品用乙酸乙酯提取 ,水浴氮气吹干 ,残留物用水溶解后进样。色谱柱为C1 8柱 (2 5 0mm× 4 6mm) ,水为流动相 ,流速 1 0mL·min- 1 ,紫外检测波长 2 73nm ,桂皮酸为内标。结果 :本法最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·mL- 1 ,线性范围为 1 0～ 5 0 0 μg·mL- 1 ,日内RSD为 2 7%～ 4 1% ,日间RSD为 3 8%～ 4 7(n =4)。结论 :该法适用于 5 -氟尿嘧啶的药代动力学研究及临床血药浓度检测。试验结果表明 ,该方法经济、简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定兔血浆中醋酸诺美孕酮的浓度

目的 :建立反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中醋酸诺美孕酮的浓度。方法 :血浆样品用乙醚提取 ,选用WatersμBondapakC18(30 0mm× 3 9mm ,10 μm)为分析柱 ,甲醇 -水 (70∶30 )为流动相 ,流速为 1 2mL·min-1,米非司酮为内标 ,检测波长为 30 0nm。结果 :醋酸诺美孕酮线性范围为 0 1～ 10 μg·mL-1,最低检测浓度为 6 0ng·mL-1(S/N =3)。样品平均方法回收率为 95 2 0 % ,日内、日间精密度的RSD均小于 5 %。结论 :此方法稳定、可靠 ,可用于醋酸诺美孕酮血药浓度分析及药代动力学研究。     

HPLC同时测定血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平的浓度

目的 :建立同时测定微量血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平浓度的方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,以巴比妥为内标同时测定。KromasilC18不锈钢色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 水 (5 7∶43) ,流速 0 .8ml·min 1,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :检测浓度范围苯妥英为 4.0～ 5 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r=0 .9995 ) ,苯巴比妥 5 .0～ 6 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9996 ) ,卡马西平为2 .5～ 2 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9992 )。最低检测限分别为 1.0 μg·ml 1、2 .0 μg·ml 1和 0 .5 μg·ml 1;平均回收率分别为99.2 2 %、99.6 8%和 98.6 2 % ;日内和日间RSD均低于 5 % (n =5 )。结论 :该法准确、灵敏度高 ,重复性好 ,可作为 3种血药浓度监测的常规方法     

反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中的甘草酸铵

目的 :建立反相高效液相色谱法测定甘草甜素粉剂和四君子汤灌胃大鼠血浆中的甘草酸铵。方法 :以联苯为内标 ,甲醇 -水 -醋酸 (80∶19∶1)为流动相 ,采用ODS - 3色谱柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,检测波长 :2 5 0nm ,流速 :1 0mL·min-1。结果 :最低检测限为 2ng ,最低检测浓度为 0 2 2 8μg·mL-1,日间和日内RSD <10 % ,回收率为 92 46 %～10 3 2 % ,RSD为 3 8%～ 6 0 % ,在 1 2 2 4～ 38 6 μg·mL-1和 40 8～ 146 8 8μg·mL-1范围内均呈良好的线性关系。结论 :本法简便、快速、灵敏而准确 ,适用于大鼠灌胃不同甘草酸铵制剂后血浆中甘草酸铵的测定 ,为“复方效应成分动力学”研究奠定了方法学基础。     

HPLC／MS测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度

目的 :用高效液相 /质谱联用法测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度。方法 :液相 :采用SupelcodiscoveryC18色谱柱 (5 μm ,2 5 0mm× 4 6mm) ;柱温 40℃ ;流动相为甲醇 -醋酸铵溶液 (0 0 0 7mol·L-1) (2 0∶80 ) (并用冰醋酸调 pH =4 8) ,流速 0 6mL·min-1,进样量 6 0 μL ;质谱 :大气压化学电离源 (APCI) ,选择性监测 (SIR)质荷比 (m/z)分别为 2 2 6 (特布他林 ) ,2 6 0 (内标 ) ,36 8(班布特罗 )带正电荷的分子离子峰定量。样品用固相萃取小柱提取处理。结果 :班布特罗线性范围 0 12 5～ 16 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。特布他林线性范围 0 312 5～ 40 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。班布特罗和特布他林的萃取回收率均在 90 %以上 ,日内、日间的RSD皆小于 15 %。结论 :适用于临床上测定血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度及药动学的研究     

高效液相色谱法测定异丁司特的血药浓度

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中异丁司特浓度的方法。方法 :采用YWG C18色谱柱 ,以甲醇 0 .0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (6 5∶35 ,用磷酸调pH值 3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 2 5nm ,流速 1.0mL·min-1,进样量 5 0 μL ,内标物为桂利嗪。 结果 :异丁司特标准曲线在 2～ 12 0 μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 .995 6 ) ,最低检测浓度为 2 μg·L-1,平均回收率为10 0 .2 % ,RSD为 4 .7% (n =5 )。结论 :该法操作简便 ,灵敏 ,准确度高 ,适用于异丁司特血药浓度的测定和药动学的研究。     

改良HPLC法测定大鼠血浆芍药苷浓度

目的:改良高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定大鼠血浆芍药苷浓度。方法:采用乙酸乙酯提取法处理血浆,选咖啡因为内标物进行测定;色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2RP-C18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(16∶84,V/V),紫外检测波长为231nm,流速为1mL·min-1。结果:采用乙酸乙酯提取比用沉淀法处理的血浆内源性干扰物质少,在HPLC系统条件下,芍药苷和内标咖啡因均不受血浆内源性物质干扰,保留时间分别为6.8min和4.1min左右,定量下限为0.08μg·mL-1,芍药苷检测浓度在0.08～5.12μg·mL-1(r=0.9994)范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系。分析一个样品只需要7min,平均回收率为69.09%,低、中、高浓度(0.16、0.64、2.56μg·mL-1)的日内精密度和日间精密度分别为12.77%、4.47%、1.10%和8.39%、3.82%、4.27%。结论:本法简便、快速,可用于大鼠血浆芍药苷浓度的分析。     

格列齐特片生物等效性与溶出度评价

目的 :用HPLC法测定血浆中格列齐特浓度 ,结合溶出度测定评价格列齐特片剂质量。方法 :液相色谱条件为AlltechKromacil-C18柱 ,乙腈 - 0 1mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液 (用磷酸调节pH 3 0 ) (5 0∶5 0 )为流动相 ,甲基炔诺酮为内标。UV检测波长 2 2 8nm。结果 :格列齐特在 0 5～ 12 μg·mL-1浓度范围内呈良好线性关系 (r=0 9996 ) ,血浆最低检出量为 0 6ng。测定 3个厂家的格列齐特片的人体内血药浓度和体外溶出度 ,其中有 1个厂的格列齐特片的血药浓度低 ,溶出度与其生物等效性不具相关性。结论 :在制定溶出度测定方法时应考虑与血药浓度具有相关性     

RP-HPLC法测定血浆罗格列酮浓度

目的 :建立RP HPLC法测定血浆罗格列酮浓度。方法 :采用shim packCLC ODS柱及荧光检测 ,激发波长为 2 5 0nm ,发射波长为 370nm。以 10mmol·L-1乙酸铵 甲醇 ( 12∶40 ) ,用浓氨水调 pH至 8.0 0为流动相 ,流速为 0 .7mL·min-1。样品用二氯甲烷提取 ,按内标法定量。结果 :标准曲线在 10 .2 2～ 2 0 4.4μg·L-1范围内有良好线性关系 (r =0 .99994) ,最低定量浓度为 10 .2 2 μg·L-1,平均方法回收率为 97.6 7% ,日内RSD小于 4.0 % ,日间RSD小于 8.0 %。结论 :本法具有快速简便、灵敏准确等特点 ,适宜血浆中罗格列酮的浓度测定。     

HPLC测定人血浆中的酮洛芬

目的　建立人血浆中酮洛芬的HPLC测定法。方法　内标为布洛芬 ,用甲醇直接沉淀人血浆中蛋白质 ,上清液在HypersilBDSC18色谱柱上 ,以甲醇 -水 (6 0∶4 0 ,冰醋酸调pH 4 .0 )为流动相进行分离 ,流速 1ml·min-1,在UV2 5 7nm处检测。结果　酮洛芬和内标分离完全且无其他干扰 ,保留时间分别为 7.4 13、9.4 0 7min。线性范围为 0 .15～ 2 0 μg·ml-1,r =0 .9999,日内RSD为 1.0 8%～ 6 .0 1% ,日间RSD 1.11%～ 3.0 3% ,回收率为 97.4 %～ 10 5 .0 % ,血浆中酮洛芬的最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5 μg·ml-1。结论　所用方法简便、准确、重复性好 ,可用于口服酮洛芬缓释片后的血药浓度检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.